CN102471300A - 用于增强病毒效力的组合物和方法 - Google Patents
用于增强病毒效力的组合物和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102471300A CN102471300A CN2010800362676A CN201080036267A CN102471300A CN 102471300 A CN102471300 A CN 102471300A CN 2010800362676 A CN2010800362676 A CN 2010800362676A CN 201080036267 A CN201080036267 A CN 201080036267A CN 102471300 A CN102471300 A CN 102471300A
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Abstract
提供了病毒敏化化合物,所述化合物通过增加病毒在细胞中的扩散、增加细胞中病毒的滴度或增加病毒对细胞的细胞毒性来增强病毒的效力。还提供了使用所述化合物的其他用途、组合物和方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及增强病毒生长、扩散或细胞毒性的化合物。更具体地说,本发明涉及增强溶瘤病毒效力的化合物和使用所述化合物的方法。
背景技术
溶瘤病毒(oncolytic viruses,OV)是新颖的复制治疗剂(replicationtherapeutics),选择或设计所述病毒使其优先在癌细胞中生长并杀伤所述癌细胞。多样的OV平台已显示出治疗多种类型癌的前景(1~5)。由于OV的自我复制特性,OV治疗的主要挑战不是所有肿瘤的初始饱和,而是当其感染了合理量的癌组织之后,在肿瘤细胞内有效的扩散。与多数活疫苗非常类似的是,几乎所有OV都经过遗传修饰或选择以减弱生长。这限制了OV在正常宿主组织中的扩散,然而也可能减弱其在肿瘤中和肿瘤之间迅速扩散的天然能力(6)。
水疱性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV)是在多种体内癌模型中显示出杰出效力的OV(2,3,7)。VSV是小的、有包膜的、负链RNA弹状病毒,其对I型干扰素(interferon,IFN)特别敏感,所述I型干扰素是正常的先天细胞抗病毒免疫的关键组成部分。在多数癌中,IFN应答通路是有缺陷的,且VSV可以是极其有效的(2,3)。然而,多种癌保持强大的抗病毒防御,导致单独使用时VSV的有效性低得多(5,8)。
我们以前已经证明组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylaseinhibitor,HDI)增强VSV感染和杀伤耐受性肿瘤细胞的能力,部分原因是HDI所诱导的对IFN介导的抗病毒应答的抑制(9)以及对凋亡作用的增强(10)。在小鼠中施用VSV之前和之后连续施用HDI导致病毒(优先在肿瘤内)更好的扩散,并且与各自的单独治疗相比,联合治疗导致肿瘤生长的降低。因为连续施用HDI可导致多种毒性(包括人类中的心脏毒性),人们希望鉴定可用于增强OV效力的其他小分子。
本领域中有鉴定增强病毒生长、扩散或毒性之化合物和组合物的需要。本领域中还有鉴定增强溶瘤病毒效力之化合物和组合物的需要。此外,本领域中有鉴定用于体外和体内治疗癌细胞之新方法的需要。
发明简述
本发明涉及增强病毒生长、扩散或细胞毒性的化合物。更具体地说,本发明涉及增强溶瘤病毒效力的化合物和使用所述化合物的方法。
根据本发明,提供下式的化合物
其N-氧化物、药学上可接受的加成盐、季胺或立体化学异构体形式,其中:
A是包含1~4个杂原子和1或2个双键的5元杂环,所述杂原子选自O、N或S;
R1是H、氧代、烷氧基羰基、肼基羰基烷基或氨基;
R2不存在,或是烷基、卤素、羧基、杂芳基羰基氨基或羟基;
R3不存在,或是H、烷基、卤素或杂环基氨基磺酰基,和
R4是H、烷基、未取代的芳基或以1~3个卤素取代的芳基。
根据另一个实施方案,提供上文中描述的化合物,其中A为
X1是O、NH或S;
R1是H、氧代、烷氧基羰基、肼基羰基烷基或氨基;
R2不存在,或是烷基、卤素、羧基、杂芳基羰基氨基或羟基;
R3不存在,或是H、烷基、卤素或杂环基氨基磺酰基,和
R4是H、烷基、未取代的芳基或以1~3个卤素取代的芳基。
本发明还提供上文中描述的化合物,其表示为
其中,
X1是O、N、NH或S;
X2、X3和X4独立地是C或N;
X5是C;
R1是H、氧代、烷氧基羰基、肼基羰基烷基或氨基;
R2不存在,或是烷基、卤素、羧基、杂芳基羰基氨基或羟基;
R3不存在,或是H、烷基、卤素或杂环基氨基磺酰基;
R4是H、烷基、未取代的芳基或以1~3个卤素取代的芳基;
其中原子X2和X3之间的键是单键或双键;
其中原子X3和X4之间的键是单键或双键;
其中原子X4和X5之间的键是单键或双键;
其中原子X5和X1之间的键是单键或双键;
其中当原子X2和X3之间的键与X4和X5之间的键各自是单键时,原子X3和X4之间的键是双键,原子X5和X1之间的键是单键,X2是C,并且R1是氧代;或者
其中当原子X2和X3之间的键与X4和X5之间的键各自是单键时,原子X3和X4之间的键是双键,原子X5和X1之间的键是双键,并且X1是N,或者
其中当原子X2和X3之间的键与X4和X5之间的键各自是双键时,原子X3和X4之间的键是单键,并且X5和X1之间的键是单键。
在另一个实施方案中,提供上文中描述的化合物,其表示为
其中:
X1是O、NH或S;
R2是烷基、卤素、羧基或羟基;
R3是烷基或卤素,和
R4是烷基、未取代的芳基或以1~3个卤素取代的芳基。
还提供了上文中描述的化合物,所述化合物选自:3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮、2-苯基-1H-咪唑-4-羧酸1.5水合物、3-[5-(2,3-二氯苯基)-2H-1,2,3,4-四唑-2-基]丙酰肼、3,5-二甲基-4-{[(2-氧代-3-氮杂环庚烷基)氨基]磺酰基}1H-吡咯-2-羧酸乙酯、2-氨基-5-苯基-3-噻吩羧酸、3-[(喹啉-6-基羰基)氨基]噻吩-2-羧酸甲酯、5-(2-氯-6-氟苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮和5-(2,6-二氯苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮。
本发明还提供具有下式的化合物
其中,
X是O或S;
R5是羟基烷基、杂芳基、未取代的芳基、以1或多个选自烷基和卤素的取代基取代的芳基、杂环基或苯并二氧杂环烷基烷基(benzodioxylalkyl);和
R6是氨基、芳基或以1或多个选自烷基和卤素的取代基取代的芳基。
还提供了上文中描述的化合物,其中所述化合物选自N-(3,4-二甲基苯基)-N′-(2-吡啶基)硫脲、N1-(2,6-二乙基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺、N-(2-羟乙基)-N′-(2-甲基苯基)硫脲、N1-(2-氯-6-甲基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺和N-(4-氯苯基)-N′-(2,3-二氢-1,4-苯并二氧杂环己-2-基甲基)脲(N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)urea)。
本发明还提供上文中描述的化合物,所述化合物选自:3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮、2-苯基-1H-咪唑-4-羧酸1.5水合物、3-[5-(2,3-二氯苯基)-2H-1,2,3,4-四唑-2-基]丙酰肼、3,5-二甲基-4-{[(2-氧代-3-氮杂环庚烷基)氨基]磺酰基}1H-吡咯-2-羧酸乙酯、2-氨基-5-苯基-3-噻吩羧酸、3-[(喹啉-6-基羰基)氨基]噻吩-2-羧酸甲酯、5-(2-氯-6-氟苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮和5-(2,6-二氯苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮、N-(3,4-二甲基苯基)-N′-(2-吡啶基)硫脲、N1-(2,6-二乙基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺、N-(2-羟乙基)-N′-(2-甲基苯基)硫脲、N1-(2-氯-6-甲基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺、N-(4-氯苯基)-N′-(2,3-二氢-1,4-苯并二氧杂环己-2-基甲基)脲、4-(苄氧基)-2-甲基-1-硝基苯、1-{4-[(2-甲基喹啉-4-基)氨基]苯基}乙-1-酮、N1-(1,2,3,10-四甲氧基-9-氧代-5,6,7,9-四氢苯并[a]庚搭烯-7-基)乙酰胺、N-[4-(二甲基氨基)亚苄基]氨基甲腙酸硫甲酯(methylN-[4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene]aminomethanehydrazonothioate)、N-(4-氯苯基)-(二甲基氨基)甲酰亚胺硫甲酯氢碘酸盐(methylN-(4-chlorophenyl)-(dimethylamino)methanimidothioate hydroiodide)、4′,5′-二氢-4′-(5-甲氧基苯基)螺[2H-1-苯并噻喃-3(4H)m3′-[3H]吡唑]-4-酮、1H-苯并[d]咪唑-2-硫醇、N-(2-呋喃基亚甲基)-(4-{[(2-呋喃基亚甲基)氨基]甲基}环己基)甲胺;2-[4-(二乙氧基甲基)亚苄基]丙二腈;2-(环丙基羰基)-3-(3-苯氧基-2-噻吩基)丙烯腈;N′-(3,5-二氯苯基)-2,4-二氟苯甲酰肼;10-(羟基亚甲基)菲-9(10H)-酮;N1-(2,5-二氟苯基)-4-({[4-(三氟甲基)苯基]磺酰基}氨基)苯-1-磺酰胺;N-[4-(4-氯苯基)-2,5-二氧代哌嗪基]-2-(2,3-二氢-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙酰胺、4-{[(4-{[(3-羧基丙烯酰基)氨基]甲基}环己基)甲基]氨基}-4-氧代-2-丁烯酸;5-氧代-3-苯基-5-{4-[3-(三氟甲基)-1H-吡唑-1-基]苯胺基}戊酸、N1-(4-氯苯基)-2-({4-甲基-5-[1-甲基-2-(甲基硫代)-1H-咪唑-5-基]-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基}硫代)乙酰胺、6-[2-(4-甲基苯基)-2-氧代乙基]-3-苯基-2,5-二氢-1,2,4-三嗪-5-酮;N1-[2-(叔丁基)-7-甲基-5-(三氟甲基)吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-3-基]乙酰胺;4-(2,3-二氢-1H-茚-5-基)-6-(三氟甲基)嘧啶-2-胺;1-(2,3-二氢-1-苯并呋喃-5-基磺酰基)-4-哌啶羧酸乙酯、2,3-二苯基环丙-2-烯-1-酮、1-环十二烷基-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、1-(4-甲基苯基)-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、2-[(4-苯氧基苯胺基)甲基]异二氢吲哚-1,3-二酮、2-{[1-(3-氯-4-甲基苯基)-2,5-二氧代四氢-1H-吡咯-3-基]硫代}苯甲酸、1-(1,3-苯并二氧杂环戊-5-基甲基)-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、4-氯-N-[3-氯-2-(异丙基硫代)苯基]苯甲酰胺和N-({5-[({2-[(2-呋喃基甲基)硫代]乙基}氨基)磺酰基]-2-噻吩基}甲基)苯甲酰胺。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述化合物是3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮(3,4-dichloro-5-phenyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one,DCPDF)。
本发明还提供包含上文中描述的化合物和药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂的组合物。
此外,本发明提供组合物,所述组合物包含上文中描述的化合物和以下的一种或更多种:a)病毒,优选减毒的病毒、遗传修饰的病毒或溶瘤病毒;b)一种或更多种癌细胞;c)载体、稀释剂或赋形剂;d)药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂;e)非癌细胞;f)细胞培养基;g)一种或更多种癌治疗剂;或a)~g)的任何组合。
在一个不是意在以任何方式进行限制的具体实施方案中,提供了上文中描述的化合物和用于生长、培养或以病毒感染细胞的培养基,和任选地一种或更多种能够被所述病毒感染的细胞。在另一个实施方案中,所述细胞是永生化的细胞、癌细胞或肿瘤细胞。在一个替代的实施方案中,所述细胞是MDCK、HEK293、Vero、HeLa或PER.C6细胞。
还提供了试剂盒,所述试剂盒包含上文中描述的化合物和a)病毒,优选减毒的或遗传修饰的病毒或溶瘤病毒;b)一种或更多种癌细胞;c)药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂;d)非癌细胞;e)细胞培养基;f)一种或更多种癌治疗剂,g)细胞培养板或多孔皿;h)向细胞、培养基或对象递送病毒敏化化合物(viral sensitizing compound)的设备;i)使用所述病毒敏化剂的说明书;j)载体稀释剂或赋形剂,或a)~j)的任何组合。
在一个不是意在以任何方式进行限制的具体实施方案中,提供了试剂盒,所述试剂盒包含上文中描述的化合物和用于生长、培养或以病毒感染细胞的培养基,和任选地一种或更多种能够被所述病毒感染的细胞。所述试剂盒还包含使用本文中描述的任何组分或组分之组合和/或进行本文中描述的任何方法的使用说明。
本发明还提供了增强病毒在细胞中扩散的方法,所述方法包括在所述病毒之前、之后或同时将本文中描述的化合物施用至细胞。所述方法优选在体外进行。
本发明还提供增强减毒的病毒或遗传修饰的病毒在细胞中扩散的方法,所述方法包括在所述减毒的或遗传修饰的病毒之前、之后或同时将本文中描述的化合物施用至细胞。
本发明还提供增强溶瘤病毒在肿瘤或癌细胞中扩散的方法,所述方法包括在所述溶瘤病毒之前、之后或同时将上文中描述的化合物施用至癌或肿瘤细胞。所述癌或肿瘤细胞可为体内或体外,优选来自哺乳动物对象体内,所述对象例如但不限于人类对象。
还提供了增加溶瘤病毒在癌或肿瘤细胞中溶瘤活性的方法,所述方法包括在所述溶瘤病毒之前、之后或同时将上文中描述的化合物施用至癌或肿瘤细胞。所述癌或肿瘤细胞可为体内或体外,优选来自哺乳动物对象,所述对象例如但不限于人类对象。
本发明还构想通过在上文中描述的化合物存在的条件下,使病毒在适宜的培养基中生长而生产病毒的方法。
本发明还构想通过在上文中描述的化合物存在的条件下,使病毒在适宜的培养基中生长而生产减毒的病毒的方法。
本发明还构想通过在上文中描述的化合物存在的条件下,使病毒在适宜的培养基中生长而生产遗传修饰的病毒的方法。
本发明还构想通过在上文中描述的化合物存在的条件下,使病毒在适宜的培养基中生长而生产溶瘤病毒的方法。
本发明的这一简述并不必然描述本发明的所有特征。
附图说明
通过以下参照附图的说明,本发明的这些特征和其他特征将会变得更加明显,其中:
图1显示3,4二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃酮(DCPDF)对VSVΔ51在CT26结肠癌细胞中扩散之作用的结果。以多种剂量的DCPDF预孵育CT26细胞4小时,并随后用感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)为0.03的表达RFP的VSVΔ51攻击所述细胞。感染后42小时拍摄荧光照片。
图2显示DCPDF对VSVΔ51在4T1乳腺癌细胞中扩散之作用的结果。以多种剂量的DCPDF预孵育4T1细胞4小时,并随后用感染复数为0.01或0.001的表达RFP的VSVΔ51攻击所述细胞。感染后42小时拍摄荧光照片。还以5μM使用SAHA作为阳性对照。
图3显示DCPDF对VSVΔ51在4T1乳腺癌细胞中所诱导的细胞毒之作用的结果。以多种剂量的DCPDF预孵育4T1乳腺癌细胞4小时,并随后用MOI为0.01或0.001的VSVΔ51攻击所述细胞。孵育48小时之后,将培养板用考马斯蓝染色。还以5μM使用SAHA作为阳性对照。
图4显示DCPDF增强从CT26细胞输出VSV的结果。以增加的浓度添加DCPDF之后4小时,以0.03的MOI感染CT26细胞。48小时之后,收集上清液,并用Vero细胞测定滴度。Y轴表示蚀斑形成单位(plaqueforming unit)/ml(PFU/mL),并且是对数标度。在最高DCPDF浓度时,VSV滴度以接近3log(1000倍)增加。
图5显示3,4二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃酮(DCPDF)对VSV在多种细胞系中之扩散的作用。a)用DCPDF(以指定的浓度)预处理汇合的细胞4小时,随后以低MOI(786-0和GM38为0.03,4T1和CT26和U251为0.01),用表达RFP的VSV攻击所述细胞。除了正常的GM38细胞之外,在所有癌细胞系中,VSV的扩散增强。b)显示3,4二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃酮(DCPDF)在多种癌细胞系(而非在正常细胞中)增加VSV滴度之作用的结果。用DCPDF(以指定浓度)预处理汇合的细胞4小时,随后以低MOI(786-0、4T1和CT26为0.01,GM38为0.03)用表达RFP的VSV攻击所述细胞。孵育48小时之后,收集上清液,并用Vero细胞测定滴度。要注意的是,在癌细胞系中(而非在正常的GM38细胞系中),VSV的扩散增强。c)显示的结果表明DCPDF的作用是剂量依赖性的。使用增加浓度的DCPDF处理细胞。以指定的MOI用VSV感染后48小时,收集上清液。
图6显示表明VSV和DCPDF诱导体外协同杀伤细胞的结果。a)用系列稀释的固定比例的VSVΔ51和VSe1联合混合物(500PFU:1μMVSVΔ51:VSe1)处理4T1和CT-26细胞。48小时之后,使用阿尔玛蓝(alamar blue)试剂评价细胞毒性。根据Chou和Talalay的方法,使用Calcusyn计算联合指数(combination index,CI)。图表表示受影响细胞的分数(fraction of cells affected,Fa)之函数,CI的代数估计值。误差条表示估计的标准误。b)用增加剂量的DCPDF预处理4小时之后,用MOI为0.01的VSVΔ51或无病毒来攻击汇合的4T1细胞。48小时之后,固定细胞,并用考马斯蓝染色。
图7显示表明DCPDF增强溶瘤痘苗病毒之扩散的结果a)以VSe120μM预处理鼠4T1乳腺癌和B16-F10黑色素瘤细胞4小时,随后用表达荧光cherry蛋白的溶瘤痘苗病毒(VVdd)攻击所述细胞。感染后72小时拍摄荧光照片。b)随后收集细胞和上清液,并通过标准的蚀斑测定法(plaque assay)在U20S细胞上测定滴度。
图8显示DCPDF处理导致细胞周期分布改变和G1阻断的结果。a)用DCPDF或HDAC抑制剂TSA处理B16黑色素瘤细胞48小时。随后固定细胞,使用碘化丙啶染色,并通过流式细胞术分析。使用modfit进行细胞周期分析。b)根据a)中所示的数据,在细胞周期的每个期的细胞百分比。Ap=凋亡的(apoptotic)。
图9显示DCPDF可克服预先存在的IFN介导的抗病毒状态的结果。用100U的IFN预处理人U251细胞24小时。随后,用DCPDF或载剂预处理细胞,然后用VSVΔ51攻击所述细胞48小时。随后固定细胞并用考马斯蓝染色。
图10a~j)显示用所选择的药物预处理4T1细胞2小时的结果,所述药物是从超过13500个化合物的筛选中鉴定的。随后以指定的MOI(0.03至0.003),用表达RFP的VSVΔ51攻击细胞。48小时之后,拍摄荧光照片,并进行考马斯染色。
图11显示通过高通量筛选鉴定的多种其他病毒敏化剂候选物和由此获得的结果。a)散点图表示其他的高通量筛选数据。y轴对应于参数Log(VSV/对照),其定义为VSV存在下化合物之细胞毒性与VSV不存在下化合物之细胞毒性之比的对数。对于每种化合物,对重复测定的平均值进行作图。x轴代表12280个受试化合物的每一个。表现出Log(VSV/对照)值高于0.3的化合物被认为是潜在的病毒敏化剂(阴影区)b)以96孔板的形式重新测试所鉴定的潜在病毒敏化剂对4T1细胞的VSVΔ51增强活性,其中使用10μM浓度的药物和MOI为0.03的VSVΔ51。使用荧光显微镜,用表达RFP的VSVΔ51毒株来使24小时后的病毒扩散可视化。使用SAHA(10μM)作为阳性对照。c)孵育48小时之后收集自b)的上清液的病毒滴度相对于载剂处理之对照的改变倍数。箭头指示的插图显示VSe1的分子结构(3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮或DCPDF)。所测试的以VSe命名的化合物的具体身份可从本文中的表2中获得。
表12显示VSe1增强VSVΔ51扩散并在耐受性细胞中导致协同杀伤细胞的结果。a)通过蚀斑测定法,用Vero细胞测定收集以载剂对照、20或40μM VSe1处理4T1、CT26和786-0细胞的自感染(VSVΔ51,MOI为0.01)之后40小时的上清液的VSVΔ51滴度。数据表示三至四次独立实验的平均值*p=0.007,**p=0.04,#p=0.02,##p=0.01,$p=0.07,$$p=0.05(ANOVA)。误差条表示标准误。b)用VSe1 20μM或载剂对照处理CT26细胞,随后用野生型VSV(MOI=0.0003)攻击所述细胞。通过蚀斑测定法,用Vero细胞测定感染后18、28和36小时收集的上清液的病毒滴度。c)显示多种剂量的DCPDF增强来自786-0和CT26细胞的病毒滴度的结果。
图13显示a)以ISRE-萤光素酶报道基因和β-半乳糖苷酶(对照)共转染293T细胞的结果。转染之后6小时,用指定浓度的VSe1或载剂处理细胞。接受VSe1之后20小时,更换培养基,并用IFN-α处理细胞。次日,裂解细胞并测量萤光素酶活性。还测量了β-半乳糖苷酶活性并用于数据标化。*p=0.03,**p=0.005,***p=0.03,#p=0.003,##p=0.006,###p=0.002B)用200U/ml Intron A和VSe1(或载剂)共处理人U251神经胶质瘤细胞,随后以0.01的MOI用表达GFP的VSVΔ51攻击所述细胞的结果。40小时之后,收集上清液,并通过蚀斑测定法,用Vero细胞测定滴度。*p=6.4×10-3,**p=1.6×10-4,***p=6.8×10-5(ANOVA)误差条表示标准误,n=3。
图14显示VSe1抑制VSVΔ51诱导之基因的结果。用SAHA 5μM、VSe1 20μM或载剂预处理CT26细胞4小时,随后以0.03的MOI用VSVΔ51(或模拟处理)攻击所述细胞。感染后24小时,收获细胞并提取RNA。随后,处理RNA用于在Affymetrix小鼠基因1.0ST阵列(Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0ST)上杂交。将基因表达标化至获自载剂处理的模拟感染对照的值。在a~b)中,沿x轴的点表示,通过VSVΔ51感染,每种基因增加超过2倍,并且显示为●。在a)中,在VSe1 20μM存在下,VSVΔ51诱导的基因表达的改变倍数显示为○。在b)中,在SAHA5μM存在下,VSVΔ51诱导的基因表达的改变倍数显示为○。
图15显示VSe1在免疫活性小鼠中和在人类临床样品中表现出VSVΔ51敏化活性的结果。a)第一次处理前11天,在同基因的Balb/C小鼠中皮下(s.c)植入3×105耐VSVΔ51的CT26细胞。第11天(D11)时,以0.4mg/小鼠腹膜内(i.p)施用VSe1(或载剂)。4小时之后,肿瘤内(i.t)施用1×108VSVΔ51(或PBS)。在第13和15天,施用另外两个剂量的VSe1。使用卡尺测量小鼠肿瘤体积,并显示相对于D11的平均肿瘤体积。误差条表示标准误*p<0.005,**p<0.05,***p<0.1(ANOVA)。N=5只小鼠/组。b)用载剂(中图)或40μM VSe1处理24小时之后,以1×107PFU的表达GFP的VSVΔ51(或PBS,上图)感染的代表性人结肠肿瘤的切片的伪色(LUT)荧光显微镜图像。照片是孵育72小时之后拍摄的。c)按照b)用20或40μM VSe1处理人肿瘤或正常组织切片。72小时之后,收集组织样品,并将其匀浆,用于随后通过蚀斑测定法用Vero细胞测定滴度。
图16显示表明VSe1不增加VSVΔ51在正常小鼠组织中之复制的结果。与图15a中显示的处理方案相类似地处理Balb/C小鼠。简单地说,腹膜内(i.p)提供第一剂量的0.4mg VSe1(或载剂),4小时之后用1×108PFU表达GFP的VSVΔ51静脉攻击。48和96小时之后,i.p再次施用VSe10.4mg(或载剂),并在感染后第6天处死小鼠。收集器官,并立即使用荧光解剖显微镜来使其可视化。GFP显示与正上方显示的相差(Ph.C)图像相关联的GFP荧光照片。在任何器官中,均未观察到GFP信号。
图17显示表明DCPDF(VSe1)及其类似物增强VSVΔ51在细胞中之扩散的结果。在以0.01的MOI用表达GFP的VSVΔ51感染之前4小时,用20μM药物或对照预处理4T1小鼠乳腺癌细胞。对于母化合物,两个重复地进行两次实验。病毒感染之后大约48小时,拍摄荧光照片,并显示在(a)中。随后,使用考马斯蓝测定来测定(b)中的细胞毒性。收集上清液,并使用标准的蚀斑测定法,用Vero细胞测定病毒颗粒的滴度(c)。数据表示三次独立实验的平均值,*p=9.39×10-4,**p=6.7×10-4,***p=0.14,#p=0.74,##p=0.34,###p=0.60(不成对、不等方差T检验)。以误差条表示标准误。(d)不同浓度的每种药物对4T1细胞的细胞毒性。(e)高浓度的DCPDF和二溴取代的DBPDF对4T1细胞的细胞毒性。接受20μM药物剂量之后48小时,使用阿尔玛蓝(alamar blue)试剂测量细胞生存。相对于对照孔来标化细胞生存。其值为以两个重复进行的三次分开实验的平均值,*p=9.97×10-3,**p=3.75×10-5,***p=4.58×10-6,#p=1.79×10-2,##p=4.24×10-5(不成对、不等方差T检验)。以误差条表示标准误。
图18显示多种微管去稳定剂增强VSV诱导之细胞毒性的结果。用指定浓度的微管去稳定剂预处理4T1(a)和CT26(b)细胞4h,所述微管去稳定剂包括帕苯达唑(parbendazole,Parb)、秋水仙素(colchicine,Colch)、阿苯达唑(albendazole,alben)、诺考达唑(nocodazole,Noco)、长春瑞滨碱(Vinorelbine base,Vino)。测定VSVΔ51存在和不存在下药物的细胞毒性,并将其用于计算VSV/对照杀伤率(kill ratio),所述杀伤率等于相对于仅VSV对照的药物存在时的细胞生存除以相对于未感染对照的药物的细胞毒性。1以下的值(虚线)表明,在给定浓度下,该药物比预期VSV存在时更有效。
图19显示秋水仙素是VSVΔ51在肿瘤细胞中扩散的强大增强剂的结果。a)以降低剂量的秋水仙素预处理之后,用表达绿色荧光蛋白(greenfluorescent protein,GFP)的VSVΔ51,以0.01的MOI感染人U251、786-0和小鼠4T1细胞。孵育48小时之后,拍摄荧光显微照片。在低至80nM的剂量下,观察到了强烈增强的VSVΔ51(GFP)扩散。在b~d)中,在48小时时收集上清液,并使用标准蚀斑测定法将所述上清液用于评价病毒滴度。秋水仙素可强烈增强(高达近1000倍)病毒产生。
图20显示秋水仙素不调节IFN应答的结果。用秋水仙素或对照预处理对IFN应答的U251细胞4小时,随后添加人IFN-α4小时,接着用表达GFP的VSVΔ51攻击。进行考马斯染色以评价细胞毒性(上方两个图)。如预想的那样,IFN阻断了VSV的复制,并且尽管秋水仙素增强了VSV的溶瘤作用,但其不能克服IFN诱导的抗病毒作用,这表明,相对于其他病毒敏化剂(例如VSe1),IFN应答的调节并不有助于秋水仙素的作用模式。
图21显示秋水仙素增加野生型VSV和VSVΔ51介导之溶瘤作用的结果。在A)中,用秋水仙素或对照预处理多种小鼠和人的癌细胞,以及正常的人MRC-5细胞,然后用野生型VSV(wtVSV)或表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的VSVΔ51攻击所述细胞。感染后48小时,拍摄荧光显微照片。秋水仙素增强VSVΔ51的扩散,但似乎降低使用wtVSV的GFP阳性细胞的数目。b)中显示的结果表明GFP阳性细胞的降低很可能是因为增强杀伤wtVSV感染的细胞。还要注意的是,在正常的MRC-5细胞中,并未观察到a)中增强的VSVΔ51扩散,这表明在微管去稳定剂存在下,VSVΔ51对肿瘤细胞的选择性得以维持。
图22显示多种VSe化合物可以增加痘苗病毒之复制的结果。用10μM每种VSe化合物预处理之后,以0.1的MOI用痘苗病毒感染4T1细胞并孵育48小时(相关结构参照表2中的VSe代号)之后。用标准蚀斑测定法用U2OS细胞评价病毒滴度。直方图上方的数字表示病毒滴度相对于对照的增加倍数。
图23显示VSe1、6和7可以增强制造MDCK的细胞中两种流感疫苗病毒株之产生的结果。用指定浓度的药物预处理汇合的MDCK细胞4小时,然后用低MOI(0.001)的流感H1N1疫苗毒株FM/1/47和PR8攻击所述细胞。值得注意的是,WHO和疫苗制造商使用PR8毒株来生产含有来自季节性流感毒株的血凝素(H)和神经氨酸酶(N)基因的重排病毒(reassortant virus)。感染后48小时,收集上清液,并用中性红测定法评价TCID50。在该实验中,使用VSe化合物观察到病毒滴度增加3至6个数量级,这表明这些化合物可用于疫苗制造过程。
发明详述
以下描述是优选的方案。
第一个方面,提供了增加或增强病毒在癌细胞、肿瘤或永生化细胞(例如,CT-26、4T1乳腺癌细胞、786-0、U-251、B16黑色素瘤细胞和结肠肿瘤)中而非在正常或非永生化细胞中扩散的化合物。
另一方面,提供了增加或增强病毒在细胞(例如,CT-26细胞、786-0、4T1、结肠肿瘤、外阴肿瘤和骨肿瘤细胞)中而非在正常或非永生化细胞中滴度化合物。
另一方面,提供了增加病毒(尤其是溶瘤病毒)在细胞中细胞毒性的化合物。
基于本文中描述的多种广泛的筛选中所获得的特定化合物的结果,并考虑从多种结构-功能分析中获得的结果,鉴定了广泛类型的化合物和多种亚类,其表现出一种或更多种上文中描述的特性,或可在体内或体外实验或在常规结构-功能分析中作为对照使用,以测定具有本文中描述的感兴趣的特征的其他化合物。
本发明涉及下式的病毒敏化化合物
其N-氧化物、药学上可接受的加成盐、季胺或立体化学异构体形式,其中:
A是包含1~4个杂原子和1或2个双键的5元杂环,所述杂原子选自O、N或S;
R1是H、氧代、烷氧基羰基、肼基羰基烷基或氨基;
R2不存在,或是烷基、卤素、羧基、杂芳基羰基氨基或羟基;
R3不存在,或是H、烷基、卤素或杂环基氨基磺酰基,和
R4是H、烷基、未取代的芳基或以1~3个卤素取代的芳基。
感兴趣的一组化合物是这样的式(I)化合物
其中,
A是
X1是O、NH或S;
R1是H、氧代、烷氧基羰基、肼基羰基烷基或氨基;
R2不存在,或是烷基、卤素、羧基、杂芳基羰基氨基或羟基;
R3不存在,或是H、烷基、卤素或杂环基氨基磺酰基,和
R4是H、烷基、未取代的芳基或以1~3个卤素取代的芳基。
感兴趣的另一组化合物是这样的式(I)化合物,例如但不限于下式
其中,
X1是O、N、NH或S;
X2、X3和X4独立地是C或N;
X5是C;
R1是H、氧代、烷氧基羰基、肼基羰基烷基或氨基;
R2不存在,或是烷基、卤素、羧基、杂芳基羰基氨基或羟基;
R3不存在,或是H、烷基、卤素或杂环基氨基磺酰基;
R4是H、烷基、未取代的芳基或以1~3个卤素取代的芳基;
其中原子X2和X3之间的键是单键或双键;
其中原子X3和X4之间的键是单键或双键;
其中原子X4和X5之间的键是单键或双键;
其中原子X5和X1之间的键是单键或双键;
其中当原子X2和X3之间的键与X4和X5之间的键各自是单键时,原子X3和X4之间的键是双键,原子X5和X1之间的键是单键,X2是C,并且R1是氧代;或者
其中当原子X2和X3之间的键与X4和X5之间的键各自是单键时,原子X3和X4之间的键是双键,原子X5和X1之间的键是双键,并且X1是N,或者
其中当原子X2和X3之间的键与X4和X5之间的键各自是双键时,原子X3和X4之间的键是单键,并且原子X5和X1之间的键是单键。
感兴趣的另一组化合物是这样的式(I)化合物,例如但不限于式(III)
其中:
X1是O、NH或S;
R2是烷基、卤素、羧基或羟基;
R3是烷基或卤素,和
R4是烷基、未取代的芳基或以1~3个卤素取代的芳基。
感兴趣的另一组化合物是这样的式(I)化合物,例如但不限于
3,5-二甲基-4-{[(2-氧代-3-氮杂环庚烷基)氨基]磺酰基}1H-吡咯-2-羧酸乙酯;
本发明还涉及下式的化合物
其中,
X是O或S;
R5是羟基烷基、杂芳基、未取代的芳基、以1或多个选自烷基和卤素的取代基取代的芳基、杂环基或苯并二氧杂环烷基烷基;和
R6是氨基、芳基或以1或多个选自烷基和卤素的取代基取代的芳基。
感兴趣的另一组化合物是这样的式(IV)化合物,例如但不限于
N-(2-羟基乙基)-N′-(2-甲基苯基)硫脲;
表1中列出另一些感兴趣的化合物。
表1.一些病毒敏化化合物的结构和化学名称
如下表2中描述了另一些感兴趣的病毒敏化化合物,并且其可用其化学名称、代号或结构来表示。
表2:另一些病毒敏化化合物的结构、化学名称和参考代号
术语“病毒敏化化合物”或“病毒敏化剂”意为这样的化合物,所述化合物增加或增强病毒(优选遗传修饰的病毒或减毒的病毒,更优选溶瘤病毒)在一种或更多种类型细胞(优选癌或肿瘤细胞而非正常或非永生化细胞;)中的扩散;增加或增强溶瘤病毒对抗一种或更多种癌或肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性/溶瘤活性;增加或增强病毒(更优选遗传修饰的、减毒的或溶瘤病毒)的产生、产量或繁殖能力;或上述的任何组合。还优选通过杀伤癌或肿瘤细胞或一段时间内限制其生长来降低癌或肿瘤细胞生存的病毒敏化化合物。
术语“溶瘤病毒”意为与正常细胞相比偏好感染或溶解癌或肿瘤细胞的病毒。病毒的细胞毒性/溶瘤活性可在体外、体内或二者中存在、观察到或展示出。优选地,所述病毒表现出体内细胞毒性/溶瘤活性。现有技术中已知的溶瘤病毒的示例包括但不限于呼肠孤病毒、新城疫病毒、腺病毒、疱疹病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、腮腺炎病毒、麻疹病毒、流感病毒、痘苗病毒、弹状病毒、水疱性口炎病毒和其衍生物/变体。
病毒的“衍生物”或“变体”意为通过在不同的生长条件下选择病毒所获得的病毒,所述病毒经受一系列的选择压力,所述病毒通过使用现有技术中已知的重组技术而被遗传修饰,或其任何组合。这种病毒的示例是现有技术中已知的,例如US专利申请20040115170、20040170607、20020037543、WO 00/62735;美国专利7,052,832、7,063,835、7,122,182(其通过引用并入本文)等。优选的病毒是水疱性口炎病毒(VSV),或其变体/衍生物(例如在特定的生长条件下选择),所述病毒经受一系列的选择压力,所述病毒通过使用现有技术中已知的重组技术而被遗传修饰,或其组合。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述病毒是VSVΔ51(Stoj dl et al.,VSV strains with defects in their ability to shutdown innate immunity arepotent systemic anti-cancer agents.,Cancer Cell.2003 Oct;4(4):263-75,其通过引用并入本文)。
术语“烷基”意为具有1至20个碳原子(更优选1至8个碳原子,或更尤其是1至6个碳原子)的直链或支链烷基。烷基基团的示例包括甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、戊基、异戊基、新戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、2-乙基己基、1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基、壬基、癸基、十二烷基、十四烷基、十六烷基、十八烷基和二十烷基。
一种或更多种类型的癌或肿瘤细胞可以是来自任何细胞、细胞系、组织或生物(例如但不限于人、大鼠、小鼠、猫、狗、猪、灵长类、马等)的体外或体内的癌细胞。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述一种或更多种癌或肿瘤细胞包含人癌或肿瘤细胞,所述人癌或肿瘤例如但不限于淋巴母细胞性白血病、髓细胞白血病、肾上腺皮质癌、AIDS相关的癌、AIDS相关的淋巴瘤、肛门癌、阑尾癌、星形细胞瘤、非典型性畸胎/横纹肌肿瘤、基底细胞癌、胆管癌、膀胱癌、骨癌、骨肉瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、脑干神经胶质瘤、脑肿瘤、小脑星形细胞瘤、大脑星形细胞瘤/恶性神经胶质瘤、颅咽管瘤、室管膜母细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤、中等分化的松果体实质肿瘤、幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤和成松果体细胞瘤、视觉通路和下丘脑神经胶质瘤、脊髓肿瘤、乳腺癌、支气管肿瘤、伯基特淋巴瘤淋巴瘤(Burkittlymphoma)、类癌肿瘤、中枢神经系统淋巴瘤、子宫颈癌、脊索瘤、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性髓性白血病、慢性骨髓增生性疾病、结肠癌、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、胚胎性肿瘤、子宫内膜癌、室管膜母细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、食管癌、颅外生殖细胞肿瘤、性腺外生殖细胞肿瘤、肝外胆管癌、眼癌、眼内黑色素瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤、胆囊癌、胃癌、胃肠类癌肿瘤、胃肠间质肿瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)、胃肠间质细胞肿瘤、生殖细胞肿瘤、颅外、性腺外、卵巢、妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤、神经胶质瘤、毛细胞白血病、头颈癌、肝细胞(肝)癌、组织细胞增生症、朗格汉斯细胞癌(Langerhans cell cancer)、霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin lymphoma)、下咽癌、胰岛细胞肿瘤、卡波西肉瘤(Kaposi sarcoma)、肾癌、喉癌、淋巴细胞性白血病、毛细胞白血病、唇和口腔癌、肝癌、非小细胞肺癌、小细胞肺癌、霍奇金淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma)、骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤和骨肉瘤、髓母细胞瘤、髓上皮瘤、黑色素瘤、眼内黑色素瘤、梅克尔细胞癌(Merkel cell carcinoma)、间皮瘤、转移性鳞状颈癌、口腔癌、多发性内分泌肿瘤综合征、多发性骨髓瘤/浆细胞肿瘤、鼻腔和鼻旁窦癌、鼻咽癌、神经母细胞瘤、口腔癌、口咽癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、甲状旁腺癌、阴茎癌、咽癌、嗜铬细胞瘤、松果体实质肿瘤、成松果体细胞瘤和幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤、垂体肿瘤、浆细胞肿瘤/多发性骨髓瘤、胸膜肺母细胞瘤、原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤、前列腺癌、直肠癌、肾细胞(肾)癌、肾盂和输尿管癌、移行细胞癌、呼吸道癌、视网膜母细胞癌、横纹肌肉瘤、唾液腺癌、子宫肉瘤、皮肤癌、梅克尔细胞皮肤癌(Merkel cell skin carcinoma)、小肠癌、软组织肉瘤、鳞状细胞癌、鳞状颈癌、胃癌、幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤、T细胞淋巴瘤、睾丸癌、喉癌、胸腺瘤和胸腺癌、甲状腺癌、滋养层细胞肿瘤、尿道癌、子宫癌、子宫内膜癌、子宫肉瘤、阴道癌、外阴癌或维尔姆斯瘤(Wilms tumor)。然而,本文中描述的化合物和组合物可用于治疗体内或体外的任何其他癌或肿瘤。
本发明还提供组合物,所述组合物包含a)本文中描述的一种或更多种病毒敏化化合物和b)一种或更多种其他成分,例如但不限于载体、稀释剂或赋形剂,药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂,病毒(例如但不限于减毒的病毒、遗传修饰的病毒或溶瘤病毒),癌或肿瘤细胞,非癌细胞,细胞培养基,一种或更多种癌治疗剂(例如但不限于化疗剂)。作为示例(但不被认为是以任何方式的限定),环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CPA)是常用的化学治疗药物,其主要用于治疗淋巴瘤,慢性淋巴性白血病和乳腺、卵巢和膀胱癌。CPA通过肝氧化酶被转化成为其活性代谢产物4-羟基环磷酰胺和醛磷酰胺。与HSV(15~18)、腺病毒(19)、麻疹病毒(20)、呼肠孤病毒(21,22)和痘苗病毒(23)联合使用CPA作为免疫抑制剂以增强病毒的溶瘤作用已经改进了病毒治疗的效力。
顺铂结合并交联细胞DNA,当DNA未被修复时导致凋亡。已研究了顺铂与溶瘤腺病毒(25~34)、疱疹病毒(35~37)、细小病毒(38)、痘苗病毒(39)和水疱性口炎病毒(40)的联合。当将顺铂与腺病毒、疱疹病毒、细小病毒和痘苗病毒联合时,观察到了体外和体内增强的治疗活性,而对于水疱性口炎病毒,则观察到了轻微的抑制。
丝裂霉素C(Mitomycin C,MMC)是具有抗肿瘤特性的DNA交联抗生素。MMC表现出与HSV协同的细胞毒性(40,41)。体内联合疱疹病毒和MMC显著提高胃癌病(43)和非小细胞肺癌(41)模型中的治疗作用。
多柔比星是嵌入DNA并阻止拓扑异构酶II之作用的蒽环类抗生素。当与溶瘤腺病毒联合时,多柔比星是协同细胞毒性的(42,44),并且相对于单独治疗,所述联合降低肿瘤生长(45)。ONYX-015与MAP(丝裂霉素C、多柔比星和顺铂)化学治疗成功地在I~II期临床试验中联合,用于治疗晚期肉瘤(30)。
更昔洛韦(gancyclovir,GCV)是广泛使用的抗病毒剂,起初开发用于治疗巨细胞病毒感染。GCV是鸟苷(guanasine)类似物前药,在被疱疹病毒胸苷激酶(thymidine kinase,TK)磷酸化时,其与细胞dGTP竞争整合进入DNA,导致延长终止。溶瘤病毒编码HSV TK基因,导致毒性GCV代谢产物在肿瘤细胞内积聚,这干扰了细胞DNA合成,导致凋亡(46)。在人卵巢癌(47)和大鼠神经胶质肉瘤(48)模型中,与GCV联合的靶向溶瘤HSV病毒显著提高的存活。与GCV联合时,经改造表达HSV TK基因的腺病毒也表现出增强的抗肿瘤活性(49~51)。
CD/5-FC酶/前药治疗也被证明与溶瘤病毒治疗成功地联合。5-FU是抑制胸苷合成的嘧啶类似物。当与5-FC治疗联合用于免疫活性的卵巢癌(52)和免疫抑制的结肠癌模型(53,54)时,两种不同的表达CD的痘苗病毒的抗肿瘤活性显著增强。
紫杉烷是一类化学治疗药物(包括紫杉醇和多烯紫杉醇),其可导致细胞微管的稳定化,从而阻止细胞骨架的功能(有丝分裂所需要的)。多烯紫杉醇或紫杉醇与尿路上皮或前列腺靶向的腺病毒联合显著地降低体内肿瘤体积,并导致协同的体外细胞毒性(55,56)。
雷帕霉素(西罗莫司)是常用于移植患者的免疫抑制剂,然而其也被证明显著增强痘病毒黏液瘤和痘苗病毒的溶瘤作用(23,57~59)。
原型的蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132增强Lovo结肠癌细胞中的细胞CAR表达,其伴有增强的腺病毒靶基因表达和溶瘤作用(60)。
通过与BCL-2抑制剂EM20-25联合治疗,增加了溶瘤的VSV对抗慢性淋巴细胞性白血病细胞的效力(61)。
一个组证明,在溶瘤病毒治疗之前,单剂量的血管生成抑制的cRGD肽治疗增强溶瘤HSV的抗肿瘤效力(24,62)。
本发明还提供试剂盒,所述试剂盒包含一种或更多种病毒敏化化合物或包含所述化合物的组合物。所述试剂盒还可包含细胞培养皿/板或多孔皿/板,向细胞、细胞培养物或细胞培养基或向对象体内递送所述病毒敏化化合物或包含所述化合物的组合物的装置。所述试剂盒还可包含用于施用或使用所述病毒敏化化合物、病毒(例如但不限于减毒的病毒、遗传修饰的病毒、溶瘤病毒、其任何组合,或不同病毒的任何组合)的说明书。
对于体内治疗应用,提供了药物组合物,其包含一种或更多种病毒敏化化合物和药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂,任选地含有另一些溶质(例如,溶解的盐等)。在一个优选的实施方案中,该溶液包含足够的盐水或葡糖糖以使溶液等张。药物组合物和制备药物组合物的方法是本领域中已知的,并且描述于例如“Remington:The Science and Practice ofPharmacy”(以前称为“Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences”);Gennaro,A.,Lippincott,Williams&Wilkins,Philidelphia,PA(2000),其通过引用并入本文。
可通过多种途径施用这样的组合物,所述途径取决于是否需要局部和/或全身治疗和要治疗的区域。在并不意在限制的第一个实施方案中,将病毒敏化化合物局部施用至要治疗的区域。施用可为局部施用(包括眼科和黏膜(包括阴道和直肠递送))、肺施用(例如,通过吸入或喷射粉末或气雾剂(包括通过喷雾器))、气管内施用、鼻内施用、表皮和经皮施用、口腔或肠胃外施用。肠胃外施用包括静脉内、动脉内、皮下、腹膜内或肌内注射或输注,或颅内(例如,鞘内或脑室内)施用。还考虑肿瘤内注射、灌注或递送进入肿瘤附近的广泛区域或注射进入供给肿瘤的血管系统。或者,可以以片剂或胶囊剂来配制病毒敏化化合物,用于口服施用。也可考虑本领域中已知的其他剂型。
对于吸入或喷射施用,可将病毒敏化化合物配制成为水溶液或部分水溶液,所述溶液可以以气雾剂的形式使用。对于局部使用,该调节剂可在药学上可接受的载剂中配制为应用于皮肤受影响部分的撒粉(dustingpowder)、乳膏或洗剂。
本发明的病毒敏化化合物的剂量要求随所采用的具体组合物、施用途径和要治疗的具体对象的不同而不同。可通过本领域技术人员已知的标准临床技术来确定剂量要求。一般来说,通常以低于该化合物最适剂量的小剂量开始。此后,增加剂量直到达到该条件下的最适作用。一般来说,以这样的浓度施用所述病毒敏化剂或包含所述病毒敏化剂的药物组合物,所述浓度一般会提供有效的结果而不引起显著的伤害的(harmful)或有害的(deleterious)副作用。施用可为单个单位剂量或(如果需要的话)所述剂量可分成在全天合适的时间施用的方便的亚单位。
可按顺序施用来使用病毒敏化化合物,例如,施用病毒(例如但不限于减毒的病毒,遗传修饰的病毒或溶瘤病毒)之前、之后或之前并且之后施用。或者,可与上文中描述的病毒联合施用病毒敏化化合物,优选与溶瘤病毒联合。此外,可与上文中描述的溶瘤病毒一起使用病毒敏化剂,并且与一种或更多种本领域技术人员已知的癌治疗联用,所述治疗例如但不限于干扰素治疗、白介素治疗、集落刺激因子治疗、化学治疗药物,所述化学治疗药物例如但不限于5-氟脱氧尿苷、安吖啶、博来霉素、白消安、卡培他滨、卡铂、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、克拉屈滨、氯法拉滨、克立他酶(crisantaspase)、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、达卡巴嗪、放线菌素D、柔红霉素、多西他赛、多柔比星、表柔比星、依托泊苷、氟达拉滨、氟尿嘧啶、吉西他滨、格立得(gliadel)、羟基脲、伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、伊立替康、亚叶酸、洛莫司汀、美法仑、巯嘌呤、美司钠、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素、米托蒽醌、奥沙利铂、紫杉醇、培美曲塞、喷司他丁、丙卡巴肼、雷替曲塞、沙铂(satraplatin)、链佐星、替加氟-尿嘧啶、替莫唑胺、替尼泊苷、塞替派、硫鸟嘌呤、拓扑替康、曲奥舒凡、长春碱、长春新碱、长春地辛、长春瑞滨或其组合。此外,还可使用抗癌生物制品(anti-cancerbiolgics),例如单克隆抗体等。
本发明还考虑本文中描述的化合物用于增加或增强病毒(例如,遗传修饰的病毒、减毒的病毒或溶瘤病毒)在一种或更多种细胞(例如但不限于一种或更多种癌或肿瘤细胞)中扩散,增加或增强溶瘤病毒对抗一种或更多种癌或肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性/溶瘤活性,增加或增强病毒(例如,遗传修饰的病毒、减毒的病毒、溶瘤病毒或上述病毒的任何组合)的产生、产量或繁殖能力的方法和用途。在一个不是意在以任何方式进行限制的具体实施方案中,所述病毒敏化化合物通过杀伤癌或肿瘤细胞或在一段时间内限制其生长而降低癌或肿瘤细胞的生存。还可使用所述化合物用于生产实现相同目的的药物。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,提供了包含本文中描述的病毒敏化化合物的组合物,所述化合物例如以下的一种或更多种:3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮、2-苯基-1H-咪唑-4-羧酸1.5水合物、3-[5-(2,3-二氯苯基)-2H-1,2,3,4-四唑-2-基]丙酰肼、3,5-二甲基-4-{[(2-氧代-3-氮杂环庚烷基)氨基]磺酰基}1H-吡咯-2-羧酸乙酯、2-氨基-5-苯基-3-噻吩羧酸、3-[(喹啉-6-基羰基)氨基]噻吩-2-羧酸甲酯、5-(2-氯-6-氟苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮和5-(2,6-二氯苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮、N-(3,4-二甲基苯基)-N′-(2-吡啶基)硫脲、N1-(2,6-二乙基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺、N-(2-羟基乙基)-N′-(2-甲基苯基)硫脲、N1-(2-氯-6-甲基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺、N-(4-氯苯基)-N′-(2,3-二氢-1,4-苯并二氧杂环己-2-基甲基)脲、4-(苄氧基)-2-甲基-1-硝基苯、1-{4-[(2-甲基喹啉-4-基)氨基]苯基}乙-1-酮、N1-(1,2,3,10-四甲氧基-9-氧代-5,6,7,9-四氢苯并[a]庚搭烯-7-基)乙酰胺、N-[4-(二甲基氨基)亚苄基]氨基甲腙酸硫甲酯、N-(4-氯苯基)-(二甲基氨基)甲酰亚胺硫甲酯氢碘酸盐、4′,5′-二氢-4′-(5-甲氧基苯基)螺[2H-1-苯并噻喃-3(4H)m3′-[3H]吡唑]-4-酮、1H-苯并[d]咪唑-2-硫醇、N-(2-呋喃基亚甲基)-(4-{[(2-呋喃基亚甲基)氨基]甲基}环己基)甲胺;2-[4-(二乙氧基甲基)亚苄基]丙二腈;2-(环丙基羰基)-3-(3-苯氧基-2-噻吩基)丙烯腈;N′-(3,5-二氯苯基)-2,4-二氟苯甲酰肼;10-(羟基亚甲基)菲-9(10H)-酮;N1-(2,5-二氟苯基)-4-({[4-(三氟甲基)苯基]磺酰基}氨基)苯-1-磺酰胺;N-[4-(4-氯苯基)-2,5-二氧代哌嗪基]-2-(2,3-二氢-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙酰胺、4-{[(4-{[(3-羧基丙烯酰基)氨基]甲基}环己基)甲基]氨基}-4-氧代-2-丁烯酸;5-氧代-3-苯基-5-{4-[3-(三氟甲基)-1H-吡唑-1-基]苯胺基}戊酸、N1-(4-氯苯基)-2-({4-甲基-5-[1-甲基-2-(甲基硫代)-1H-咪唑-5-基]-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基}硫代)乙酰胺、6-[2-(4-甲基苯基)-2-氧代乙基]-3-苯基-2,5-二氢-1,2,4-三嗪-5-酮;N1-[2-(叔丁基)-7-甲基-5-(三氟甲基)吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-3-基]乙酰胺;4-(2,3-二氢-1H-茚-5-基)-6-(三氟甲基)嘧啶-2-胺;1-(2,3-二氢-1-苯并呋喃-5-基磺酰基)-4-哌啶羧酸乙酯、2,3-二苯基环丙-2-烯-1-酮、1-环十二烷基-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、1-(4-甲基苯基)-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、2-[(4-苯氧基苯胺基)甲基]异二氢吲哚-1,3-二酮、2-{[1-(3-氯-4-甲基苯基)-2,5-二氧代四氢-1H-吡咯-3-基]硫代}苯甲酸、1-(1,3-苯并二氧杂环戊-5-基甲基)-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、4-氯-N-[3-氯-2-(异丙基硫代)苯基]苯甲酰胺和N-({5-[({2-[(2-呋喃基甲基)硫代]乙基}氨基)磺酰基]-2-噻吩基}甲基)苯甲酰胺、帕苯达唑、甲硫苯唑(methiazole)、秋水仙素、长春瑞滨碱、4-氨基-2-苯胺基-5-硝基噻吩-3-羧酸乙酯、2-[二(甲基硫代)亚甲基]丙二腈、草酸N-(1H-吲哚-3-基甲基)-N-甲基-2-苯基乙胺、3-(2-呋喃基)-N-(4,5,6,7-四氢-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-基)丙烯酰胺、阿苯达唑、草酸2-苯基-4-喹啉胺、紫杉醇、诺考达唑、(2,5-二甲氧基苯基)[(2-甲氧基-1-萘基)甲基]胺、DBPDF、BB90、L1EA、R1EA或LT33(化学结构见图17)。
在另一个实施方案中,提供了包含上文中描述的病毒敏化化合物的组合物,只是所述组合物不包含一种或更多种选自以下的化合物:3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮、2-苯基-1H-咪唑-4-羧酸1.5水合物、3-[5-(2,3-二氯苯基)-2H-1,2,3,4-四唑-2-基]丙酰肼、3,5-二甲基-4-{[(2-氧代-3-氮杂环庚烷基)氨基]磺酰基}1H-吡咯-2-羧酸乙酯、2-氨基-5-苯基-3-噻吩羧酸、3-[(喹啉-6-基羰基)氨基]噻吩-2-羧酸甲酯、5-(2-氯-6-氟苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮和5-(2,6-二氯苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮、N-(3,4-二甲基苯基)-N′-(2-吡啶基)硫脲、N1-(2,6-二乙基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺、N-(2-羟基乙基)-N′-(2-甲基苯基)硫脲、N1-(2-氯-6-甲基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺、N-(4-氯苯基)-N′-(2,3-二氢-1,4-苯并二氧杂环己-2-基甲基)脲、4-(苄氧基)-2-甲基-1-硝基苯、1-{4-[(2-甲基喹啉-4-基)氨基]苯基}乙-1-酮、N1-(1,2,3,10-四甲氧基-9-氧代-5,6,7,9-四氢苯并[a]庚搭烯-7-基)乙酰胺、N-[4-(二甲基氨基)亚苄基]氨基甲腙酸硫甲酯、N-(4-氯苯基)-(二甲基氨基)甲酰亚胺硫甲酯氢碘酸盐、4′,5′-二氢-4′-(5-甲氧基苯基)螺[2H-1-苯并噻喃-3(4H)m3′-[3H]吡唑]-4-酮、1H-苯并[d]咪唑-2-硫醇、N-(2-呋喃基亚甲基)-(4-{[(2-呋喃基亚甲基)氨基]甲基}环己基)甲胺;2-[4-(二乙氧基甲基)亚苄基]丙二腈;2-(环丙基羰基)-3-(3-苯氧基-2-噻吩基)丙烯腈;N′-(3,5-二氯苯基)-2,4-二氟苯甲酰肼;10-(羟基亚甲基)菲-9(10H)-酮;N1-(2,5-二氟苯基)-4-({[4-(三氟甲基)苯基]磺酰基}氨基)苯-1-磺酰胺;N-[4-(4-氯苯基)-2,5-二氧代哌嗪基]-2-(2,3-二氢-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙酰胺、4-{[(4-{[(3-羧基丙烯酰基)氨基]甲基}环己基)甲基]氨基}-4-氧代-2-丁烯酸;5-氧代-3-苯基-5-{4-[3-(三氟甲基)-1H-吡唑-1-基]苯胺基}戊酸、N1-(4-氯苯基)-2-({4-甲基-5-[1-甲基-2-(甲基硫代)-1H-咪唑-5-基]-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基}硫代)乙酰胺、6-[2-(4-甲基苯基)-2-氧代乙基]-3-苯基-2,5-二氢-1,2,4-三嗪-5-酮;N1-[2-(叔丁基)-7-甲基-5-(三氟甲基)吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-3-基]乙酰胺;4-(2,3-二氢-1H-茚-5-基)-6-(三氟甲基)嘧啶-2-胺;1-(2,3-二氢-1-苯并呋喃-5-基磺酰基)-4-哌啶羧酸乙酯、2,3-二苯基环丙-2-烯-1-酮、1-环十二烷基-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、1-(4-甲基苯基)-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、2-[(4-苯氧基苯胺基)甲基]异二氢吲哚-1,3-二酮、2-{[1-(3-氯-4-甲基苯基)-2,5-二氧代四氢-1H-吡咯-3-基]硫代}苯甲酸、1-(1,3-苯并二氧杂环戊-5-基甲基)-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、4-氯-N-[3-氯-2-(异丙基硫代)苯基]苯甲酰胺和N-({5-[({2-[(2-呋喃基甲基)硫代]乙基}氨基)磺酰基]-2-噻吩基}甲基)苯甲酰胺、帕苯达唑、甲硫苯唑、秋水仙素、长春瑞滨碱、4-氨基-2-苯胺基-5-硝基噻吩-3-羧酸乙酯、2-[二(甲基硫代)亚甲基]丙二腈、草酸N-(1H-吲哚-3-基甲基)-N-甲基-2-苯基乙胺、3-(2-呋喃基)-N-(4,5,6,7-四氢-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-基)丙烯酰胺、阿苯达唑、草酸2-苯基-4-喹啉胺、紫杉醇、诺考达唑或(2,5-二甲氧基苯基)[(2-甲氧基-1-萘基)甲基]胺、DBPDF、BB90、L1EA、R1EA或LT33。
如本领域技术人员会理解的那样,可单独或在本领域技术人员所需要的任何多种组合物中联合使用本文中鉴定的一般类的结构和具体化合物。不希望受理论限制,本文中描述的化合物的潜在用途可选自:在特定细胞中增加扩散和/或病毒滴度(例如,在癌或肿瘤细胞/组织或来自永生化培养物的细胞中),在特定细胞中增加病毒的细胞毒性(包括溶瘤病毒),例如,在癌或肿瘤细胞/组织中,用于生产病毒,所述病毒随后可用于生产疫苗。此外,重要的是,本文中描述的化合物还可用作内对照或用于结构-功能分析,以确定表现出与本文现在描述的化合物类似或改进特性的其他类或特定分子。
用于鉴定病毒敏化剂的高通量筛选
抗病毒信号通路涉及跨越从细胞质膜(例如,TLR和IFN受体),通过细胞质(例如,IKK、Jak RIG-I),进入核(例如,IRF、STAT、NF-κB),并再次出来的多层调控。不希望受理论限制或以任何方式限制,这表明高通量的、基于感染细胞的筛选可潜在地鉴定病毒敏化化合物,所述化合物在增强病毒复制等多水平上是有活性的。为了验证该想法,进行了对12,280种合成的药物样分子的联合VSVΔ51和乳腺癌细胞系(4T1)(其被认为仅部分地容许该特定的病毒)的初始筛选。我们比较和对比了给定化合物单独的或与低剂量的本文中描述的VSVΔ51联合的细胞毒性。使用低浓度的病毒(0.03蚀斑形成单位/细胞)以使病毒单独引起测定时间内最小细胞死亡,因此有利于选择促进病毒在细胞培养物中复制和扩散的化合物。多种化合物似乎增加病毒对4T1细胞的杀伤,并且在第二轮的筛选中测试这些先导候选物(参见例如图11a的散点图)。为验证的目的,在所选的化合物存在下,将编码一个版本的VSVΔ51添加至单层4T1细胞。24小时后,观察被感染的培养物,并通过RFP的表达来估计病毒扩散的程度。在载剂处理的培养物中,仅检测到小的表达RFP之细胞的灶,而很多通过高通量筛选初始选择的化合物似乎在单层中的多数细胞中增强病毒的扩散和RFP的表达。感染之后48小时,收集来自被感染培养物的上清液,并且测定病毒滴度。当与载剂处理的对照相比时,本文中描述的优选化合物所引起的病毒扩散的增加与提高的病毒输出相关。在一些验证的化合物中,8个是已知的微管靶向剂,并且据我们所知,剩余的是以前未表征的合成化合物。我们选择四种对VSVΔ51天然耐受的癌细胞系,并测试VSe1增强病毒复制和扩散的能力。该结果表明,VSe1在不同类型的人类和小鼠来源的恶性疾病中有活性。重要的是,即便是在VSe1存在下,正常的成纤维细胞系GM-38仍然耐受VSVΔ51的感染,这表明所述化合物在转化的细胞系中更有活性。增强的病毒扩散与病毒产生的剂量依赖性增加相关,在VSe1存在下,一些高度耐受的细胞系(例如786-0)表现出病毒滴度1000倍的增加(参见例如图12a)。所计算的联合指数也表明VSe1对VSVΔ51扩散的作用也转化成为协同的细胞杀伤。我们也注意到VSe1具有最小的在CT26细胞系中增强具有野生型M基因的VSV生长的能力,而同时超过一百倍地增加VSVΔ51的滴度。当测试VSe1增强溶瘤版本的痘苗病毒(VVdd)(多样的DNA病毒平台)的能力时,我们发现虽然该作用某种程度上没有VSVΔ51强烈,VSe1也能够增强该病毒的扩散和复制。
VSe1破坏抗病毒信号
我们检测了VSe1阻断干扰素激活之转录程序的能力。用含有萤光素酶基因的报道质粒转染HEK 293细胞,所述基因在干扰素应答的启动子原件(interferon responsive promoter element,ISRE)的控制下。当用人干扰素α处理时,转染的细胞以剂量依赖方式表达萤光素酶,然而干扰素依赖性的转录可通过向培养物中添加增加剂量的VSe1而被钝化(参见例如图13A)。此外,虽然干扰素可保护神经胶质瘤细胞系U251免受VSVΔ51感染,但可通过用VSe1共处理而部分克服该保护作用(图13B)。
VSe1抑制病毒诱导的细胞基因表达
不希望受理论的限制或以任何方式限制,上文中表述的结果共同表明VSe1和其他病毒敏化剂的一个关键作用可能是降低抗病毒基因产物的转录水平。为测试该想法,我们使用基因表达阵列并比较和对比了VSe1存在或不存在下感染了VSVΔ51的细胞中mRNA的特征。用VSe1或载剂预处理CT26结肠癌细胞,并随后用VSVΔ51(MOI 0.03)感染或用培养基模拟感染。感染后24小时,提取RNA,并比较mRNA的表达。我们发现在这些条件下,VSVΔ51感染导致超过80种细胞基因的转录增加,所述基因包括多种已知的抗病毒基因(例如,OAS、Mx2)。SAHA预处理显著钝化病毒诱导的这些基因之中很多(79%)的转录,但在选定的情况下,所述预处理似乎还增加病毒诱导的基因转录(相对于单独的病毒,6种基因增加超过2倍)。与增强VSVΔ51复制和扩散的能力相一致的是,VSe1强烈降低单独病毒感染所诱导的超过96%的细胞抗病毒转录本的诱导。
VSe1增加VSVΔ51在体内和原代人肿瘤样品中的溶瘤活性
因为VSe1体外增强VSVΔ51在癌细胞而非正常细胞中的溶瘤活性,我们试图确定在体内和/或在新鲜移出的患者肿瘤材料中是否可观察到该水平的特异性。给Balb/C小鼠植入耐受VSVΔ51的CT26结肠癌细胞系,并且在用载剂对照、VSe1、载剂/VSVΔ51或VSe1/VSVΔ51处理之后,评价肿瘤的生长。虽然单独的VSe1或VSVΔ51对肿瘤生长都没有显著作用,但VSe1和VSVΔ51的联合导致肿瘤进展的显著延迟。重要的是,当在存在或不存在VSe1下用具有GFP基因的VSVΔ51处理动物时,在被处理的动物的任何正常组织中均没有可检测到的病毒。当在VSe1存在下体外感染原代人肿瘤移出物时,观察到了这种相同的特异性和病毒增强程度。证明了这些实验的示例,其中在VSe1存在或不存在下,将VSVΔ51-GFP添加至结肠癌样品。虽然在该患者样品中,VSVΔ51-GFP本身的复制较差,但在VSe1存在下,其生长和扩散(通过绿色荧光而可视化)显著增强。在增加量的VSe1存在下测定原代人肿瘤样品中产生的病毒滴度。如在以前肿瘤细胞系实验中所观察到一样,在多种来源的原代人肿瘤样品中,我们发现VSe1可10至100倍地增加VSVΔ51。在一个结肠直肠癌病例中,分离临近的正常结肠组织,并且与临近的正常组织相比,VSVΔ51本身在肿瘤中生长的更好。重要的是,虽然处理带有VSe1的移出物并不增加VSVΔ51在正常组织中的复制,但其导致VSVΔ51在肿瘤组织中超过100倍的生长,导致在正常和癌组织之间,复制相差大约1000倍。
在以下实施例中,将进一步地说明本发明。
实施例
筛选测定
为了以高通量方式鉴定病毒敏化剂,我们开发了使用96孔板的测定以量化对抗癌细胞的溶瘤病毒的活性。起初,该测定检测对抗4T1乳腺癌细胞的VSVΔ51相关的细胞毒性。该测定使用HEPES缓冲的、无酚红的细胞培养基以使背景最小化,并使与可影响VSV生长的pH改变相关的问题最小化。对于该测定,在96孔板中接种每孔30000个4T1细胞,并且使所述细胞在上述培养基中过夜黏附至所述板。第二天,用10μM浓度的库化合物(library compound)(溶于5%二甲基亚砜(dimethylsulfoxide,DMSO))预处理4小时,使用Biomek FX液体处理机(liquid handler)添加,并随后以0.03的感染复数(MOI)的VSVΔ51或对照(使用Biotek μFill添加)攻击。为每种条件重复两块板。在每块板上,包括了包含以5%DMSO(阴性对照)或5μM SAHA(阳性对照)预处理(与所述库化合物同时)的细胞的内对照。40小时之后,从孵育器中取出板,并使其在室温下平衡2小时,并且向所述板中添加阿尔玛蓝试剂,并立即使用荧光读板仪(Perkin Elmer EnVision读板仪,530nm激发,590发射)读取第一荧光读数。随后在室温下孵育板2小时,并读取第二荧光读数。计算第二和第一读数之间的差异,并将其用于代谢活性的进一步计算。尽管已知读取第二和第一次读数之间的差异会降低自发荧光化合物的干扰作用,我们发现预先平衡板温度2小时并在加入阿尔玛蓝之后室温孵育是降低板的位置效应(position effect)的有效方式。
鉴定病毒敏化化合物
随后,基于标化的代谢活性值(细胞毒性)鉴定优选的化合物,其中偏好没有病毒下的低细胞毒性和病毒存在下的高细胞毒性。值得注意的是,使用与VSVΔ51联合的化合物中观察到的细胞代谢活性与单独使用的化合物的细胞代谢活性的比值以及这两个值之间的差异作为选择标准。还考虑B评分(B-score)用于选择命中化合物(hit compound)。具体地说,考虑在病毒存在下表现出负的B评分但在没有病毒时表现出接近零的B评分的化合物为潜在的病毒敏化剂。B评分标化使用双向中位数平滑(median polish),因此考虑行/列位置效应(Brideau et al.,J BiomolScreen.2003 Dec;8(6):634-47;其通过引用并入本文),并阻止基于位置的选择。为此,偏好本身表现出接近零的B评分但在病毒存在下表现出高度负的B评分(表明更大的细胞毒性)的化合物。此外,在病毒存在和不存在下获得的B评分之间的差异被认为是鉴定在感染的相对于未感染的孔之间表现出大的活性差异之化合物的参数(ΔB评分)。最后,在命中的选择中,要考虑结果的重复。对于每个参数,基于均值和标准差和/或基于命中率来确立严格性阈值。随后,基于4种不同权重的通过上文中描述的不同参数计算的评分来鉴定潜在的病毒敏化剂,并且生成了具有最高1/4评分的化合物的编制列表。
新病毒敏化化合物的验证
使用上文中描述的方法,我们筛选了超过13500种化合物,并且鉴定了很多病毒敏化化合物。按本文的描述进一步分析符合严格截断标准(cut-off criteria)的那些化合物的结构相似性。在4T1细胞中,通过两种或多种以下方法,当独立的测试两次显示增强的VSVΔ51扩散和溶瘤活性时,则化合物被验证:荧光显微镜检测法(病毒扩散)、考马斯蓝测定法(细胞脱离、细胞毒性)、阿尔玛蓝测定法(代谢活性、细胞毒性)或蚀斑测定法(病毒滴度)。在接近筛选中所使用的给定剂量范围(20μM至2.5μM之间)内进行初始测试。
通过筛选方法鉴定的表现出高活性的一种病毒敏化剂是3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮(DCPDF)。我们确证DCPDF增加VSVΔ51在4T1乳腺癌细胞中的扩散,并且发现其还增强VSVΔ51在CT26结肠癌细胞、786-0人肾癌细胞和U251人神经胶质母细胞瘤细胞中的扩散(图1、2、5a)。然而,DCPDF不增强VSVΔ51在正常人GM38成纤维细胞中的扩散(图5a)。
DCPDF增加VSVΔ51在多种细胞系(包括786-0、CT26和4T1)中的滴度(图4、5b、5c)。在CT26细胞中,与对照处理的细胞相比,用DCPDF预处理增加VSVΔ51滴度超过1000倍(图4、5b)。还发现DCPDF对病毒输出的作用是浓度依赖性的(图5c)。
基于Chou和Talalay(Chou和Talalay(1977)J.Biol.Chem.252:6438-6442,其通过引用并入本文)的方法的等效剂量分析法(isobologram analysis)确证,当在4T1和CT26细胞中与VSVΔ51联合使用时,DCPDF导致真正的协同细胞杀伤(图6a)。这还可通过图3和6b中的考马斯染色而被可视化。
我们还检测了DCPDF是否可以增强其他溶瘤病毒的扩散。在B16黑色素瘤细胞以及在4T1细胞中,我们观察到了遗传减毒处理的痘苗病毒毒株(VVdd,胸苷激酶和痘苗生长因子基因缺失;图7a、b)增强的扩散和病毒输出(McCart et al.,2001 Cancer Res.Dec 15;61(24):8751-7,其通过引用并入本文)。不希望受到理论的限制或以任何方式限制,初步数据表明,DCPDF改变细胞周期进展,其中细胞最终积聚于G1。值得注意的是,细胞周期阻滞的动力学似乎不同于使用TSA(也阻断细胞周期于G1的HDI)所观察到的阻滞(图8a、b)。最终,不希望受到理论的限制或以任何方式限制,DCPDF可部分通过克服IFN应答而运作,因为在用DCPDF处理之后,以IFN保护的U251细胞对VSVΔ51部分地被重新敏化(图9)。
其他新病毒敏化化合物
验证了高活性的病毒敏化剂DCPDF之后,我们根据前述标准进一步地验证另一些病毒敏化化合物。通过筛选鉴定之后,马上对化合物进行初始测试,随后,优先考虑表现出与DCPDF类似结构的分子,所述结构基于以下特征:5个原子的呋喃环和以其他电负性原子(例如,氮或硫)对呋喃环的氧原子的可能的替代。鉴定并验证了另一些病毒敏化化合物(见图10a~j),并且进一步研究其结构以确定支持病毒敏化活性的共同的基本结构特征。通过仔细检查筛选所鉴定的化合物,我们发现多个化合物可通过上文中描述的结构相似性而分组。
材料、方法和其他技术细节
药物和化学品:用于高通量筛选的化合物是从Maybridge HitFinder、Chembridge DIVERSet、Microsource Spectrum、Prestwick、BIOMOL和Sigma LOPAC筛选收集物(screening collection)中选出的亚类。化合物的选择基于化学多样性和非重叠。将所有化合物以10mM溶于DMSO中。为了进一步体外测试,从Ryan Scientific(Mt.Pleasant,SC,USA)获得VSe1(也称为3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮或DCPDF),并以10mM将其溶于DMSO。为了体内使用,以0.4mg/50μl将VSe1溶于新制的30%乙醇、5%DMSO(PBS中)。从Exclusive Chemistry(Obninsk,Russia)获得SAHA,并且也将其以10mM溶于DMSO。二者均存储于-20℃。使用Intron A(Shering)(以10×106IU/ml的储存浓度存储于40C)进行IFNα处理。
细胞系:以下细胞系购自美国典型培养物保藏中心(American TypeCulture Collection):4T1(小鼠乳腺腺癌)、B16(小鼠黑色素瘤)、786-0(人肾癌)、U251(人神经胶质瘤)、GM38(正常的人成纤维细胞)、HEK293T(人胚胎肾)、U2OS(人骨肉瘤)和Vero(猴肾细胞)。除了GM38之外,所有细胞系均培养在补充了10%胎牛血清(CanSera,Etobicoke,Canada)的HyQ高糖Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium(DMEM)培养基中(HyClone)。GM38细胞生长在补充了20%胎牛血清(Gibco)的DMEM中。所有细胞系均在37度下孵育于5%CO2的潮湿培养箱中。
病毒:在整个研究中,使用VSV的Indiana血清型(突变或野生型),并且其在Vero细胞中繁殖。VSVΔ51是野生型VSV Indiana的天然的、干扰素诱导的突变,而表达RFP或GFP的VSVΔ51是VSVΔ51的重组衍生物(49)。通过0.2μm Steritop滤器(Millipore,Billerica,MA)和在用PBS(HyClone,Logan,UT)重悬之前以30,000g离心来从细胞培养物的上清液中纯化病毒颗粒。对于高通量筛选,添加30%蔗糖以增加病毒的稳定性。对于体内研究,用5~50%(Sigma)梯度进一步纯化病毒。通过与VVdd-GFP同源重组而获得表达荧光Cherry蛋白的双缺失痘苗病毒(VVdd),并将其在U20S细胞中繁殖。
高通量筛选:在96孔板中HEPES缓冲的、无酚红的DMEM(Gibco)中接种4T1细胞,并使其过夜黏附。第二天,以使用Biomek FX液体处理机(Beckman Coulter,Fullerton,CA,USA)添加的10μM浓度的库化合物预处理95%汇合的细胞4小时,并随后以使用μFill液体处理机(Biotek,Winooski,VT,USA)添加的MOI为0.0325的VSVΔ51或对照攻击所述细胞。为每种条件重复两块板。在每块板上,包括了由以DMSO(阴性对照)预处理的细胞(与库化合物同时)构成的内对照。40小时之后,用阿尔玛蓝孵育板,并使用EnVision读板仪(Perkin Elmer,Waltham,MA,USA)评价荧光发射率。在病毒存在和不存在下测定每种药物的细胞毒性,其定义如下:VSVΔ51(VSV)存在下的细胞毒性=药物存在下的荧光率+VSVΔ51除以DMSO+VSVΔ51对照(每板8个)的平均荧光率。VSVΔ51(对照)不存在下的细胞毒性=药物存在下的荧光率(但无病毒)除以DMSO对照(无病毒,每板8个)的平均荧光率。通过比较感染的和模拟感染的板上的DMSO对照来评价单独病毒诱导的细胞杀伤,并且其低于10%。将两个重复的平均Log(VSV/对照)值用作选择命中的参数,其中-0.3是截断值。在选择中,还考虑两个重复之间Log(VSV/对照)值的重现性。
病毒滴度:在特定的时间点收集来自每个治疗条件的上清液。随后在无血清的DMEM中进行一系列稀释,并且将500μl的每个稀释应用于Vero细胞汇合的单层45分钟。随后,用DMEM-10%FBS中0.5%的琼脂糖覆盖该板,并使蚀斑生长24小时。随后,将卡若氏固定剂(Carnoyfixative)(甲醇∶乙酸为3∶1)直接应用于所述覆盖的上方5分钟。用铲轻轻抬离所述覆盖,并用0.5%的考马斯蓝染色经固定的单层30分钟,随后计数蚀斑。使用DMEM-10%FBS中48h的1.5%羧基甲基纤维素,用U2OS单层测定VVDD样品的滴度。除去所述覆盖,并用0.5%的考马斯蓝染色该单层30分钟,随后计数蚀斑。
联合指数的评价:在96孔板中,每孔接种25000个4T1或CT26细胞,并使其过夜黏附。次日,用系列稀释的Vse1(200μM至1.5μM,1∶2稀释梯度)预处理4小时,随后用系列稀释的VSVΔ51(100000 PFU至780 PFU)感染,保持VSVΔ51和VSe1联用的固定比例(500 PFU对1μM)。48h之后,使用阿尔玛蓝试剂评价细胞毒性。根据Chou和Talalay的方法(Chou and Talalay (1977)J.Biol.Chem.252:6438-6442),使用Calcusyn Software(Biosoft,Ferguson MO,USA)计算联合指数(CI)。
报道基因测定:在24孔皿中,以1.3×105个细胞/孔接种HEK 293T细胞。次日,用前述的ISRE驱动的萤光素酶报道质粒(Lai,F et al.(2008).J Virol Methods 153:276-279)和CMV驱动的β-半乳糖苷酶对照质粒共转染细胞。转染后6小时,以VSe1处理细胞或用载剂模拟处理细胞。接受VSe1大约20小时之后,用IFN-α处理细胞并完全更换培养基。次日,裂解细胞,并使用BD Monolight试剂盒(Becton Dickinson,FranklinLakes,NJ,USA)测量萤光素酶。使用发光β-半乳糖苷酶试剂盒(Clontech,Mountainview,CA,USA)测量β-半乳糖苷酶的活性。
HDAC酶活性测定:在VSe1 20μM或TSA 20μM存在下,由ReactionBiology Corp.(Malvern,PA,USA)使用50μM来自p53残基379~382(对于HDAC 1~7和9-11为RHKKAc或对于HDAC8为RHKAcKAc)的荧光肽,测量重组HDAC 1至11的活性。将HDAC活性与以DMSO(载剂)处理的对照相比较,并表示为对照HDAC活性的百分比。所有的条件都以两个重复进行测试。
微阵列:在100mm培养皿(petris)中,以1.5×106的密度接种CT26细胞,并使其过夜黏附。次日,用DMSO、20μM VSe1或5μM SAHA处理细胞。4小时之后,以0.03的MOI添加VSVΔ51(或对照培养基)。感染后24小时,使用橡胶刮刀在少量PBS中收集细胞。随后,使用QiagenQiaShredder柱和Qiagcn Rneasy提取试剂盒(Qiagen,Valencia,CA,USA),将细胞沉淀用于总RNA的提取。将合并的两个重复的样品RNA用于随后微阵列上的的杂交。根据制造商的说明书标记RNA和将其杂交到Affymetrix小鼠基因1.0ST阵列上之前,使用Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer(Santa Clara,CA,USA)来确证RNA的品质。从数据集中除去低信号的基因(DMSO处理的、模拟感染的对照中<50)。将剩余基因的表达标化至每个阵列的平均总体信号。随后,为与模拟感染、DMSO处理的对照相关的每个基因计算基因表达改变的倍数。使用与对照相关的基因表达的2倍改变作为截断来选择处理所干扰的基因。使用Microsoft Excel进行分析。
动物肿瘤模型:在6周龄的雌性Balb/c小鼠的后胁中,通过注射3×105个悬于100μl PBS耐VSVΔ51的CT26细胞而皮下建立同基因的结肠癌肿瘤。接种后11天时,肿瘤已经达到约220mm3的平均大小,用重悬于30%乙醇、5%DMSO、65%PBS(或载剂对照)中0.4mg剂量的VSe1腹膜内施用来处理小鼠。第一次VSe1给药之后4小时,肿瘤内引入VSVΔ51(1×108pfu)。随后,在植入(0.4mg/注射/小鼠)后第13天和第15天再次施用VSe1(或载剂)。每2~3天使用电子卡尺测量肿瘤大小。计算肿瘤体积为=(长度×宽度2)/2。为每只小鼠计算每个时间点相对于第11天测量的初始肿瘤大小的相对肿瘤大小。使用ANOVA来评价每个时间点时所观察到的差异的统计学显著性。
原代组织标本的处理和加工:从同意的进行肿瘤切除的患者中获得原代组织标本。在手术切除后48小时内加工所有的组织。使用Krumdieck组织切片机(Alabama research and development,Munford,AL,USA)获得300μm的组织切片,并且将其接种在补充了10%FBS的DMEM中。在指定的处理条件之后,通过荧光显微镜检测法将样品可视化。随后称重,并使用匀浆机(Kinematica AG-PCU-11)在1ml PBS中匀浆。在无血清培养基中制备组织匀浆液的系列稀释,并通过标准的蚀斑测定法来定量病毒滴度。
实时PCR:根据制造商的说明书(Invitrogen,ON,Canada),使用SuperScript第一链合成系统(随机六聚体法),用2μg RNA合成cDNA。按照推荐使用QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR试剂盒(Qiagen,ON,Canada)。使用Rotor-gene RG-300(Corbett Research,Australia)进行实时PCR反应。使用Rotor-gene软件确定最适阈值和反应效率。每个引物的溶解曲线表现为单峰,表明特异性的扩增,这也通过琼脂糖凝胶而确证。在之前为每个基因确定的最适阈值下,使用Rotor-gene软件测定Ct值。计算相对于GAPDH的基因表达。为每个基因计算相对于DMSO处理的对照的诱导倍数。引物是使用Primer 3v 4.0设计的。
所有的引文均通过引用并入本文。
参照一个或多个实施方案描述了本发明。然而,对于本领域技术人员来说显而易见的是,只要不离开权利要求书中所定义的本发明的范围,可进行多种改变和修改。
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Claims (23)
3.权利要求1的化合物,其表示为
其中,
X1是O、N、NH或S;
X2、X3和X4独立地是C或N;
X5是C;
R1是H、氧代、烷氧基羰基、肼基羰基烷基或氨基;
R2不存在,或是烷基、卤素、羧基、杂芳基羰基氨基或羟基;
R3不存在,或是H、烷基、卤素或杂环基氨基磺酰基;
R4是H、烷基、未取代的芳基或以1~3个卤素取代的芳基;
其中原子X2和X3之间的键是单键或双键;
其中原子X3和X4之间的键是单键或双键;
其中原子X4和X5之间的键是单键或双键;
其中原子X5和X1之间的键是单键或双键;
其中当原子X2和X3之间的键以及X4和X5之间的键各自是单键时,原子X3和X4之间的键是双键,原子X5和X1之间的键是单键,X2是C,并且R1是氧代;或者
其中当原子X2和X3之间的键以及X4和X5之间的键各自是单键时,原子X3和X4之间的键是双键,原子X5和X1之间的键是双键,并且X1是N,或者
其中当原子X2和X3之间的键以及X4和X5之间的键各自是双键时,原子X3和X4之间的键是单键,并且原子X5和X1之间的键是单键。
5.权利要求1的化合物,其选自:3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮、2-苯基-1H-咪唑-4-羧酸1.5水合物、3-[5-(2,3-二氯苯基)-2H-1,2,3,4-四唑-2-基]丙酰肼、3,5-二甲基-4-{[(2-氧代-3-氮杂环庚烷基)氨基]磺酰基}1H-吡咯-2-羧酸乙酯、2-氨基-5-苯基-3-噻吩羧酸、3-[(喹啉-6-基羰基)氨基]噻吩-2-羧酸甲酯、5-(2-氯-6-氟苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮和5-(2,6-二氯苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮。
7.权利要求6的化合物,其中所述化合物选自:N-(3,4-二甲基苯基)-N′-(2-吡啶基)硫脲、N1-(2,6-二乙基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺、N-(2-羟乙基)-N′-(2-甲基苯基)硫脲、N1-(2-氯-6-甲基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺和N-(4-氯苯基)-N′-(2,3-二氢-1,4-苯并二氧杂环己-2-基甲基)脲。
8.选自以下的化合物:3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮、2-苯基-1H-咪唑-4-羧酸1.5水合物、3-[5-(2,3-二氯苯基)-2H-1,2,3,4-四唑-2-基]丙酰肼、3,5-二甲基-4-{[(2-氧代-3-氮杂环庚烷基)氨基]磺酰基}1H-吡咯-2-羧酸乙酯、2-氨基-5-苯基-3-噻吩羧酸、3-[(喹啉-6-基羰基)氨基]噻吩-2-羧酸甲酯、5-(2-氯-6-氟苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮和5-(2,6-二氯苯基)-3-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮、N-(3,4-二甲基苯基)-N′-(2-吡啶基)硫脲、N1-(2,6-二乙基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺、N-(2-羟基乙基)-N′-(2-甲基苯基)硫脲、N1-(2-氯-6-甲基苯基)肼-1-硫代甲酰胺、N-(4-氯苯基)-N′-(2,3-二氢-1,4-苯并二氧杂环己-2-基甲基)脲、4-(苄氧基)-2-甲基-1-硝基苯、1-{4-[(2-甲基喹啉-4-基)氨基]苯基}乙-1-酮、N1-(1,2,3,10-四甲氧基-9-氧代-5,6,7,9-四氢苯并[a]庚搭烯-7-基)乙酰胺、N-[4-(二甲基氨基)亚苄基]氨基甲腙酸硫甲酯、N-(4-氯苯基)-(二甲基氨基)甲酰亚胺硫甲酯氢碘酸盐、4′,5′-二氢-4′-(5-甲氧基苯基)螺[2H-1-苯并噻喃-3(4H)m3′-[3H]吡唑]-4-酮、1H-苯并[d]咪唑-2-硫醇、N-(2-呋喃基亚甲基)-(4-{[(2-呋喃基亚甲基)氨基]甲基}环己基)甲胺;2-[4-(二乙氧基甲基)亚苄基]丙二腈;2-(环丙基羰基)-3-(3-苯氧基-2-噻吩基)丙烯腈;N′-(3,5-二氯苯基)-2,4-二氟苯甲酰肼;10-(羟基亚甲基)菲-9(10H)-酮;N1-(2,5-二氟苯基)-4-({[4-(三氟甲基)苯基]磺酰基}氨基)苯-1-磺酰胺;N-[4-(4-氯苯基)-2,5-二氧代哌嗪基]-2-(2,3-二氢-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙酰胺、4-{[(4-{[(3-羧基丙烯酰基)氨基]甲基}环己基)甲基]氨基}-4-氧代-2-丁烯酸;5-氧代-3-苯基-5-{4-[3-(三氟甲基)-1H-吡唑-1-基]苯胺基}戊酸、N1-(4-氯苯基)-2-({4-甲基-5-[1-甲基-2-(甲基硫代)-1H-咪唑-5-基]-4H-1,2,4-三唑-3-基}硫代)乙酰胺、6-[2-(4-甲基苯基)-2-氧代乙基]-3-苯基-2,5-二氢-1,2,4-三嗪-5-酮;N1-[2-(叔丁基)-7-甲基-5-(三氟甲基)吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-3-基]乙酰胺;4-(2,3-二氢-1H-茚-5-基)-6-(三氟甲基)嘧啶-2-胺;1-(2,3-二氢-1-苯并呋喃-5-基磺酰基)-4-哌啶羧酸乙酯、2,3-二苯基环丙-2-烯-1-酮、1-环十二烷基-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、1-(4-甲基苯基)-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、2-[(4-苯氧基苯胺基)甲基]异二氢吲哚-1,3-二酮、2-{[1-(3-氯-4-甲基苯基)-2,5-二氧代四氢-1H-吡咯-3-基]硫代}苯甲酸、1-(1,3-苯并二氧杂环戊-5-基甲基)-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-2,5-二酮、4-氯-N-[3-氯-2-(异丙基硫代)苯基]苯甲酰胺、N-({5-[({2-[(2-呋喃基甲基)硫代]乙基}氨基)磺酰基]-2-噻吩基}甲基)苯甲酰胺、帕苯达唑、甲硫苯唑、秋水仙素、长春瑞滨碱、4-氨基-2-苯胺基-5-硝基噻吩-3-羧酸乙酯、2-[二(甲基硫代)亚甲基]丙二腈、草酸N-(1H-吲哚-3-基甲基)-N-甲基-2-苯基乙胺、3-(2-呋喃基)-N-(4,5,6,7-四氢-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-基)丙烯酰胺、阿苯达唑、草酸2-苯基-4-喹啉胺、紫杉醇、诺考达唑、(2,5-二甲氧基苯基)[(2-甲氧基-1-萘基)甲基]胺、DBPDF、BB90、L1EA、R1EA和LT33。
9.权利要求8的化合物,其中所述化合物是3,4-二氯-5-苯基-2,5-二氢呋喃-2-酮(DCPDF)。
10.一种组合物,其包含权利要求8的化合物和药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。
11.一种组合物,其包含权利要求8的化合物和以下的一种或更多种:a)病毒、遗传修饰的病毒、减毒的病毒或溶瘤病毒,b)一种或更多种癌细胞,c)载体、稀释剂或赋形剂,d)药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂,e)非癌细胞;f)细胞培养基;g)一种或更多种癌治疗剂;或a)~g)的任何组合。
12.一种试剂盒,其包含权利要求8的化合物和a)病毒、遗传修饰的病毒、减毒的病毒或溶瘤病毒,b)一种或更多种癌细胞,c)药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂,d)非癌细胞;e)细胞培养基;f)一种或更多种癌治疗剂,g)细胞培养板或多孔皿;h)向细胞、培养基或对象递送病毒敏化剂的设备;i)使用所述病毒敏化剂的说明书,j)载体稀释剂或赋形剂,或a)~j)的任何组合。
13.增强病毒在细胞中扩散和/或滴度的方法,所述方法包括在病毒之前、之后或同时将权利要求8的化合物施用至所述细胞,并培养所述病毒和细胞以增强所述病毒在所述细胞中的扩散和/或滴度。
14.权利要求13的方法,其中所述细胞是癌细胞、肿瘤细胞或已被永生化的细胞。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中所述细胞是MDCK、HEK293、Vero、HeLa或PER.C6细胞。
16.权利要求13的方法,其中所述细胞是体内或体外的癌细胞。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中所述体内癌细胞来自哺乳动物对象。
18.权利要求17的方法,其中所述哺乳动物对象是人类对象。
19.增加溶瘤病毒在癌细胞中的溶瘤活性的方法,所述方法包括在所述溶瘤述病毒之前、之后或同时将权利要求8的化合物施用至所述癌细胞,并培养所述溶瘤病毒和癌细胞。
20.权利要求19的方法,其中所述癌细胞是体内的或体外的。
21.权利要求20的方法,其中所述体内癌细胞来自哺乳动物对象。
22.权利要求21的方法,其中所述哺乳动物对象是人类对象。
23.权利要求1的化合物,其用作病毒敏化剂。
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US20120134963A1 (en) | 2012-05-31 |
CN105886476B (zh) | 2020-02-18 |
WO2011003191A1 (en) | 2011-01-13 |
CN105886476A (zh) | 2016-08-24 |
EP2451795B1 (en) | 2016-07-13 |
EP2451795A4 (en) | 2013-02-13 |
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