CN102459515A

CN102459515A - Method and plant for the thermal treatment of organic matter in order to produce charcoal or char

Info

Publication number: CN102459515A
Application number: CN2010800276929A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 阿尔瓦罗·卢西奥
Original assignee: SOUSA VITOR SERGIO DE
Current assignee: SOUSA VITOR SERGIO DE
Priority date: 2009-05-21
Filing date: 2010-05-20
Publication date: 2012-05-16
Also published as: US20120137576A1; CL2011002938A1; ZA201109306B; AU2010251712A1; CA2762863A1; MX2011012286A; AP2011006018A0; BRPI0901948A2; WO2010132970A1

Abstract

The organic matter carbonization process is based on thermal treatment at high temperatures, under a controlled atmosphere, if possible in the absence of oxygen. The organic matter carbonization theory was expounded in this text, with emphasis on the thermodynamic aspects. It is shown in this exposition the important misfit between the endothermic and the exothermic carbonization stages, which hinders the use of the energy emitted during the exothermic stage by the brick kilns. Following there is a summary of the carbonization technique actual stage. The present invention relates to a method and plant for the thermal treatment of organic matter comprising independent reactors for the drying and pyrolysis of organic matter, and an independent reactor for the charcoal cooling. In this method the volatile products - non condensable gases and condensable pyrolytic vapors - are burned in an independent combustion chamber in order to supply the energy demanded by the process. In this way wood is not burned, and polluting substances are not emitted to the atmosphere. The method proposed by the present invention allows a precise control of the process in order to obtain the specified charcoal fixed carbon content; and a higher gravimetric yield, which gives an increase of the forest wood, either native or cultivated. In the independent pyrolysis and drying reactors proposed by the present invention, exiting flue gases from an external combustion chamber are driven to the drying reactor where the wood onto roll on buckets are heated and dried. Fuel gases emitted by the carbonizing wood are burned in the combustion chamber as an energy source. Inside the combustion chamber is placed a heat exchanger with the aim to reheat the pyrolytic gases. After reheated, these gases return to the carbonizing reactor in order to supply energy for the endothermic carbonizing step. The aim of this technique is to avoid the mixing of the fuel gases with the flue gases generated inside the combustion chamber, and to precisely control the carbonizing temperature. The present invention allows the production of intermediate products between wet wood and charcoal by halting the carbonization process at the desired stage in order to obtain anhydrous wood, char or, or high volatile content charcoal. The basic concepts of the process are: 1 - Utilization of the emitted gases by the carbonizing wood as an energy source. 2 - The stages of wood drying, wood pyrolysis and charcoal cooling are performed in independent reactors, inside which only one of these stages occurs. 3 - Energy supply during the carbonizing endothermic stage of the pyrolysis by the gases emitted during this stage after reheated in a heat exchanger. Basically the present invention comprises the following equipments: 1 Reaction chambers inside which the process stages are performed. 2 An external combustion chamber. 3 A heat exchanger inside said combustion chamber. 4 A set of pipes. 5 A set of fans. 6 A loading system comprising roll on buckets.

Description

The thermal treatment organic substance is to produce the method and apparatus of charcoal or charcoal

Invention field

The present invention relates to be applied to the carbonization organic substance to produce the organic substance heat-treating methods and the device of charcoal or charcoal.

The organic substance that can use any type usually is as raw material: the juggle of arbitrary dimension, coconut palm clothing, Ba Basu coconut, straw, sawmill's waste material, sugarcane, sugarcane bar and vegetalitas waste material.For simplicity, this paper combines timber to describe, but this paper is applicable to the biomass of any type.

Brazil is charcoal producing country the biggest in the world, and average year output is 8,500,000 tonnes.This output only is the biomass of cultivation and the sub-fraction that wastes of crops produces the actual potentiality of charcoal.Main purpose of the present invention is to bring logistics, environment, technology, economy and global energy efficient than the existing biomass carbonization method of great majority.

Biomass carbonization is theoretical

Term " biomass " is born in 1975, is suitable for the natural materials as fuel with description.All organic substances of plant or animal-origin contained in this term, comprises the material that it is natural or artificial conversion produced (for example charcoal).The source of the biomass of any kind is photosynthesis.

The sun power of storing in the biomass makes it become renewable energy source.The growth of biomass causes owing to atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted into organic cpds through photosynthesis.Bioenergy is to be stored in the plant and animal or the energy in its resistates.Burning is the plain mode that reclaims this energy.The biomass of use cultivation will be favourable to environment as the energy.Oxygen consumed and to airborne release CO during combustion of fossil fuels ₂Basic combustion of fossil fuel reaction is:

C _(s)+O _2(g)+3.76N _2(g)→CO _2(g)+3.76N _2(g)

The Atmospheric CO of aggravation in nearest 200 years ₂The concentration increase is one of the reason of so-called " Greenhouse effect ", and " Greenhouse effect " take the main responsibility according to guessing to planet heating.In addition, because the thermodynamic(al)equilibrium of oxygen-ozone, so be the reduction of ozone concn after the corresponding reduction of oxygen concentration in atmosphere according to reaction (1).The reduction of ozone concn makes tellurian uv-radiation and the therefore risk increase of skin carcinoma.If do not take measures to reduce the consumption of fossil oil, then following several generations will inherit the abominable celestial body of environment.When firing biomass fuel, CO ₂Mode with identical with fossil oil is discharged into atmosphere.But in the process of growth of biomass of cultivation, through the photosynthesis process from atmospheric absorption CO ₂And discharging oxygen.Final balance is that oxygen concentration in atmosphere does not reduce, and this is extremely beneficial to environment.

In cycle, soon, the exothermic decomposition of its basic molecule begins after biomass death at natural life.Follow exergonic Wood Adhesives from Biomass to cause the natural decomposition process once more, but with much fast that mode is carried out, and this energy is a rechargeable energy.When biomass burning, make carbon recycling, and do not have CO ₂Be discharged into atmosphere (for example when combustion of fossil fuels, being taken place).Biomass are unique renewable energy sources.Mention renewable origin, should remember that fossil oil can be exhausted.

Organic substance is the main source of fossil oil.The organic substance of piling up on the sedimentogeneous rock during geologic time in the cambrian period is not having to change into fossil oil under the situation of oxygen: coal, oil and natural gas.Conversely, this organic substance passes through the photosynthesis process from sun power.This chemical energy of cumulative is wasted by the mankind more and more in the period of 600000000.

Come the energy of authigenic material to obtain in a number of ways.When through the thermochemical process heating, biomass decomposition becomes more uncomplicated material.The biomass of any type all can stand the thermochemistry conversion process.Because high productivity, low cost, high-density and high-quality, timber is the main biomass that stand thermochemical process.Pyrolysis is anaerobism (deficiency of oxigen or air) thermal decomposition process.When oxygen enough was used for completely the biomass chemical reaction, burning or gasification took place.

Pyrolysis is for transforming at the biomass thermal that does not have air fully or be not enough to be used under the situation of incendiary air in 300-800 ℃ of TR.Biomass pyrolytic is also claimed carbonization or timber destructive distillation.Carbonization is the process when charcoal is the major objective product.But heat indirect supply or produce through combustion parts biomass (direct heating).High temperature (1000 ℃) will produce the fuel gas (gasification) of maximum, and low temperature pyrogenation (＜500 ℃) will produce the charcoal of maximum.

When do not having oxygen in the presence of heating during organic substance, decomposition takes place, thereby but provide solid product-charcoal-with the volatile products of partial condensation at room temperature.This condensation obtains some product liquids such as wood vinegar (pyrolygenous liquor), acetate, methyl alcohol, tar and a large amount of component than small proportion.Except that water vapour, condensable volatile constituent all is highly polluted things.The discharging that contains the dense smoke of these condensable components is extremely bad for one's health.After the condensation, these component contaminated soil and water sources.The discharging of these condensable components is characteristics of original brick carbonization kiln.

When charcoal was required primary product, carbonization temperature was in 300-500 ℃ of scope.Charcoal is light, net thermal value (low heating value) is high and burning is smokeless, and timber is much fine and close, and its burning produces a large amount of cigarettes.Charcoal contains ash content, and its content depends on type, earth pollution of timber etc.Outside the carbon removal, also to the airborne release gas phase, said gas phase comprises condensable and uncondensable gas.Uncondensable gas can be burnt to generate heat energy.Basically, the component of uncondensable gas has: CO ₂, CO, H ₂, CH ₄And C _nH _mCondensable gas also comprises combustibleconstituents.When not burnt, it is strong pollutent and insalubrity as mentioning.

Pyrolysis is basic biomass thermal mechanics conversion process.When heating under the situation that is not having air, biomass decomposition is more uncomplicated component.Pyrolysis is the complex process via the midbody radical, and final gains are the solid residue (charcoal) of rich carbon and the volatility level branch that comprises gas, organic vapor and tar component.If as fuel or be used for the liquefaction of condensable components, partly be to have very much contaminative with this volatility.Though be to be solid-fuelled quite simple technology with Wood Adhesives from Biomass, carbonization is very complicated process.

Carbonization is carried out according to the following steps:

I-drying-before timber can be carbonized, must drive away water wherein.This is a strong heat absorption step.As long as timber moisture is not driven away, temperature can be above 110 ℃.

II-drives away last moisture and dehydration reaction, temperature 110-175 ℃, still is the heat absorption step.

The preparatory carbonization of III-, still is the heat absorption step by TR 175-270 ℃.

Timber decomposes beginning, emits CO, CO ₂, acetate and methyl alcohol.Wood color becomes dark-brown.The last product that obtains of this step is a charcoal.

The IV-transition step, temperature 270-290 ℃.Decomposition reaction continues, beginning heat release step.

V-carbonization or pyrolysis-this term be when the chemical structure of timber at high temperature and the term that broadly uses when not having to decompose under the situation of air.Pyrolysis phase is heat release, and temperature rises to 290-380 ℃, the attitude of exitting side by side hydrocarbon product, and solid residue becomes the charcoal with high volatile content.The gas that discharges in the pyrolytic process has quite high calorific value.Gaseous matter is: CO, CO ₂, H ₂, CH ₄, water vapour, the hydrocarbon gas and tar, methyl alcohol, acetate and wood vinegar steam.In this article, we to this stage use carbonization or pyrolysis.

The VI-final step, temperature and fixed carbon increase, and volatile content reduces.Temperature is high more, and then charcoal fixed carbon content is high more.

The charcoal that VII-cool off-is produced must through cooling with open must tight seal kiln or gas retort the time do not burn.

Fixed carbon content is very important metallurgy charcoal character.Fig. 1 shows the relation between carbonization temperature, fixed carbon and the weight yield, and wherein said weight yield is (charcoal, ratio kg)/(anhydrous timber, ton).

Basically, carbonization process begins with strong heat absorption step, is the heat release step then.Should stress heat absorption and heat release step stage different of carbonization process, carbonization process begins with the drying of wood of strong heat absorption, is the discharging of the carburising step and the flammable gaseous substance of heat release then.The energy that timber is emitted in the carburising step process is much larger than the energy requirement of supplying with drying step.The problem of the energy that the use carbonized wood is emitted in drying of wood step process is the difference in the stage of these two steps.If the energy of emitting in the heat release step process is wasted; The timber that the part of then should burning is loaded in the carbonization reactor is thought heat absorption step energize, surpasses the thermo-negative reaction energy needed of carbonization process though the energy of in the exothermic phase process, emitting adds the intrinsic energy of the inflammable gas of emitting in this step process.

Table I is the summary that biomass carbonization develops theory.

The theory of table 1-Wood carbonization develops

Reference-Uhart, 1971; Doat&P é troff, 1975

Carbonization technology actual state

Charcoal is the human first kind of Wood products that uses.The resistates that the cave dweller observes the timber that burnt produces hot flame and less cigarette in the cave.Afterwards, when by accident the mixture of this resistates being lighted with the stone of some type, produce the heavy-fluid body, begun metal age thus.

The year charcoal consumption of Brazil is above 8,000,000 tons.Brazil is used for the eucalyptus plantation of the timber about 60% of charcoal production from high yield.In Brazil, only adopt the kiln method to prepare charcoal.These kilns do not utilize the heat release energy stage, but the part of the timber of packing in the burning kiln is as the energy of carbonization process.In addition, brickkiln does not have the control of carbonaceous amount, because entire operation all is based on the visual observation to the gaseous product color of discharging.

Since the utilization of beginning charcoal, developed polytype charcoal and produced stove.First kind of charcoal producing technique is likely the hole kiln, and until today, some countries are still using the hole kiln.Timber smoulder in the hole of overburden soil.

According to exothermal process, carbide furnace can be divided into:

A)-inside combustion of wood under the input of controlled air

B)-external combustion

C)-have a gas retort of gas re-circulation

Inner combustion of wood is more common type.The air of carbonization through input controlled quatity in stove is with combustion parts timber and add heating kiln and begin until carbonization temperature.The air input is always proceeded with little controlled quatity, is converted into charcoal fully until timber.The gas and the volatile matter that produce during the carbonization process are discharged into atmosphere, and charcoal is unique product.In such stove, the timber of packing into up to 20% by being burnt.This is one of the most ancient charcoal method of manufacture, and more common stove is heatable adobe sleeping platform kiln (earth mount and pit kiln), portable steel kiln and brickkiln.In Brazil,, only adopt brickkiln until today.

In external furnace, be introduced in the stove to supply with the required heat of carburising step of heat absorption from the hot gas of combustion chamber.The fuel of any kind of in the combustion chamber, can burning, for example agricultural and forestry waste, powdered carbon, tar, fuel oil or Sweet natural gas.Cost of investment in this system is higher, but it allows to control preferably, thereby produces the charcoal of better quality with higher productive rate.

The destructive distillation oven process adopts the gas retort of operation continuously.Timber is loaded in the top, passes through gas retort along with it descends, and its hot gas that at first section is risen on the top is dry, the hot gas carbonization that is recycled in the stage casing then, and finally at cooling and taking-up.The pyrolysis gas recycling and the firing system of original creation guarantee to maximally utilise its heat and chemical energy content.The automatic operation of device will reduce required personnel.

When the principal product of expectation is the liquefaction volatile matter that discharges of carbonized wood and charcoal when being by product, adopt the destructive distillation oven process usually.Through a series of distillations and condensation operation, reclaim some important chemical such as acetate, methyl alcohol, solvent, food aroma agent etc. from Wood carbonization.Because cost of investment is much higher, so when the product of unique expectation was charcoal, the carbonization gas retort did not have economic feasibility.Need timber be sawn into the short section that is no more than 30cm in addition.Cost of investment improves because of sawmill, and the sawmilling operation improves the charcoal cost again.As mentioned above, only use the brickkiln method in Brazil.Brazil is charcoal producing country the biggest in the world, in its output almost 95% occur in Bahia, Goias, Sao Paulo and the Minas Gerais about 3000 kilometers apart from Amazon area state, the southeast.The main application of charcoal has: as the thermal reduction agent in iron, iron alloy, Pure Silicon Metal, the carbide of calcium stove and as the renewable energy source in lime and the Cement industry.In the pig iron that Brazil produces about 1/3rd based on charcoal as the thermal reduction agent.

The typical cellular stove and accessory that Brazil uses has the capacity (Fig. 2) of 10-30 cubic meter.Juggle is vertically packed into through door 1 in the kiln.On these juggles, lay short horizontal juggle to dome downside.After the charging, also seal with thin cement and mud mortar with the brick door opening of going up.Begin igniting through the hole on the top 2, when fire maintains, seal up hole 2.The honeycomb kiln improves through establishing chimney at wall 3 bogie side frames.

Carbonization moves down, and air sucks through the hole in dome and the vertical wall 3, and cigarette is through same hole discharging.Along with burning is carried out, seal all openings.When the cigarette from chimney becomes when light blue, close all openings (comprising chimney) and carefully seal with mud.On kiln, brush several layers of clay slip then everywhere with the leaky and crack of sealing.If this carries out not thoroughly, then the infiltration of air will keep a certain amount of burning and make cooling slack-off.Gas leakage will make the charcoal burning from Wood carbonization in kiln.Charcoal cooling (it is last carburising step) beginning.The total time of complete cycle is 9-13 days.The honeycomb kiln is improved through establishing chimney at wall 3 bogie side frames.Exploitation also still is called the Missouri kiln at the very large coagulation earth kiln of a kind of capacity that uses in the U.S..These kilns are big permanent structure, develop in Missourian fallen leaves hardwood forest, making charcoal, and gain the name thus.These kilns are rectangular shape, have arcuation top (Fig. 3).Its size can have a great difference, reach usually 12 meters, wide reach 7 meters, up to 4 meters.This can realize appreciable scale economics and allow vehicle to get into direct loading and unloading, but this kiln is difficult to control.Replace concrete wall with low-density fire-resistant silicon-aluminium brick.Wall 4 thickness are generally 25cm (Fig. 3).Steel casement door 5 usefulness refractory concretes are protected.This kiln has four chimneys 6 along each bar limit usually.Ventilating pit 7 provides along the base of furnace wall.Timber is packed into to be disposed across section form on the ground.Yard is added a cover through the passage 8 of stove centre portions below.The technology that the manipulation require of stove is suitable.Especially, if the use of Men Yiyin mistake and damaging is and seals damaged, the then operation of the stove very difficulty that will become.

As in the honeycomb fashion tile stove, carbonization is controlled through the color of the gas of discharging.Light blue appearance when carbonization process finishes.Through closing venting hole 7, charcoal cooling beginning.The same with the honeycomb fashion stove, the whole cycle continues 9-12 days.

The shortcoming of Missouri stove is uneven carbonization.Some the time, possibly have very hot zone (charcoal burns) here, simultaneously some zone still is in last drying of wood step.A progress of stove control is to carry out temperature survey through infrared pyrometer, and said pyrometer illustrates temperature head.Through the air input of control, will obtain timber heap carbonization more uniformly via ventilating pit 8.

In Brazil, the Missouri stove is installed by some companies, mainly is that comprehensive steel mill installs.What most of charcoal manufacturers of Brazil moved is to be unkitted tobacco blending recycling or traditional tile stove of the approach of the high energy gas that the carbonized wood of burning is discharged.

The inflammable gas that tile stove does not utilize carbonized wood to discharge.Therefore, one of essential characteristic of these stoves timber that a part is packed into that is to burn.In brickkiln, the necessarily overlapping of dry and pyrolysis step taken place.The obnoxious flavour that comprises up to 45-50kg methane charcoal per ton is another feature of these kilns to atmospheric discharging.With regard to Greenhouse effect, this methane content is equivalent to one ton of CO ₂

The moisture content of the timber of packing in the tradition tile stove should be no more than 25-30% (w.b.).After felling soon, wood moisture content average out to 50% (w.b.).Can not carbonization have the timber of such moisture content or use it to be fuel, therefore be necessary it is reduced to the level of 25-30% (w.b.), this accomplishes over 100-120 days through suitable stacking.This labour-intensive stacking needs following operation.

Timber is chopped to the long section of at least one rice.

Stack timber by rights so that it is air-dry.

Juggle is put into truck.

Timber is transferred to stove (when using the Missouri kiln) or to yard (under the situation of use honeycomb kiln) from truck.

Timber is fed in the honeycomb fashion stove.

Charcoal is transferred to truck from brickkiln.In the transfer process than lower floor, impurity repeatedly mixes with charcoal.

Transfer to the charcoal storehouse from truck.

This labour-intensive series of operations accounts for about 60% of tile stove charcoal cost.In addition, when by contaminating impurity, the charcoal ash oontent improves.

The relational expression of weight yield is (kg charcoal/(the anhydrous timber of ton)).Because the timber that a burning part is packed into so the weight yield of tile stove is low, is 25-34%.That is to say that anhydrous timber per ton only obtains the 250-340kg charcoal.The last level of this scope obtains in having the rectangle tile stove of inside temperature measurement.

This shows that the main drawback of carbonized wood has in tile stove:

The 1-weight yield is low.

2-is to the environmental emission obnoxious flavour.

3-is because the thermal conductivity of brick wall is low, so cooling time is long.

4-charcoal streaking is even.

5-lacks carbonization control, and said carbonization control is carried out based on the color and the brick wall temperature of cigarette.

The 6-carbodiimide procedure can be according to operator and to carry out more than a kind of mode.

The timber that a 7-burning part is packed into is thought heat absorption carburising step energize.

8-is long owing to period, so productivity is low.

The high energy gas that discharges in the 9-Wood carbonization process (condensable and not condensables) slatterns.

10-needs stock lumber to carry out drying.

The solution of problem

It is a principal object of the present invention to solve the problems referred to above through the method that a kind of carbonization biomass are provided, with respect to conventional carbonization method, said method is simplified pollutent greatly and is removed the operation with the energy recovery of biomass pyrolysis product.

In the scope of this target, an object of the present invention is to provide a kind of can be based on the method for controlling and manage and have high flexibility of operation according to the type predetermined parameters of the biomass that are processed with very simple mode.Another object of the present invention provides the device that a kind of mode of successive is basically implemented such treatment process.

Another object of the present invention provides the device simple in structure of low relatively investment of a kind of needs and running cost.

Another object of the present invention provides a kind of device of guaranteeing that fully non-environmental-pollution is dangerous.

This target, these purposes and other will become obviously hereinafter, and it is realized through using in the pyrolysis step process by the gaseous component of the timber discharging Wood carbonization system as the supplier of process institute energy requirement.Be the description to system of the present invention below, the present invention is with its called after DPC method.

The energy that in the heat release step process of biomass carbonization, discharges is enough to satisfy the heat demand of process endothermic phase.But brickkiln does not utilize this energy, and this is because endothermic phase occurs in before the pyrolysis step of heat release.The Wood carbonization process is self-sustaining on energy.But this energy only can obtain after dry endothermic phase, and timber is used in a part of carbonization that therefore need burn in the brickkiln.The essential characteristic of DPC method is the well-separated of dry and pyrolysis phase, and dry and pyrolytic process is independently carrying out in the reactor drum, and like this, the intrinsic energy in the gas that carbonized wood is discharged is used to supply with the heat demand of heat absorption step.DPC method of the present invention has solved the time difference problem of dry and pyrolysis step.

The basic thought of the DPC method of describing in this specification sheets is:

1-utilizes the gas of discharging-condensable and uncondensable-as the source of the required heat energy of carbonization process.

2-utilizes the gas that discharges in the pyrolysis step process perolene as the pyrolytic endothermic phase.

The 3-drying of wood, pyrolysis and charcoal refrigerative function realize (Fig. 4) simultaneously and independently at least three reactor drums.The gas with suitable high heating value that discharges in the pyrolytic process burns in the combustion chamber, generates hot gas, is transported to the reactor drum that carries out the drying of wood then.

The DPC reactor drum all can be realized drying, pyrolysis and charcoal refrigerative function arbitrarily.Process can be carried out in more than three reactor drum, specifically depends on desired charcoal plant capacity.

Setting as reactor drum in the DPC method of the object of the invention is shown in Fig. 4.System by three independently reactor drum 9,10 and 11 and independently combustion chamber 12 form.Suppose that at a time drying step carries out and charcoal cools off in reactor drum 11 in reactor drum 10.In reactor drum 10, Wood carbonization discharging comprises the condensable of combustible components and condensable gases not.These gases leave reactor drum 10 through managing 13.Great majority in these gases are delivered to pyrolysis gas collection tube 14 through managing 13 via valve 15 and 16.Valve 15 is held open, and allow said gas current in collection tube 14, but it is current in diluents scoop 17 to hinder said gas.From collection tube 14, pyrolysis gas is transported to the gas burner 18 that is positioned at 12 places, combustion chamber, and flow is by valve 19 controls, and elder generation is through gasifier 20.Combustion air is driven by fan 21, and flow is controlled by valve 22, and in burner 18, mixes with fuel gas.Combustion air is by heat exchanger 23 preheatings that are arranged in the combustion chamber 12.The hot fuel gas that carbonized wood generated is driven through pipe 25 Returning reactors 10 by fan 24, and flow is by valve 26 controls.This purpose of returning is the temperature in the control carbonization reactor.Fixed carbon content and other metallurgy charcoal character are the functions of carbonization temperature.Therefore, partial thermal decomposition gas flows in loop line (closed loop).Target is that accurately controlling the fuel gas loop line in biomass carbonization stage is an essential characteristic of the method for DPC described in this paper.Carbonization finishes to be illustrated by the pyrolysis gas flow that reduces.Temperature in the carbonization reactor 10 remains in the 310-350 ℃ of scope, and this is enough for the metallurgy charcoal.Carbonization speed is by the return flow control of pyrolysis gas.

The hot flue gases that generates through combustion and pyrolysis gas in combustion chamber 12 is driven through pipe 28 arrival mixing tanks 29 by fan 27.Diluents from dry reactor chamber 9 mixes in mixing tank 29 with the stack gas from combustion chamber 12.This gaseous mixture is driven by fan 27 suctions and comes hot gas collection tube 30 through managing 31, and flow is by valve 32 controls.From managing 30, pass through pipe 33 with coming aspirating by fan 24 of autoreactor 9, through the valve 34 and the process flowrate control valve 35 of complete opening with said carrier gas blended hot flue gases.Hot flue gases is blown in the dry reactor 9 then.Steam and hot flue gases from desiccated wood merge.This gaseous mixture leaves dry reactor with about 120 ℃ temperature through managing 13, is driven to diluents pipe 17, and valve 15 keeps complete opening, and valve 16 cuts out fully.Pipe 17 is the diluents divider.These gases are delivered to mixing tank 29 through managing 36.In mixing tank 29, diluents (the present invention is referred to as recycle gas) mixes with hot flue gases from combustion chamber 12.Excessive recycle gas is driven through pipe 37 and comes chimney 38, and flow is controlled by valve 39, and gets into atmosphere from said chimney 38.The dry reactor 9 that wherein carries out the drying of wood needs maximum heat input.For the hot flue gases of avoiding the high temperature in the dry reactor, make leaving combustion chamber 12 mixes with the diluents of flowing pipe 17.This technology (this paper is referred to as " recycling ") makes that hot input can be under desired temperature in the dry reactor 9.The desirable inlet air temperature of dry reactor 9 is in 300-350 ℃ of scope.In this TR, carry out, the steel container that can not take place not expect is overheated.In addition, when at high temperature dry, timber explosion and weaken charcoal.Recirculating technique is another essential characteristic of the DPC method described among this paper.

Great majority in the pyrolysis gas that generates in the Wood carbonization step process are driven to the burner 18 of combustion chamber 12.The said gas of small portion returns carbonization reactor 10 with control Wood carbonization temperature, and is as indicated above.This technological result does not have dusty gas to be discharged into atmosphere.Depend on initial timber humidity, maybe be excessive from the stack gas of combustion chamber.Said excessive stack gas is through managing 28, be driven to chimney 41 through valve 40, and is discharged into atmosphere from this.

The charcoal cooling is carried out in reactor drum 11, accomplishes in two stages.Cooling is through turning off fan 24 and closing

flowrate control valve

26 and 35 beginnings that are arranged in the pipe 25 and 33.Valve 15 keeps shut.Reactor drum 11 should be a tight seal, and this is because any gas leakage all can make hot charcoal burning.Begin the charcoal cooling to atmospheric thermal radiation.In this colling stages process, the sub-fraction carbon that comprises in the gaseous atmosphere from carbonation stage is absorbed by charcoal, thereby improves charcoal fixed carbon slightly.In addition, the little pressure of this gaseous atmosphere stops atmosphere to get into.The charcoal cooling continues through in reactor drum 11, injecting very thin water smoke.Water under high pressure is injected into spraying gun 43 by pump 42 through managing 44.Water is divided into very thin water droplet, and it gasifies and the cooling charcoal very soon.When the temperature of cooling reactor 11 is reduced to 95 ℃, stop water filling.The charcoal cooling is through finishing to atmospheric radiation heat.

In whole carbonization process, in reactor drum 9,10 and 11, it is motionless that timber keeps, thereby avoid the generation of powdered carbon.The drying of wood, carbonization and timber cooling take place until end simultaneously.When process stopped, dry reactor 9 received high temperature pyrolysis gas, beginning charcoal cooling in the reactor drum 11, and unloading reactor drum 11.New timber container is placed reactor drum 11, the beginning drying of wood.Be arranged in pipe 14,17 and 30 valve 15,16 and 34 through suitably controlling, reactor drum 9,10 and 11 changing function.Reactor drum 9 becomes the pyrolysis kiln, and the charcoal cooling is carried out in reactor drum 10, and reactor drum 11 becomes dry reactor.When starting system, be not used in burnt fuel gas in combustion chamber 12, this is because there is not reactor drum to be in pyrolysis phase.Therefore need the drying of external heat source with the timber of loading in beginning and the completion reactor drum 9.For system's starting, there are two available to select: in burner 18, to utilize Sweet natural gas, perhaps preferably set up the wood gas producer.First cycle will begin through the wood gas of burning from this producer gas generator.Fig. 4 shows wood gas producer 20 and with the pipe 45 of the net thermal value gas delivery that generates in the wood gas producer 20 to burner 18.Vaporized chemical is from mixing tank 46, and in fan 47 injecting gas producers 20, flow is by valve 48 controls.Atmosphere drives to mixing tank 46 through managing 49, and flow is by valve 50 controls.Diluents is carried into mixing tank 40 by pipe 51, and flow is by valve 52 controls.The sub-fraction diluents mix with gasification air in case in the lower section of producer gas generator temperature too high.The producer gas generator capacity should be suitable for the heat demand of dry reactor 9.In addition, producer gas generator will be guaranteed under the unexpected insufficient situation of inflammable gas that carbonized wood discharges fuel gas supply to be provided.

In case it should be noted that process is exactly a successive, and is motionless although timber keeps through the fuel gas starting system of burning from external source in whole periodic process.The charcoal cooling reactor that dry reactor, carbonization reactor and the 3rd are always arranged is in operation.When end cycle, the changing function of each reactor drum, but process do not stop, and carries out continuously.The Wood carbonization time total in the DPC method is about 72 hours.The possibility of timber is loaded in consideration soon in dry reactor behind felling timber, charcoal can be processed after timber is cut down about seven days, and should the time in brickkiln above 130 days.

When carbonation stage began to finish with Wood carbonization, the discharging of flammable gaseous component was considerably less.For guaranteeing the continuous supply of inflammable gas, need minimum six reactor drums to be in operation to combustion chamber 12.Therefore, the present invention adopts the cooling reactor of two or more carbonization reactors, two or more dry reactors and respective numbers.For avoiding the fluctuation of pyrolysis gas volume and net thermal value thereof, the carbonization in second reactor drum is beginning when first reactor drum discharges near maximum gas.In this operative technique, when the generation of the fuel gas in first reactor drum began to reduce, second reactor drum was seted out towards maximum pyrolysis gas discharging, and this can allow regular maintenance.When minimum six reactor drums of operation, system productivity will improve.

Fig. 5 illustrates the system with six reactor drums.

In Fig. 5, can see three main collection tubes of different process gas.Pipe 52 is the pyrolysis gas scoop, and such gas only flows in this pipe.Pipe 53 is delivered to pipe 54 with pyrolysis gas, and flow is by valve 55 controls.The inflammable gas that carbonized wood generates is driven the burner 56 in being arranged on combustion chamber 57, arrives burner 56 through managing 58.These gases produce in Wood carbonization reactor drum (in the selected moment of this description, it is set at

reactor drum

59 and 60).Gas by the carbonized wood discharging is delivered to pipe 53 through managing 61, but earlier through valve 62 and 63.Though these valves are fixed as and valve 62 cuts out but allow pyrolysis gas only current towards pipe 53, cross valve 57, this moment, valve 57 was held open.Part pyrolysis gas is through pipe 64 Returning

reactors

59 and 60, and by fan 65 suctions, flow is by valve 66 controls.This purpose of returning is that the temperature in controlling

reactor

59 and 60 is in order to avoid carbonized wood is overheated in pyrolysis exothermic phase process.This technology in previous under the situation of three reactor drums (Fig. 4) set forth.Adopt two carbonization reactors, guaranteed according to process need and to the fuel gas supply of combustion chamber 57.

In the selected moment of this description, reactor drum 67 and 68 is carrying out the drying of wood.Through pipe 70, pipe 70 is delivered to mixing tank 71 with said hot gas to the hot flue gases that produces in the combustion chamber 57 by fan 69 suctions.From mixing tank 71, hot flue gases is transported to stack gas collection tube 72 through managing 73, and flow is by valve 74 controls.From managing 72, said gas is driven to dry reactor chamber 67 and 68 through managing 75, and flow is by valve 76 controls.In the desiccated wood process in reactor drum 67 and 68, from water vapour and 300-350 ℃ of hot flue gases merging of entering dry reactor down of timber dewatering.Said hot flue gases adds that water vapour is driven to recycle gas collection tube 77 through managing 61.This moment, valve 62 is held open and valve 63 keeps shut.In other words, can't get into pipe 53, but only flow to pipe 70 from the discharge gas of dry reactor.This moment, valve 66 is held open so that recycling.Diluents is directed to pipe 78, flowrate control valve 79 and arrives the inlet of mixing tank 71, and mixes with hot flue gases from combustion chamber 57 at this place; Purpose is to obtain appropriate drying temperature, as described in the system with three reactor drums (Fig. 4).As in described system (Fig. 4) with three reactor drums, the excessive heat stack gas that produces in the combustion chamber 57 through manage 80, valve 81 is delivered to chimney 82, and gets into atmosphere from said chimney 82.Excessive recycle gas is driven through pipe 83, flowrate control valve 84 and arrives chimney 85, and gets into atmosphere from chimney 85.As in the described system (Fig. 4) with three reactor drums, there is not pollution substance to be discharged into atmosphere.

This moment,

reactor drum

86 and 87 carries out the charcoal cooling.As in the said system with three reactor drums, the charcoal cooling is through beginning with 87 from complete sealed reactor 86 to atmospheric radiation heat; Continue through injecting water smoke, this water smoke is injected into spraying gun 90 by pump 88 through pipe 89 through water and forms.When the cooling reaction actuator temperature was reduced to 95 ℃, the charcoal cooling was through accomplishing to atmospheric radiation heat.

The DPC method of describing among this paper provides the accurate control of Wood carbonization process, has the charcoal by the specified metallurgical properties of user thereby produce.Gas inlet and the pyrometer of gas outlet of control through being installed in each reactor drum realized.When drying begins, because the heat demand of timber heating and moisture evaporation, so the temperature difference between the gas that gets into and leave is big.Along with exsiccant carries out, this temperature difference will reduce.The end of drying process will be illustrated by the convergence of these temperature, and dry reactor becomes and can be used for the Wood carbonization stage.The process control of the pyrometer at the entrance and exit place through placing each reactor drum can realize the DPC system automation.

In the Wood carbonization phase process, charcoal fixed carbon is the increasing function of temperature, and weight yield is the decreasing function of temperature.Fig. 1 illustrates the relation between carbonization temperature, charcoal fixed carbon and weight yield.In Brazil, Iron And Steel Industry is the main human consumer of charcoal, is used for pig iron blast furnace.For pig iron blast furnace, regulation charcoal fixed carbon is in the 70-75% scope.Fig. 1 shows that for making fixed carbon content in the 70-75% scope, carbonization temperature should be in 320-350 ℃ of scope.

In DPC method, do not burn in the carbonization reactor as the object of the invention; Therefore carbonization temperature needn't be above 350 ℃.Because the performance of this temperature and carbon steel commonly used is compatible, so can timber be placed in the metal vessel.

According to calculation of thermodynamics, the intrinsic energy of the gas of carbonized wood discharging is enough to after the dry felling timber soon.The humidity of the timber of felling is about 50% (w.b.).An advantage of DPC method be can dry felling after soon timber, thereby avoid under atmosphere stock lumber with humidity is reduced to brickkiln in the compatible timber water cut of carbonization process.This storage has Financial cost.Yet, reclaim condensable product like fruit instant, can reach desiccated wood over minimum 100 days in the atmosphere through timber fully is placed on.The condensation that separates the condensable components that exists in the pyrolysis gas behind the various products through conventional extraction process will allow to reclaim the some timber product liquids that exist in the condensable gases.

Perhaps, the energy of the fuel gas of carbonized wood discharging can be used for the heat generating.If carbonizing plant is positioned near the charcoal blast furnace, then this will be very attracting economically replacement scheme.The hot flue gases of discharging from the makers' auxiliary facility of the pig iron can be used for the drying of wood.In the case, the tar that the condensation of flammable pyrolysis gas or these gases produces can be used for the heat generating, and it makes pig iron factory self-sustaining on energy.

As previously mentioned, in traditional Wood carbonization brickkiln, need stock lumber so that its drying.For store, dry and be delivered to the required timber carrying of carbonization brickkiln and account for about 60% of charcoal cost.Also should add the financial cost owing to time of drying, under the weather condition of Brazil, drying is minimum to take 100 days.

The DPC method of describing among this paper provides good opportunity for solving dry logistical problem admirably.

Soon, timber promptly is sawn into the length of tipping lorry tipping bucket without the stacking of any kind of, and need not be chopped to some littler sections after felling from forest.The timber of felling installs in the tipping bucket of tipping lorry with manual work or mechanical system.Truck is raised to the tipping bucket that also will fill timber on its vehicle body with tipping bucket and is transported to the carbonizing plant place, is placed in the dry reactor at this place's tipping bucket, begins the drying of wood after a while.When carbonization process finished, truck was removed tipping bucket and charcoal is delivered to its bin from this reactor drum.It should be noted that between sawmilling material and Xiang Cangzhong unloading charcoal, work without any need for the labor force.This technology becomes possibility because of the burning and the Yin Wendu control of the inner no any kind of of carbonization reactor.In addition, do not exist the charcoal of any kind that causes because of the impurity that exists at the bottom of the kiln to pollute.Fig. 6 illustrates the relative arrangement of DPC device-tipping lorry.This technology is the significant advantage of the method for DPC described in this paper with respect to conventional brickkiln carbonization.

Because so the independence of drying, pyrolysis and cooling reactor is can be in any stage stopped process.Therefore, the DPC method can produce anhydrous timber, charcoal or have the charcoal of high volatile content.The latter is fuel very easily, is suitable for replacing the fossil oil in the industrial furnace or in the boiler.

Biomass energy is concentrated and is realized through anhydrous timber, charcoal or high volatile matter charcoal.Because big country such as Brazil have vast territory, so biomass energy is concentrated extremely important to its transportation.

Can the undersized biomass of carbonization such as coconut husk, bone, Ba Basu coconut, napier grass, straw, sugarcane, also have multiple other biomass to can be used in the DPC method.The feasibility of the clear napier grass carbonization of the test card that in the DPC reactor drum, carries out, this still belongs to the first time in the world.

Can obtain following product through the DPC method.

Treat charcoal with fixed carbon content of minimum 78% as the reductive agent in the electric furnace.Compare with charcoal, advantage is: no sulphur and resistivity are higher.

The charcoal that is used for Iron And Steel Industry.The advantage of comparing with charcoal: no sulphur, reactivity is higher, ash oontent is lower, the quantity of slag is less.

Charcoal with volatile matter of 30-50% is used to replace the ideal fuels of fossil oil in the industry or in the heat generating.

Charcoal from small size biomass (being generally agricultural waste).

Charcoal.

Anhydrous timber.

Table 2 shows the net thermal value of these products.

The net thermal value of table 2-primary timber product

Product	Net thermal value-KJ/KG
		Unseasoned lumber	6,275-8,367
Seasoned wood	11,295-12,550
		Anhydrous timber	18,425-22,000
Charcoal	22,590-23,000
		High volatile matter charcoal	25,000-27,600
The blast furnace charcoal	30,000-31,400

Through the concentration of energy that the DPC method realizes, as shown in table 2, extremely important to big country.

Table 3 shows the prices current by Brazil, comes authigenic material to reach the unit energy cost from oil fuel.The 3rd row of table 3 show the relation between biomass energy unit cost and oil fuel power unit cost.

Table 3-power unit cost relatively

Product

LHV-GJ/T

US$/GJ

US$ biomass/US$ oil fuel

Seasoned wood	12.0	5.5	0.25
				Charcoal	22.5	11.1	0.51
The HV charcoal	26.0	13.7	0.64
				B.F. charcoal	30.1	14.8	0.69
Oil fuel	40.1	21.5	1.00

The DPC method of the object of the invention and the use advantages associated of tipping lorry have:

1-charcoal productive rate is higher.

2-does not have hazardous emission to atmosphere.

3-needn't long time stored timber to reduce its humidity.

4-will not be sawn into little length by timber.

It is motionless that 5-timber keeps in reactor drum, and this has eliminated the generation of powdered carbon.

The 6-cost of labor is lower.

7-charcoal production cost is lower.

8-has important logistics advantage.

9-can produce anhydrous timber, charcoal and have the charcoal (fuel very easily) of high volatile content.

It is the method that is suitable for any mechanize or level of automation for 10-.

The accurate process control of 11-.

It is the high productivity method for 12-, and the residence time of unseasoned lumber in reactor drum is about 72 hours.

13-is lower than destructive distillation oven process (continuous carbonization process) with the cost of investment that US$/the ton charcoal is represented.

14-can the undersized biomass of carbonization.

With regard to Brazil, the DPC method also will be brought the significant social interests.Do not use child labourer or slave.The qualified professional who trains through suitably only will employ in DPC method Wood carbonization factory, and this is sharp getting of society.

Said method is suitable for the some high productivity biomass of carbonization crop, for example sugarcane and napier grass, thus new window of opportunity is provided for powerful agricultural industry or any other major economy of Brazil.Outlying and the poverty-stricken area that can be any country from energy apply purpose results sugarcane or napier grass provides important working opportunity, thereby avoids large quantities of big cities of moving to.

The biomass energy that the DPC method realizes is concentrated all extremely important for any developing country.

The use of biomass in Iron And Steel Industry of cultivation can be created many work in this field, thereby reduces the rural laborer to metropolitan migration.Per ten hectares of cultivation woodss will produce a job in this field.

The economical advantage of DPC method can be summarized as follows.About 60% owing to charcoal in the pig iron cost.The remarkable reduction of the charcoal cost that the DPC method realizes will bring the reduction of the pig iron and steel cost, thereby improve the competitive capacity of these commodity manufacturing companies.The pig iron and the steel that obtain when in addition, using charcoal as the thermal reduction agent have better quality.

The weight yield of DPC method promptly (kg charcoal)/(the anhydrous timber of ton) in the 40-42% scope, and brickkiln in the 28-34% scope.In other words, use brickkiln, anhydrous timber per ton produces the 280-340kg charcoal, and uses the DPC method, and anhydrous timber per ton obtains the 400-420kg charcoal.The carbon yield that this means per hectare cultivation woods improves 30%.Therefore, the charcoal consumption of steel or pig iron factory remains unchanged, and forest will continue for 30% time more.

Confirmed all advantages of DPC method to focus on higher weight yield and pollution-free fully from numerous tests of dingus, carrying out in the industrial reactor.

The growth of the remarkable reduction of charcoal cost and cultivation woods perdurability is enough to highlight the significant advantage of DPC method, and this method is the innovative approach that is worth at Brazilian integrated development.

Claims

1. one kind is used for the pyrolysis processing organic substance particularly timber is to obtain the device of charcoal, and said device comprises: reactor chamber, place tipping bucket in it; Combustion chamber, said combustion chamber are placed as leaves said reactor drum; Be furnished with heat exchanger in the said combustion chamber; Pipe; With a series of fans that are used for the moving process gaseous substance.

2. one kind is used for pyrolysis processing organic substance according to claim 1 particularly timber is to obtain the method for charcoal, and said method comprises and is used for said organic substance or timber are loaded into the step on the tipping bucket; Be used for to hold the indoor step of said tipping bucket insertion dry reactor of said organic substance or timber; Be used for step at the indoor heating of said dry reactor and dry said organic substance or timber; Be used for step at said organic substance of the indoor carbonization of said carbonization reactor or timber; Be used for step at the said charcoal of the indoor cooling of said cooling reactor or any intermediate product; Remove the said step of holding the said tipping bucket of charcoal or any intermediate product with being used for from said cooling reactor chamber.

3. particularly timber is to obtain the method for charcoal with 2 described pyrolysis processing organic substances according to claim 1, and said method comprises the reactor chamber of a series of interconnection, and the process gaseous fluid flows through pipe betwixt.

According to claim 1,2 and 3 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber to obtain the method for charcoal; Wherein said drying, carbonization and refrigerative process stage also carry out in said reactor chamber simultaneously independently, and its mode is for only carrying out in the said step in certain reactor chamber.

According to claim 1 and 2 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber it is characterized in that utilizing being placed as and leave the combustion chamber that said reactor chamber is placed to obtain the method for charcoal.

According to claim 1 and 5 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber be furnished with heat exchanger to obtain the method for charcoal in the wherein said combustion chamber.

7. particularly timber is to obtain the method for charcoal according to claim 1,2,3,4 and 5 described pyrolysis processing organic substances, and wherein a series of fans aspirate said process gaseous substance and blow in the said reactor chamber of system through pipe; Said gaseous substance is in temperature and the chemical constitution according to the step of being carried out in the corresponding reactor chamber.

According to claim 1,5 and 7 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber to obtain the method for charcoal; Wherein the gaseous substance by carbonized wood discharging burns in said combustion chamber, thus the pollution of any kind of avoiding with this mode causing because of said gaseous substance.

9. particularly timber is to obtain the method for charcoal according to claim 1,3,4,5,7 and 8 described pyrolysis processing organic substances, and the cigarette of wherein discharging from said combustion chamber is transported to said dry reactor and blows into the said dry reactor.

10. particularly timber is to obtain the method for charcoal according to claim 1,3,4,5,7 and 9 described pyrolysis processing organic substances, and the cigarette of the water vapour that wherein combines to be discharged by desiccated wood mixes the temperature that is blown into the said gaseous substance the said dry reactor chamber with adjusting by part recycling and with the said cigarette of discharging from said combustion chamber.

11. according to claim 1 and 6 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber to obtain the method for charcoal; Wherein in the indoor pyrolysis step process of said carbonization reactor; Part by in the said gaseous substance of carbonized wood discharging is driven to said heat exchanger; It by reheat, returns said carbonization reactor chamber as hot-fluid at this place then, to control carbonization temperature according to the charcoal fixed carbon of expectation.

12. according to claim 1 and 5 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber to prepare the method for charcoal; The intrinsic energy of the gaseous substance of wherein being emitted by carbonized wood can be used to or the timber of dry high moisture content or supply with the energy of any purposes, for example heat generating.

13. according to claim 1,4 and 7 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber with the preparation charcoal device; Wherein carry the device of hot cigarette and diluents to comprise aspirator to said dry reactor, said aspirator links to each other with said combustion chamber through suction catheter.

14. according to claim 1,4,5 and 6 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber with the preparation charcoal device; The device that wherein is used to extract the indoor gaseous substance of being emitted by carbonized wood of said carbonization reactor comprises aspirator, and said aspirator is connected with said carbonization chamber through suction catheter.

15. according to claim 1 and 5 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber with the device of preparation charcoal; Excessive heat cigarette wherein unwanted for said drying stage, that in said combustion chamber, generate is driven to the discharge tube that links to each other with chimney to the said stack gas of airborne release, and making does not have the contaminative gaseous substance to be discharged into atmosphere.

16. according to claim 1,4,9 and 10 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber with the preparation charcoal device; Wherein unwanted excessive recycling diluents is driven to the discharge tube that links to each other with chimney to the said diluents of airborne release for said drying stage, and making does not have the contaminative gaseous substance to be discharged into atmosphere.

17. according to claim 1,2,3 and 4 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber with the preparation charcoal device; The said charcoal that is wherein produced or any other solid matter are through cooling off to atmospheric radiation heat; Said cooling continues through in said cooling reactor, spraying water, and through accomplishing to atmospheric radiation heat.

18. particularly timber is to prepare the method for charcoal according to claim 1,2 and 4 described pyrolysis processing organic substances, wherein said carbonization process can stop to have with generation charcoal, charcoal or the anhydrous timber of high volatile content in any stage.

19. particularly timber is to prepare the method for charcoal according to claim 1,2 and 4 described pyrolysis processing organic substances, wherein said process is controlled through the temperature of measuring the gaseous substance that passes in and out each reactor chamber.

20. according to claim 1 and 2 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber with the device of preparation charcoal; Wherein with said organic substance to be heated particularly timber be loaded on the tipping bucket, then in inserting said reactor chamber after simultaneously and carry out drying, pyrolysis and colling stages independently therein.

21. particularly timber is with the device of preparation charcoal according to claim 1,2 and 4 described pyrolysis processing organic substances, wherein said condensation and by-product recovery are carried out because of the independence of said drying and pyrolysis step more efficiently.

22. according to claim 1,2,4 and 20 described pyrolysis processing organic substances particularly timber with the preparation charcoal device, wherein can use the mechanize or the robotization of arbitrary extent.