CN102449249A - 复合增强件 - Google Patents
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Abstract
在建筑结构中使用复合增强件“Astrofleks”以增强保温墙板、实心混凝土和预制建筑物。所述复合增强件包括外层(1),其内布置有内层(2),外层(1)的外表面上具有突出元件(3)以改善纳米复合增强件与混凝土的粘合性。根据1号实施方案,层(1)由纳米复合碳制成,其中聚合物基质通过碳纳米结构改性。层(2)由轻质高流动混凝土制成,所述轻质高流动混凝土在其组成中含有以下比例(重量%)的组分:水泥-20-50;填料-70-30;增塑剂-0.02-2.5;水-余量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及构造,即复合增强件,其用于建筑结构以增强保温墙板、实心混凝土和预制建筑物,以及作为单独的棒材和网材用于建筑物的构造元件中。
背景技术
在高级建筑材料中,一类建造桥梁和建筑物的聚合物复合材料和含水泥材料(PCM和CM)能够越来越多地用于施工中,它们被用于改造和加固已有的结构。通过如高强度和高耐腐蚀性(包括耐辐射性)的这类有利品质,这些材料能够产生新构造和技术,以建造桥梁、建筑物和其他构造。聚合物和聚合物复合材料在现代技术中的广泛应用与改性PCM或这些组合物中的某些组分的新方法相关。目前,PCM工业的主流趋势在于对各种纳米材料改性的PCM(所谓的纳米复合材料)的生产进行开发和组织。
层合复合增强棒材是已知的,其制成的形式为金属芯上层合了分散于环氧树脂基质中的材料纤维形式的复合材料组合物(参见美国专利发明5,613,334,MPK6E 04L 5/08,25.03.1997)。
该复合增强棒材的低耐热性低(120-150℃)并且在高于300℃的温度下不能提供必要的刚性。
最接近本发明的基本特征组合的是用于混凝土增强的棒材,其包含外层和置于外部以内的内层(参见发明RU 2,054,508,MPK6E 04S 5/07,20.02.1996)。该复合增强棒材也具有低的耐热性(120-200℃)并且在高于300℃的温度下不能提供必要的刚性。
发明内容
使用本发明提议的方案的技术效果是当加热至高于300℃时热稳定性增加,同时维持高强度特性。
通过根据1号实施方案实现该技术效果,根据该实施方案,在含有外层和置于所述外层内部的内层的复合增强件中,所述外层由纳米复合碳制成,在该纳米复合碳中聚合物基质通过碳纳米结构改性,并且所述内层由轻质高流动混凝土制成,所述轻质高流动混凝土在其组成中含有以下比例(重量%)的组分:
水泥 20-50;
填料 70-30;
增塑剂 0.02-2.5;
水 余量。
通过根据2号实施方案实现该技术效果,根据该实施方案,复合增强件含有外层和置于所述外层内部的内层,所述外层由碳纳米复合材料制成,在该碳纳米复合材料中聚合物基质通过比例占聚合物基质的0.01-10重量%的亚甲基桥轮烯型(astralens)多面多层碳纳米结构改性,并且所述内层由轻质高流动纳米混凝土(nanobeton)制成,所述轻质高流动纳米混凝土在其组成中含有以下比例(重量%)的组分:
水泥 24-48;
填料 60-30;
改性玄武岩纤维 2-6;
增塑剂 0.05-3.0;
水 余量。
通过根据3号实施方案实现该技术效果,根据该实施方案,复合增强件含有外层和置于所述外层内部的内层,所述外层由纳米复合碳纤维制成,并且所述内层由轻质高流动纳米复合混凝土制成,所述轻质高流动纳米复合混凝土在其组成中含有以下比例(重量%)的组分:
水泥 20-50;
填料 50-20;
增塑剂 0.02-2.5;
水溶性环氧树脂 0.2-25;
水 余量。
此外,在实施方案1、2、3的复合增强件中,外层表面具有耐火涂层;外层和内层的横截面具有任意形状。
附图说明
图1显示复合增强件的全视图;
图2显示图1的A-A截面;
图3显示复合增强件的截面;
图4显示图1的B-B截面;
图5显示图2的C-C截面;
图6显示图3的D-D截面。
具体实施方式
实施方案1、2、3的复合增强件“Astrofleks”包含外层1,外层1的外表面上形成的突出(relief)元件3以改善通过本发明方法制造建筑物具体件的过程中纳米复合增强件与混凝土的粘合性。外层1和内层2的横截面具有任意形状,例如圆形(图4)、矩形(图5)和三角形(图6)。取决于应用,复合增强件的外层1的表面可具有耐火涂层4。耐火涂层基于TEG和水玻璃制成,其能够提高增强件的耐热性。
根据1号实施方案,外层1由碳纳米复合材料制成,其中聚合物基质基于环氧树脂、聚酯或聚酰亚胺聚合物通过比例占聚合物基质的0.01-10重量%的碳纳米结构(如亚甲基桥轮烯型多面多层碳纳米结构)改性。内层2由高流动轻质混凝土制成,所述高流动轻质混凝土在其组成中含有以下比例(重量%)的组分:水泥-20-50;填料-70-30;增塑剂-0.02-2.5;水-余量。
内层2包含碎石与沙的混合物和碎石与硅酸铝微球的混合物作为填料。
内层2包含聚萘亚甲基磺酸钠-基于萘磺酸与甲醛的缩合产物的有机合成材料作为增塑剂。
其他的组分质量百分比不允许得到在技术上可以制造具有所需性能的所要求保护的纳米复合增强件的内层的复合混凝土。
根据2号实施方案,外层1由纳米复合碳制成,其中聚合物基质通过比例占聚合物基质质量的0.01-10%的亚甲基桥轮烯型多面多层碳纳米结构改性。
根据2号实施方案,外层1由纳米复合碳制成,其中聚合物基质通过比例占聚合物基质重量的0.01-10%的亚甲基桥轮烯型多面多层碳纳米结构改性。作为外层1的聚合物基质,使用固化的环氧树脂,例如ED-20、环氧漆树脂DER 531、环氧酚醛、聚酯树脂等。
内层2由轻质高流动纳米复合混凝土制成,所述轻质高流动纳米复合混凝土在其组成中含有以下比例(重量%)的组分:水泥-24-48;填料-60-30;改性玄武岩纤维-2-6;增塑剂-0.05-3.0;水-余量。内层2包含碎石与沙的混合物和碎石与硅酸铝微球的混合物作为填料。
内层2包含低聚羰基化物(oligocarboxid)型增塑剂如MF 2642,作为增塑剂。使用该填料和增塑剂允许得到提高的耐热性。
内层2的组成中存在改性玄武岩纤维能够获得具有高破坏功(work ofdestruction)和增加的抗弯曲性的微粒增强的纳米复合混凝土。通过使直径为8-10微米且长度为100-500微米的短切玄武岩纤维与亚甲基桥轮烯型多面多层碳纳米结构和通过电弧溅射石墨得到的多层碳纳米管混合,然后氧化清洁阴极沉积物,每1份玄武岩纤维取量为0.0001-0.005份的改性剂,从而得到改性玄武岩纤维。这些纳米结构与玄武岩纤维在压碎机中在压碎玄武岩纤维的过程中混合。
改性玄武岩纤维的表面通过比例为0.001-0.1重量%的亚甲基桥轮烯型多层碳纳米结构改性。
内层组分的其他质量百分比和多面多层碳纳米结构与聚合物基质质量的其他比例不允许得到在技术上可以制造具有所需性能的所要求保护的纳米复合增强件的外层和内层的复合碳塑料和混凝土。
根据3号实施方案,外层1由纳米复合碳制成,其中聚合物基质基于环氧树脂、聚酯或聚酰亚胺聚合物通过比例占聚合物基质质量的0.01-10%的碳纳米结构(如亚甲基桥轮烯型多面多层碳纳米结构)改性。内层2由轻质高流动纳米混凝土制成,所述轻质高流动纳米混凝土在其组成中含有以下比例(重量%)的组分:水泥-20-50;填料-50-20;增塑剂-0.02-2.5;水溶性环氧树脂-0.2-25;水-余量。内层2包含碎石与沙的混合物和碎石与硅酸铝微球的混合物作为填料。
内层2包含低聚羰基化物型增塑剂如Zica 1250,作为增塑剂。使用该填料和增塑剂能够实现耐热性提高。
用于轻质高流动纳米混凝土的混凝土混合物还包含水相容性环氧组合物,例如用“Aramin”型水溶性硬化剂硬化的环氧树脂ED-20,其对于改善层1和层2边界处的粘合性是必需的。
组分的其他质量百分比不允许实现在技术上可以制造具有所需性能的所要求保护的纳米复合增强件的内层的复合混凝土。
可以以两种方式制造对应于1、2、3号实施方案的复合增强件“Astrofleks”。
a)首先制造内层2。为此,将混凝土混合物的干组分装入混合机中并混合5-15分钟。将增塑剂溶于水中,将溶液装入混合机并将混合物混合5-15分钟。然后将混凝土混合物倒入模具中并保持在模具中直至混凝土砂浆凝固以及直至达到必要的硬度。随后将用粘合剂浸渍的碳带或扭曲带材缠绕在层2的外表面并且使粘合剂凝固。也可以使用碳预浸料(用粘合剂浸渍并干燥的碳带或扭曲带材)制造外层1。制造具有必要表面突出的外层1。
b)首先制造外层1。为此,将预先在超声波场的条件下引入亚甲基桥轮烯型碳纳米粒子的用粘合剂和硬化剂浸渍的扭曲碳带或带材以规定角度(0°-30°)螺旋地缠绕在心轴例如(聚四氟乙烯)氟塑料棒材上,然后使粘合剂凝固。将混凝土混合物的干组分装入混合机中,混合5-15分钟,然后添加增塑剂与水的水溶液至其需要量。再次搅拌混合物,将得到的混凝土溶液倒入移除芯材之后在外层1的内部形成的体积内。
维持得到的结构直至砂浆凝固以及直至必要的硬度。也可以使用碳预浸料制造外层1。预浸料具有对应外层1的形式的封闭表面形式,并通过加热至某一温度使粘合剂硬化。然后通过上述方法用混凝土混合物填充由外层1形成的体积,并维持直至凝固并达到必要的硬度。如果通过所述方法制造复合棒材,则能够选择内层和外层的所述硬度参数,使得在施加突出物时,外层产生部分形变(凹下0.1-0.5mm的深度)而不丧失外层的完整性(图3)。这样的复合棒材在从增强的混凝土具体件拉拽增强件的测试中具有最佳特性。
然后确定所得产物中的材料特征。对此,取用标准尺寸的样品且在不同温度下进行压缩测试和弯曲测试。
1号实施方案的复合增强件“Astrofleks”的性能在表1中给出。
表1
从表1中可以看到,用硅酸铝微球改性层2和用亚甲基桥轮烯改性层1的聚合物基质导致耐热性的显著提高,同时维持足够高的强度特性。
表2
2号实施方案的复合增强件“Astrofleks”的性能示于表2中。
如表2可见,用亚甲基桥轮烯纳米结构改性层1的聚合物基质和用玄武岩微纤维改性层2导致强度特性提高,同时维持高的耐热性。
3号实施方案的复合增强件“Astrofleks”的性能列于表3中。
表3
如表3所示,向内层2的组成中引入水相容性环氧树脂导致强度特性的提高,同时维持足够高的热稳定性。
1、2、3号实施方案的复合增强件“Astrofleks”以如下方式使用:
安装复合增强件(棒材)并填充混凝土,当混凝土具有必要的强度时,用该方法制造和增强的具体件可用于建筑构造。
借助复合偶联剂和(或)收缩膜由复合增强件的单独棒材组装平面或立体结构。组装的结构灌入混凝土或独立地用作承重构造元件。
因此,由纳米复合碳纤维外层1和轻质纳米混凝土内层2制成的复合增强件“Astrofleks”具有更高的耐热性和高强度。与用钢增强件增强的混凝土不同,用聚合物复合增强件增强的混凝土不会腐蚀。芯结构的应用提高了物理-机械特性,并导致结构中张力下降。
使用复合增强件“Astrofleks”能够显著降低构造的重量,提高耐腐蚀性、耐恶劣环境性,增加建筑可行性,降低劳动力成本,优于传统材料的许多性能。
Claims (9)
1.一种含有外层和内层的复合增强件,其特征在于,所述外层由纳米复合碳制成,在所述纳米复合碳中聚合物基质通过碳纳米结构改性,并且所述内层由高流动轻质混凝土制成,所述高流动轻质混凝土在其组成中含有以下比例(重量%)的组分:
水泥 20-50;
填料 70-30;
增塑剂 0.02-2.5;
水 余量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合增强件,其特征在于,所述外层的表面具有耐火涂层。
3.根据权利要求1所述的复合增强件,其特征在于,所述外层和内层的横截面具有任意形状。
4.一种含有外层和内层的复合增强件,其特征在于,所述外层由纳米复合碳制成,在所述纳米复合碳中聚合物基质通过比例占所述聚合物基质的0.01-10重量%的亚甲基桥轮烯型多面多层碳纳米结构改性,并且所述内层由轻质高流动纳米混凝土制成,所述轻质高流动纳米混凝土在其组成中含有以下比例(重量%)的组分:
水泥 24-48;
填料 60-30;
改性玄武岩纤维 2-6;
增塑剂 0.05-3.0;
水 余量。
5.根据权利要求4所述的复合增强件,其特征在于,所述外层的表面具有耐火涂层。
6.根据权利要求4所述的复合增强件,其特征在于,所述外层和内层的横截面具有任意形状。
7.一种含有外层和内层的复合增强件,其特征在于,所述外层由纳米复合碳纤维制成,并且所述内层由轻质高流动纳米混凝土制成,所述轻质高流动纳米混凝土在其组成中含有以下比例(重量%)的组分:
水泥 20-50;
填料 50-20;
增塑剂 0.02-2.5;
水相容性环氧树脂 0.2-25;
水 余量。
8.根据权利要求7所述的复合增强件,其特征在于,所述外层的表面具有耐火涂层。
9.根据权利要求7所述的复合增强件,其特征在于,所述外层和内层的横截面具有任意形状。
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