CN102459123A - 用于气化炉的氧化铝-氧化镁材料 - Google Patents

用于气化炉的氧化铝-氧化镁材料 Download PDF

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CN102459123A
CN102459123A CN2010800246529A CN201080024652A CN102459123A CN 102459123 A CN102459123 A CN 102459123A CN 2010800246529 A CN2010800246529 A CN 2010800246529A CN 201080024652 A CN201080024652 A CN 201080024652A CN 102459123 A CN102459123 A CN 102459123A
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埃里克·乔戈
塞巴斯蒂安·布尔多奈
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种熔铸耐火材料,所述熔铸耐火材料具有基于氧化物按重量百分比计的以下化学组成:Al2O3:至100%的余量;MgO:28%到50%;CuO:0.05%到1.0%;B2O3:≤1.0%;SiO2:<0.5%;Na2O+K2O:<0.3%;CaO:<1.0%:Fe2O3+TiO2:<0.55%;以及其他种类氧化物:<0.5%。

Description

用于气化炉的氧化铝-氧化镁材料
技术领域
本发明涉及一种熔铸耐火制品,所述熔铸耐火制品包括按重量计大于50%的氧化铝Al2O3和按重量计大于10%的氧化镁MgO。
背景技术
在耐火制品中,通常对熔铸制品和烧结制品加以区别。
与烧结制品不同,熔铸制品通常包括连接结晶颗粒的晶间玻璃相。因此,烧结制品和熔铸制品引起的问题以及为解决所述问题而采用的技术方法通常不相同。因此经推理,针对制造烧结制品研制的组分本身不能够用来制造熔铸制品,反之亦然。
熔铸制品通常被称为“电铸”制品,其通过在电弧炉中使适当原料的混合物熔化而获得或者通过适于这些制品的其他技术而获得。接着在模子中铸造熔融物,之后,所获得的制品经受受控的冷却循环以便恢复室温而不发生破裂。该操作被本领域的专业技术人员称为“退火”。根据所使用的成型技术,其也可以是自由冷却。
由RHI Monofrax Ltd公司制造并销售的熔铸制品Monofrax
Figure BPA00001479569200011
L具有以下按重量计的化学组成:53.6%的Al2O3、44.9%的MgO、0.44%的二氧化硅SiO2、0.23%氧化钠Na2O以及小于35%的CaO。
煤的气化是已了解大约五十年的工艺,其当前正经受长足发展。具体地,其一方面允许制造合成气(CO,H2)—干净能源,另一方面,其允许从很多种碳氢化合物材料制造用于化工行业的基本化合物,所述多种碳氢化合物比如煤、石油焦炭或甚至待回收的重油。该工艺还使得能够在排放至大气之前去除不想要的组分,比如NOx、硫磺或汞。
气化的原理包括在蒸气和/或氧气中、在大约1150℃与1600℃之间的温度下并且在压力下发生受控的不完全燃烧。
有各种类型的气化炉:固定床气化炉、流化床气化炉和液流床气化炉。这些气化炉的不同之处在于添加反应物的方式、燃料氧化剂混合物形成的方式、温度条件和压力条件以及去除灰烬或熔渣、由该反应产生的液状残渣的方法。
由Saint-Gobain Industrial Ceramics Division(圣高拜工业陶瓷部)的EnergySystem Department(能源系统部门)的Wader Taber所写、在期刊RefractoriesApplications And News的2003年7月-8月第8卷第4期中发表的名称为“Refractories for Gasification”的文章描述了气化炉的内衬的结构。
气化炉内衬的耐火制品承受热循环、熔渣或干灰的腐蚀和侵蚀以及在温度通常可达到大约1400℃处的热斑效应。腐蚀和侵蚀尤其可以导致熔渣组分或液态灰烬渗透入耐火制品的孔中,在侵蚀和热循环的影响下,这可能导致内衬剥落且最终停止该反应器。
而且,由制造纸浆产生的黑液的气化的形成需要这样的新材料:其能够承受钠化合物的腐蚀作用并且尤其具有低孔隙度以防止侵蚀性物质的渗透。
为了增长耐火内衬的寿命,研究人员已尝试了增大其厚度。然而,该方法具有提高成本和降低气化炉的有用体积且因此降低其效率的缺点。
James P.Bennett在期刊Refractories Applications And News的2004年9月-10月第9卷第5期第20-25页中发表的文章“Refractory liner used in slagginggasifiers”中说明了尤其是在气体冷却系统中的当前气化炉耐火内衬的寿命是非常有限的,尽管其氧化铬含量高。具体提到了2002年7月的US DOE的DOE/FE报告0447中由S.J.Clayton、G.J.Stiegel和J.G Wimer所作的报告“GasificationTechnologies,Gasification Markets and Technologies-Present and Future,anIndustry Perspective”。在黑液气化炉的情况下,已放弃了使用包括铬的制品。
因此,需要这样的耐火制品:其具有适合于气化炉内部遇到的特定环境的性质以及具体地具有低至足以限制侵蚀性物质渗透的孔隙度。
本发明的目的是满足该要求。
发明内容
更具体地,本发明涉及一种熔铸耐火制品,所述熔铸耐火制品具有基于氧化物按重量百分比计的以下化学组成:
Figure BPA00001479569200031
可以在后面看到,本发明人已出人意料地发现,该组分使根据本发明的耐火制品能够具有低孔隙度,同时保持高耐腐蚀性。
根据本发明的耐火制品还可包括以下选择性特征中的一个或多个特征:
-所述CuO的质量含量大于或等于0.10%甚或大于或等于0.15%、甚或大于或等于0.20%;
-所述CuO的质量含量小于或等于0.8%甚或小于或等于0.7%、甚或小于或等于0.6%;
-所述B2O3的质量含量大于或等于0.05%甚或大于或等于0.1%;
-所述B2O3的质量含量小于或等于0.8%、甚或小于或等于0.6%、甚或小于或等于0.4%、甚或小于或等于0.3%;
-所述CuO的质量含量大于或等于0.10%且所述B2O3的质量含量大于或等于0.05%甚或大于或等于0.1%、大于0.3%、大于0.4%、大于0.5%甚或大于0.6%;
-所述氧化铝Al2O3的质量含量小于或等于70%甚或小于或等于68%;
-所述Al2O3的质量含量大于或等于55%甚或大于或等于60%;
-所述MgO的质量含量小于或等于45%甚或小于或等于40%;
-所述MgO的质量含量大于或等于28.2%甚或大于或等于30%、甚或大于或等于32%;
-所述CaO的质量含量小于或等于0.8%、小于或等于0.6%甚或小于或等于0.4%;
-所述(Na2O+K2O)的质量含量小于或等于0.25%、小于或等于0.2%甚或小于或等于0.1%;
-所述二氧化硅SiO2的质量含量小于或等于0.5%甚或小于或等于0.4%、甚或小于或等于0.2%甚或小于或等于0.15%;
-铁和/或钛和/或铬和/或钙的氧化物仅作为杂质存在;
-铁和/或钛的氧化物Fe2O3+TiO2的质量含量小于0.4%、优选地小于0.3%、优选地小于0.2%;
-氧化铬的质量含量小于0.2%、优选地小于0.1%;
-所述“其他种类氧化物“仅由杂质构成;
-所述“其他种类氧化物”的总质量含量小于0.4%甚或小于0.3%;
-所述制品采用复杂形状的部件的形式或者采用尺寸超过100mm×100mm×100mm的块的形式;
-所述制品采用重量大于5kg的块的形式;
-总孔隙度小于7%、优选地小于6%;
-体积密度大于3.15g/cm3、更优选地大于3.20g/cm3、更优选地还大于3.25g/cm3、甚或大于3.30g/cm3
-各种氧化物大致均匀地分布在该制品内,尤其是靠近该制品的外表面处的氧化物没有系统性改变(增多或减少)。
本发明还涉及一种用于制造根据本发明的耐火制品的方法,所述方法包括以下连续步骤:
a)混合原材料以便形成原料;
b)使所述原料熔化以便获得熔融物;以及
c)通过冷却而铸造和固化所述熔融物,以便获得耐火制品,该方法的值得注意之处在于,以使得该耐火制品符合本发明的方式选择所述原材料。
优选地,需要最小含量的氧化物被系统地且有条理地添加,所述需要最小含量的氧化物尤其是Al2O3、MgO、CuO和可选地B2O3或者这些氧化物的前体(例如AlF3或B4C)。优选地,考虑这些氧化物在其他氧化物的源中的含量。硼可以通过任一前体(包括B4C)而被引入,优选地以限制熔化期间过快蒸发的形式通过前体引入。添加AlF3以促进熔化开始并且作为氟的来源,氟是促进没有裂纹的元素。
优选地,步骤c)中的铸造温度大于或等于2000℃。
在步骤c)中,两条途径是可能的:
-利用颗粒绝缘体在夹在模壳中的模子中铸造。接着自然冷却,该方法称为“无转移”方法。
-将所述熔融物投入在模子中,非常快速地打开该模子以取出部件并将其插入到包括绝缘体的盒子中。该部件接着立刻被绝缘体涂覆,该方法称为“转移”方法。
在后者技术中,冷却是受控的,优选地以便以小于20℃/h的速度、优选地大致为10℃/h的速度进行。
本发明还涉及由根据本发明的制品或利用根据本发明的方法制造的制品制成的块。
本发明还涉及以成套工具形式的气化炉内衬,其包括由根据本发明的制品构成的部件的组件,改变所述部件的各自的形状以便由所述组件形成所述内衬。具体地,所述内衬可以设计成:通过与导管的外形匹配来允许至少一个所述导管穿过和/或具有至少一个凹角。
本发明还涉及一种气化炉,所述气化炉的反应器至少部分地内衬有包括根据本发明的耐火制品或者利用根据本发明的方法制造或能够利用根据本发明的方法制造的耐火制品的耐火内衬,尤其是在要与熔渣或腐蚀性液体接触的区域中。
所述耐火衬优选地采用块的组件的形式。
所述反应器可以包括制造纸浆产生的煤或黑液。
定义
氧化物质量含量涉及每一相应化学元素的总含量,利用业内标准惯例,其以最稳定的氧化物形式表示。因此,氧化物质量含量包括低氧化物和可能的氮化物、氮氧化物、碳化物、碳氧化物、碳氮化物以及甚至以上提及的元素的金属种类。
术语“熔融物”被理解为表示液体主体,为了保持其形状,其必须被包括在容器中。该主体可以包括一些固体颗粒,但固体颗粒的量不足以能够形成所述主体的结构。
术语“杂质”被理解为表示非故意地且必然地与原材料一起添入的不可避免的成分或者由这些成分的反应而产生的不可避免的成分。杂质是不必需的成分,但仅仅是允许杂质存在。例如,优选地,形成下列组的部分的化合物是杂质:铁、钛、钒和铬的氧化物、氮化物、氮氧化物、碳化物、碳氧化物、碳氮化物以及金属种类。
除非另有提及,所描述和要求保护的制品中的所有的氧化物含量是基于氧化物的重量百分比。
具体实施方式
在根据本发明的熔铸制品中,高氧化铝含量和大于28%的MgO含量使得能够获得主要包括Al2O3-MgO尖晶石的晶体结构的制品,使得能够满足对熔渣和腐蚀性液体的高耐性的要求。
发明人发现,氧化铜CuO的存在有利地使得能够获得具有低孔隙度的制品,条件是CuO的按重量计的含量大于0.05%以及优选地大于0.1%。
在包括倾注含金属(铁或铜)的熔融物的浴的制造方法期间,了解到金属易于聚集在所述浴的底部且因此有助于穿过包括该浴的容器且可能干扰电流流动、增大电损耗。发明人相信与该建议相反的是发现了添加CuO的积极效果。
然而,根据本发明,必须将CuO含量限制在小于1.0%,因为高于1.0%,CuO可以通过产生大量的CuO-MgO和/或CuO-Al2O3相而破坏该制品的耐火性。
发明人还发现氧化硼B2O3的存在有利地有助于提高CuO的作用。
硼的存在还有助于通过移动到所有碱金属的表面而消除氢氧化钠;这些碱金属对于制品对β-氧化铝的形成的抵抗性是有害的,β-氧化铝是使用中的该制品膨胀和碎裂的起因。
如以下示例所示,B2O3质量含量可以大于或等于0.05%甚或大于或等于0.1%。
然而,B2O3的存在必须局限于含量小于1.0%甚或小于或等于0.8%,因为高于该含量,B2O3可能通过产生过多的玻璃相而破坏耐火性。
二氧化硅B2O3的含量必须不超过0.5%,因为其可以削弱耐腐蚀性。具体地,含量过高,二氧化硅能够与杂质结合以增加玻璃相(对耐腐蚀性有害),或者与氧化铝反应以形成莫来石。现在,莫来石的存在通过造纸黑液而损害耐腐蚀性。
在根据本发明的制品中,氧化物Na2O和K2O被认为具有类似的效果。氧化物Na2O和K2O对于对β-氧化铝的形成的抵抗性具有不利影响且易于提高玻璃相的含量。因此,Na2O和K2O的质量含量必须小于或等于0.3%。
CaO的质量含量也必须小于或等于1.0%、优选地小于或等于0.4%。
根据本发明,Fe2O3+TiO2的质量含量小于0.55%且优选地Cr2O3的质量含量小于0.2%、优选地小于0.10%。这是因为这些氧化物是有害的且它们的含量优选地必须限制为痕量、优选地作为与原材料一起的杂质而被引入。
“其他种类氧化物”是以上未列出的种类,即与Al2O3、MgO、CuO、B2O3、SiO2、Na2O、K2O、CaO、Fe2O3和TiO2不同的种类的氧化物。在一个实施方式中,“其他种类氧化物”局限于尤其不期望存在或者通常作为杂质存在于原材料中的种类的氧化物。
通常,在熔铸制品中,氧化物占该制品的质量的大于98.5%或大于99%甚或基本上100%。这适用于根据本发明的制品。
根据本发明的制品可以具有复杂的形状。具体地,其可以采用具有非平面表面的砖或块的形式,所述非平面表面例如凹形和/或凸形表面、尤其是圆柱形、圆锥形或有角度的表面。复杂形状尤其使得所述内衬适合气化炉的构件的布局且尤其使得导管穿过其中。
根据本发明的制品通常可以通过以下描述的步骤a)到c)制造:
a)混合原材料以便形成原料;
b)使所述原料熔化以便获得熔融物;以及
c)通过冷却使所述熔融物固化,以便获得根据本发明的耐火制品。
在步骤a)中,选择原材料以便确保最终制品中的氧化物含量。
在步骤b)中,优选地通过将不导致还原的非常长的电弧的作用与搅拌组合来进行所述熔化,这促进所述制品再氧化。短或适度短的电弧调节也可以用于制造所述制品。
为了使具有金属外观的结核的形成最小化以及避免在最终制品中形成裂缝或裂纹,优选地在氧化条件下进行所述熔化操作。
优选地,利用了第1208577号法国专利及其补充的第75893号和第82310号法国专利中描述的长弧熔化方法。
该方法在于利用电弧炉,在该电弧炉中,电弧置于炉料和远离该炉料的至少一个电极之间,以及该方法在于调整该电弧的长度使得最小化其还原作用,同时仍保持该熔融浴上的氧化氛围并搅拌所述浴。
熔化操作具体地可以在2000℃以上的温度下、优选地2050℃与2200℃之间的温度下进行。
在步骤c)中,冷却可以根据制造所述部件所需的成型技术来改变。
如此制造的本发明的制品主要由氧化铝-氧化镁尖晶石和方镁石晶体构成。没有发现氧化铝晶体。
示例
出于说明本发明的目的,给出以下非限制性示例:
在这些示例中,使用了以下原材料:
-煅烧氧化铝,依重量平均其包括99.5%的Al2O3、0.27%的Na2O和100ppm的SiO2
-AlF3,其包括至多0.15%的SiO2和至多0.25%的Na2O;
-煅烧的高纯的合成氧化镁,其包括98.5%的MgO、至多0.9%的CaO、0.2%的SiO2和至多0.6%的Fe2O3
-碳化硼,其包括76.25%的硼、20.1%的碳和0.18%的Fe2O3
-氧化亚铜Cu2O,其通常包括98.7%的Cu2O和0.7%的金属铜。
利用传统的电弧炉熔化方法来熔化所述原材料,如上所述,接着注入所述熔融物以获得块。
表1中给出了获得的制品的化学组成,即以重量百分比给出的平均总化学组成。
在下表1中,*表示在本发明外的示例,空格对应于0.04wt%或更小。至100%的余量由与表中提到的氧化物种类不同的氧化物种类构成。
通常,利用精密天平测量研磨粉的总孔隙度,利用水银容器测量体积密度,利用氦比重计对研磨粉末测量绝对密度。
通过以下方程式给出总孔隙度:
总孔隙度=100×(绝对密度-体积密度)/绝对密度
表1
  1*   2*   3*   4   5   6   7   8   9   10
  Al2O3   50.3   68.1   71.4   62.82   61.85   62.22   62.55   61.88   63.24   64.1
  MgO   48.7   31.1   27.6   36   36.82   36.21   36.21   35.91   35.2   34.22
  CuO   0.49   0.35   0.25   0.44   0.19   0.13   0.23
  B2O3   0.33   0.3   0.5   0.63   0.68
  SiO2   0.10   0.10   0.08   0.08   0.05   0.05   0.05   0.05   0.05   0.05
  Na2O   0.20   0.13   0.11   0.13   ≤0.3   ≤0.3   ≤0.3   ≤0.3   0.09   0.1
  CaO   0.10   0.22   0.14   0.05   0.54   0.57   0.52   0.5   0.35   0.27
  Fe2O3   0.27   0.17   0.11   0.13   0.21   0.22   0.21   0.21   0.18   0.22
  总孔隙度(%)   15   15.3   10.9   4.5   5.5   6.2   6.7   6.5   3.8   5.7
  体积密度(g/cm3)   3.43   3.4   3.38   3.35   3.35   3.44   3.38
结果示出,被测试的本发明的制品的孔隙度比比较性示例低,由此尤其使所述制品能够限制熔渣的渗透。
当然,本发明不局限于所描述的实施方式,所提供的这些示例作为说明性且非限制性示例。

Claims (15)

1.一种熔铸耐火制品,所述熔铸耐火制品具有基于氧化物按重量百分比计的以下化学组成:
Figure FPA00001479569100011
2.如前一项权利要求所述的制品,其中所述CuO的质量含量大于或等于0.10%且小于或者等于0.8%。
3.如前一项权利要求所述的制品,其中所述CuO的质量含量大于或等于0.15%且小于或等于0.7%。
4.如前一项权利要求所述的制品,其中所述CuO的质量含量大于或等于0.20%且小于或等于0.6%。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的制品,其中所述B2O3的质量含量大于或等于0.05%。
6.如前一项权利要求所述的制品,其中所述B2O3的质量含量大于或等于0.1%。
7.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的制品,其中所述B2O3的质量含量小于或者等于0.6%。
8.如前一项权利要求所述的制品,其中所述B2O3的质量含量小于或者等于0.3%。
9.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的制品,其中所述氧化铝Al2O3的质量含量小于或等于70%且大于或等于55%。
10.如前一项权利要求所述的制品,其中所述氧化铝Al2O3的质量含量小于或等于68%且大于或等于60%。
11.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的制品,其中所述MgO的质量含量小于或等于45%且大于或等于28.2%。
12.如前一项权利要求所述的制品,其中所述MgO的质量含量小于或等于40%且大于或等于30%。
13.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的制品,其中:
-所述CaO的质量含量小于或等于0.6%;和/或
-所述Na2O+K2O的质量含量小于或等于0.25%;和/或
-所述二氧化硅SiO2的质量含量小于或等于0.15%;和/或
-铁和/或钛的氧化物Fe2O3+TiO2的质量含量小于0.4%;和/或
-氧化铬的质量含量小于0.1%。
14.一种气化炉,所述气化炉的反应器至少部分地内衬有耐火内衬,所述耐火内衬包括前述权利要求中任一项所述的耐火制品。
15.如前一项权利要求中所述的气化炉,所述气化炉的所述反应器包括由制造纸浆所产生的煤或黑液。
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CA2684686A1 (fr) * 2007-04-23 2008-12-04 Saint-Gobain Centre De Recherches Et D'etudes Europeen Refractory product for a checker work element of a glass furnace regenerator
CN101113097A (zh) * 2007-06-29 2008-01-30 武汉钢铁(集团)公司 一种炉衬耐火砖上的红外辐射多孔陶瓷及制备方法

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CN104136875A (zh) * 2011-12-22 2014-11-05 法商圣高拜欧洲实验及研究中心 蓄热器
CN105143147A (zh) * 2012-12-19 2015-12-09 法商圣高拜欧洲实验及研究中心 用于气化炉或用于冶金炉的铝镁制品
CN105143147B (zh) * 2012-12-19 2017-06-06 法商圣高拜欧洲实验及研究中心 用于气化炉或用于冶金炉的铝镁制品
CN107365161A (zh) * 2017-07-17 2017-11-21 辽宁中镁高温材料有限公司 一种铜复合高性能镁铬砖及其制造方法
CN107365161B (zh) * 2017-07-17 2020-08-11 辽宁中镁高温材料有限公司 一种铜复合镁铬砖及其制造方法

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US20120100043A1 (en) 2012-04-26
BRPI1011866A2 (pt) 2016-03-29
WO2010140120A1 (fr) 2010-12-09
CA2763965A1 (fr) 2010-12-09
JP2012528781A (ja) 2012-11-15
FR2946044B1 (fr) 2011-07-01
EP2438028B1 (fr) 2013-05-01
FR2946044A1 (fr) 2010-12-03
CN102459123B (zh) 2013-11-27
US8497222B2 (en) 2013-07-30

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