CN102448385A - 陶瓷切割模板 - Google Patents

陶瓷切割模板 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102448385A
CN102448385A CN2010800239489A CN201080023948A CN102448385A CN 102448385 A CN102448385 A CN 102448385A CN 2010800239489 A CN2010800239489 A CN 2010800239489A CN 201080023948 A CN201080023948 A CN 201080023948A CN 102448385 A CN102448385 A CN 102448385A
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Prior art keywords
oxide
zirconium dioxide
volume
cutting board
host material
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CN2010800239489A
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English (en)
Inventor
R.普雷伊斯
H.韦克
M.埃施勒
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Ceramtec GmbH
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Ceramtec GmbH
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    • A61B17/14—Surgical saws ; Accessories therefor
    • A61B17/15—Guides therefor
    • A61B17/154—Guides therefor for preparing bone for knee prosthesis
    • A61B17/155—Cutting femur
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/16—Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans
    • A61B17/17—Guides or aligning means for drills, mills, pins or wires
    • A61B17/1739—Guides or aligning means for drills, mills, pins or wires specially adapted for particular parts of the body
    • A61B17/1764—Guides or aligning means for drills, mills, pins or wires specially adapted for particular parts of the body for the knee
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种切割模板或者切割块，优选是用于医疗技术中的切割模板或者切割块。

Description

陶瓷切割模板
本发明的主题是一种切割模板(Schnittschablone)或者切割块(Sägeblock)，优选是用于医疗技术中的切割模板或者切割块。
在每个膝盖模板植入(Knie-TEP-Implantation)过程中，将所谓的切割模板或者切割块固定到股骨上。使用这种切割模板，通常进行三次切割来使得股骨表面与股骨部件的几何形状相配合。对每个切割来说，在切割模板中存在着一个引导(在1模板中的3或者4切割引导)。在这个引导中，切割是用摆动型锯条来进行的。现今，锯条和切割模板主要是由生物相容性金属合金制成的。
取决于制造商，切割块中的导轨的宽度是1.2-1.5mm。由于锯条的振动和锯条与导轨之间存在的摩擦力，在导轨侧发生了高的金属磨损。这种磨屑(Abrieb)不能或者仅仅不充分地在外科手术期间从伤口上除去。因此，这种磨屑会变成感染源，和特别的会导致患者的过敏反应。因此，重要的是充分减少所述的磨屑，并且特别地，在潜在的过敏症患者情况下通过使用陶瓷股骨部件来进行植入反应时应该避免这种情况。
根据现今的认知，大部分金属磨屑是通过在切割模板的导轨上研磨而产生的。在切割模板在膝盖模板植入过程中使用了大约20-40次后，该导轨表现出增加了大约0.5-1.5mm的导轨间隙。结果，该切割模板的引导精度明显降低。对于外科医生来说，相应的结果是：不再能进行锯条的精确切割，股骨切割表面的对准和平坦度的背离程度逐渐增加。这导致了切割表面和股骨部件之间较大的间隙。所述的间隙必须通过大于通常体积的一定体积的骨水泥在外科手术过程中填充，这会对所述系统的使用寿命(Standzeit)产生不利影响。
本发明所基于的目标是消除现有技术的切割模板/切割块的缺点，和特别：
减少金属磨屑，其中应力争相对于迄今的金属熔体将金属磨屑减少至多90%；
Figure 289680DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
提高切割模板的使用寿命和因此节约成本；
Figure 505636DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
减少过敏的风险和感染的风险。
本发明的目标令人惊讶地通过陶瓷制成的、具有独立权利要求特征的切割模板/切割块(下文中，术语烧结模制体(Sinterformkörper)或者烧结体也用于本发明的切割模板/本发明的切割块)实现。优选的实施方案可以在从属权利要求中找到。已经令人惊讶地发现给定目标的解决方案需要具有非常特定组成的烧结模制体。除了通过在陶瓷基质中嵌入含有稳定化氧化物(stabilisierende Oxide)的二氧化锆所实现的转换增强之外，根据第一实施方案，本发明提供了作为基质的氧化铝/氧化铬混合晶体（Mischkristall）。本发明进一步提供了嵌入到基质中的二氧化锆和与氧化铝一起形成混合晶体的氧化铬处于彼此规定的摩尔比。这种措施使得甚至在较高二氧化锆份额的情况中(其对于保持特别好的断裂韧度可能是必需的)，也能够实现所需的硬度值。另一方面，在低二氧化锆份额的情况中，会存在着相对低的氧化铬含量，由此抵消材料变脆。
关于含有稳定化氧化物的二氧化锆和氧化铬是以一定的摩尔比存在的论述自动产生了其他成分的特定比例，因为例如随着二氧化锆的份额以及稳定化氧化物的份额相对于该烧结模制体的降低，同时另一方面，氧化铝的份额提高。基于该烧结模制体的氧化铝，该氧化铬的存在重量是0.004-6.57重量%，其中，但是，不应当忽视的是氧化铬与含有稳定化氧化物的二氧化锆处于所述的摩尔关系中。已经发现氧化铈作为稳定化氧化物是非常特别有利的。
根据另外一种有利的实施方案，该烧结模制体中的基质材料的份额至少是70体积%，并且是由氧化铝/氧化铬混合晶体形成的，氧化铬份额是0.1-2.32重量%，基于氧化铝，其中2-30体积%的氧化锆嵌入到基质中，并且二氧化锆包含0.27-2.85摩尔%的氧化钇，基于二氧化锆和氧化钇的混合物，该氧化锆主要是以四方晶系变体而存在，平均晶粒尺寸不超过2 µm。基于二氧化锆和氧化钇混合物为0.27-2.85摩尔%量的氧化钇对应于基于二氧化锆为0.5%-5.4重量%的氧化钇。在这样的烧结模制体的情况中，该含有氧化钇的二氧化锆与氧化铬是以370：1-34：1的摩尔比而存在的。
根据本发明另外一种特别优选的实施方案，该基质材料的组成为氧化铝/氧化铬混合晶体和式SrAl12-xCrxO19的另外的混合晶体，其中x值是0.0007-0.045。同样在这种实施方案中，其除了对应于第一实施方案，嵌入到混合晶体基质中的二氧化锆具有增韧效果之外，而加入铬能够抵消由于二氧化锆份额引起的硬度下降。令人惊讶地，已经发现在氧化锶存在下，片状体(Platelet)是以微结构形成的，该片状体对应于通式SrAl12-xCrxO19。通过加入氧化锶而另外形成的式SrAl12-xCrxO19的混合晶体具有另外的效果，即，它赋予了该烧结模制体进一步提高的韧性，甚至在高温也是如此。因此还提高了这些烧结模制体在提高的温度影响下的耐磨损性。同样在这种实施方案中，已经证明氧化铈是特别合适的。即使该基质不包含Cr2O3时也形成了片状体。
根据另外一种实施方案，该烧结模制体的耐磨损性可以通过在其中嵌入基于该基质材料为2-25 体积%的元素周期表的第四和第五副族的金属的碳化物、氮化物和碳氮化物中的一种或者多种而进一步提高。优选地，这些硬材料的份额是大约6-15 体积%。特别合适的是氮化钛，碳化钛和碳氮化钛。
根据本发明一种特别优选的另外的实施方案，含有稳定化氧化物的二氧化锆与氧化铬的摩尔比是取决于本发明的烧结模制体中所存在的二氧化锆份额，以这样的方式来设定的，即，在低二氧化锆份额的情况中，该氧化铬的量也是低的。已经发现如果二氧化锆：氧化铬的摩尔比设定在下面的范围，则它是特别合适的：
2-5 体积%的二氧化锆 1000：1-100：1
>5-15 体积%的二氧化锆 200：1-40：1
>15-30体积%的二氧化锆 100：1-20：1
>30-40体积%的二氧化锆 40：1-20：1。
为了确保二氧化锆主要以四方晶系变体形成存在，根据本发明，需要将二氧化锆的晶粒尺寸设定为不超过2 µm。除了立方晶系变体中的二氧化锆份额之外(其允许至多5 体积%的量)，少量的单斜晶系变体也是允许的；但是，它们也不能超过最大5 体积%的量，并且优选小于2 体积%，特别优选的甚至小于1 体积%，这样优选大于90体积%是以四方晶系变体而存在的。
因为除了专利权利要求所述的成分之外，该烧结模制体另外仅仅包含以不可避免的方式引入的杂质，其根据本发明的另外一种优选的实施方案，不大于0.5 体积%，该烧结模制体仅仅由氧化铝-氧化铬混合晶体组成，或者在氧化锶和氧化铬存在时，由这种混合晶体和式SrAl12-xCrxO19的混合晶体以及二氧化锆(其包含稳定化氧化物，并且被嵌入到所述混合晶体的基质中)组成。另外的相例如诸如晶界相(其是在氧化铝和氧化镁一起使用时形成的)，或者另外的晶相(其是通过加入本领域已知的物质例如YNbO4或者YTaO4而产生的，并且其具有不足够高的软化点)不存在于本发明的烧结模制体中。同样，Mn、Cu和Fe的氧化物(其是现有技术中已知的，并且其还导致形成了另外的相)引起软化点降低和导致低的边缘强度。因此本发明不使用这些材料。
优选地，该二氧化锆的存在量不大于30体积%。优选该二氧化锆的存在量也不小于15 体积%。如果二氧化锆的存在量是15-30体积%，则含有稳定化氧化物的二氧化锆与氧化铬的摩尔比特别优选是40：1到25：1。
根据另外一种非常特别优选的实施方案，以四方晶系变体存在的二氧化锆的份额大于95 体积%，其中仅仅总共至多5 体积%是以立方晶系和/或单斜晶系变体而存在的。非常特别优选的是嵌入的二氧化锆的晶粒尺寸符合0.2-1.5 µm的范围。与此相反，该氧化铝/氧化铬混合晶体的平均晶粒尺寸在0.8-1.5 µm的范围被发现是特别合适的。如果另外还使用元素周期表的第四和第五副族的金属的碳化物、氮化物和碳氮化物中的一种或者多种，则它们所用的晶粒尺寸是0.8-3 µm。式SrAl12-xCrxO19的混合晶体粒子的长度/厚度比是5：1-15：1。它们的最大长度是12 µm，和它们的最大厚度是1.5 µm。
令人惊讶地发现合适的片状体不仅可以用氧化锶，而且还可以用某些其他氧化物以微结构产生。形成片状体的前提条件是“原位”形成片状体的六方晶系晶体结构。如果将材料体系Al2O3-Cr2O3-ZrO2-Y2O3(CeO2)用作基质，则可以用许多不同的氧化物来“原位”形成下面的片状体。通过加入合金元素(Zulegierung)碱金属氧化物，形成了相应的碱金属-Al11-xCrxO17片状体，通过加入合金元素碱土金属氧化物，形成了相应的碱土金属-Al12-xCrxO19片状体，通过加入合金元素CdO，PbO、HgO，形成了相应的(Cd，Pb或者HgAl12-xCrxO19)片状体，和通过加入合金元素稀土氧化物，形成了相应的稀土元素-Al11-xCrxO18片状体。此外，La2O3可以形成化合物La0.9Al11.76-xCrxO19。但是，即使该基质不包含Cr2O3，也会形成片状体。不存在氧化锶而形成的片状体对应于通式：碱金属-Al11O17，碱土金属-Al12O19，(Cd、Pb或者HgAl12O19)或者稀土元素-Al12O18。
根据本发明，在优选的实施方案中，该基质材料包含氧化铝/氧化铬混合晶体和另外的根据下面通式之一的混合晶体：Me1Al11-xCrxO17，Me2Al12-xCrxO19，Me2 ’Al12-xCrxO19或者Me3Al11-xCrxO18，其中Me1代表碱金属，Me2代表碱土金属，Me2 ’代表镉、铅或者汞，和Me3代表稀土金属。La0.9Al11.76-xCrxO19也可以作为混合晶体加入该基质材料中。x可以取0.0007-0.045的值。
即使基质不含Cr2O3，也会发生本发明所设想的“原位”片状体增强。根据本发明特别设想的是，硬度值的降低不干扰。不使用Cr2O3而形成的片状体因此对应于通式Me1Al11O17，Me2Al12O19，Me2 ’Al12O19或者Me3Al12O18。借助这些烧结模制体，也可以提供同样优选的实施方案，正如借助在基质材料中包含Cr2O3的烧结模制体那样。在这方面，上面给出的关于在基质材料含有Cr2O3的烧结模制体的解释类似地应用于基质材料中没有Cr2O3的烧结模制体。
本发明的烧结模制体的维氏硬度大于1750[HV0.5]，但是优选高于1800[HV0.5]。
本发明的烧结模制体的微结构没有微裂纹，并且孔隙度不大于1.0%。该烧结模制体还可以包含晶须，但该晶须不是由碳化硅形成的。
该烧结模制体优选不包含经常用作晶粒生长抑制剂的物质例如诸如氧化镁。
权利要求和说明书中所用的术语“混合晶体”不理解为表示单晶；而是，氧化铬在氧化铝或者铝酸锶中的固熔体。本发明的烧结模制体或者切割模板是多晶的。
在烧结过程中，稳定剂氧化物溶于ZrO2晶格中并且稳定了ZrO2的四方晶系变体。为了生产该烧结模制体和为了实现没有另外的不期望的相的微结构，使用了高纯度原料，即，氧化铝和二氧化锆的纯度大于99%。优选地，杂质程度为显著更低。特别地，基于最终的烧结模制体大于0.5 体积%份额的SiO2是不期望的。不受这个规则约束的是不可避免存在二氧化铪，其在二氧化锆以至多2重量%的少量存在。
该烧结模制体的制造是如下来进行的：不受压烧结(druckloses Sinter)或者热压氧化铝/二氧化锆/氧化铬和稳定化氧化物的混合物，或者使用这些成分的混合物，其另外还加入有氧化锶或者代替氧化锶的碱金属氧化物，碱土金属氧化物，CdO，PbO，HgO，稀土氧化物或者La2O3和/或元素周期表的第四和第五副族的金属的碳化物、氮化物和碳氮化物中的一种或者多种。示例性的混合物在表1中给出。氧化钇和氧化铬的加入还可以以氧化钇铬(YCrO3)的形式来进行，而氧化锶的加入可以优选以锶盐的形式来进行，特别是碳酸锶(SrCO3)的形式。能代替氧化锶使用的碱金属氧化物，碱土金属氧化物，氧化镉，氧化铅，氧化汞，稀土氧化物或者氧化镧可以优选以它们的盐的形式加入，特别是碳酸盐的形式加入。但是，三元化合物(它们本身在烧结过程中分解和重排(umlagern))也是可能的。不同的陶瓷混合物是通过研磨来生产的。将临时粘合剂加入到该研磨的混合物中，随后将该混合物喷雾干燥。此后，将该喷雾干燥的混合物压成生坯(Grünkörper)，并且在标准条件下烧结，例如以不受压的方式烧结，或者预烧结，并且在氩气氛中进行气压烧结方法。
术语“不受压烧结”包括在大气条件下、在保护气体下或者在真空中烧结。优选地，该模制体首先在无压力下预烧结到理论密度的90-95%，随后通过热静等压或者气压烧结再压缩(nachverdichten)。该理论密度由此可以提高到直至大于99.5%的值。
制造生坯的一种备选方式是直接由悬浮液来实现的。为此，将固含量大于50体积%的混合物在含水悬浮液中研磨。将该混合物的pH值设定为4–4.5。在研磨之后，加入尿素以及一定量的酶尿素酶(其适于在所述悬浮液倾倒入模具之前降解尿素)。归因于该酶催化的尿素分解，该悬浮液的pH值变为9，其中该悬浮液凝结。在脱模之后，将以此方式制造的生坯干燥和烧结。该烧结方法可以以不受压的方式进行，但是预烧结，随后热等静压再压缩也是可能的。关于这种方法(DCC方法)进一步的细节公开在WO94/02429和WO94/24064中，将其完全并入作为参考。
当基于所述多组分体系来制造陶瓷时，一系列因素会是非常重要的。特别是在粉末混合物准备过程中，分散和研磨会对本发明的陶瓷性能产生特别的影响。研磨方法和研磨单元本身会对结果产生影响。同样，所用研磨悬浮液的固含量会另外影响分散。
在下面的实施例中，更详细地说明了影响参数和它们对于机械性能的作用。对于各试验来说，使用了下面的固体组合：
Al2O3 73.11重量%
ZrO2 23.57重量%
La2O3 2.48重量%
YCrO3 0.84重量%。
对于试验V1-V4来说，使用了60重量%的浆体。在试验V5中，固含量降低到55重量%。为了进行试验V1，使用了振动磨。试验V2和V3是使用实验室立式球磨来进行的；V2的研磨时间是1h，V3的研磨时间是大致2h。在试验V4中，已经在连续立式球磨中加工了30kg的量。试验V5是在实验室立式球磨中进行的，并且持续研磨2h。
下面，列出了各个试验的强度测试结果：
Figure 900845DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
表 1
Figure 715217DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
*La2O3；**Er2O3；***BaO；****Dy2O3 。
根据本发明的教导，相对于现有技术的金属制成的切割模板或者切割块，金属磨屑减少了至多90%。本发明的切割模板或者切割块的使用寿命得到相当大的提高，这是因为在该切割模板上仅仅发生了很少的磨损。这降低了成本。此外，降低了患者过敏或者过敏反应的风险和感染的风险。
该切割模板优选用于医疗技术领域，特别是用于处理骨头的外科手术中，在优选的方式中用于膝盖模板植入中。
本发明的陶瓷切割模板或者制造其的陶瓷的优点是：
Figure 475363DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
该切割模板表现出极低的磨损。
Figure 742396DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
该材料是生物相容性的。
Figure 941296DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
如果本发明的切割模板是通过激光标记的，则该模板是很清楚可见的和易读的，并因此能够降低该切割模板使用过程中的误操作。
Figure 547858DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
该切割模板具有非常好的摩擦学性能。
图1-4以不同的视图表示了本发明的陶瓷制成的切割模板1。图5表示了常规的金属制成的切割模板的形状图和在外科手术中的使用。
图1-4表示了本发明的切割模板1，其也称作切割块。这样的切割模板1用于在人造膝盖关节植入过程中引导外科手术锯条。
该切割模板是由基体2组成的，其带有狭缝状凹进3，用于插入和精确引导板状锯条，其中该狭缝状凹进3具有彼此对置的引导表面4。在该锯割过程中，锯条(参见图5)紧密配合到这些引导表面4。通孔5钻入到基体2中，该通孔用于将切割模板1螺纹连接到股骨上。
在本发明上下文中，术语烧结模制体/烧结体表示切割模板或者切割块形式的陶瓷，或者，表示用作切割模板或者切割块的陶瓷。

Claims (22)

1.切割模板，其由下列成分制成：
a)60-98体积%的基质材料，该基质材料是由氧化铝/氧化铬混合晶体形成的，
b)2-40体积%的嵌入在所述基质材料中的二氧化锆，所述二氧化锆
c)包含作为稳定化氧化物的、大于10至15摩尔%的铈、镨和铽的氧化物中的一种或者多种，基于二氧化锆和稳定化氧化物的混合物，其中
d)对稳定化氧化物的加入量如此选择：以使得二氧化锆主要以四方晶系变体存在，和
e)含有该稳定化氧化物的二氧化锆与氧化铬的摩尔比是1000：1-20：1，
f)全部成分的份额总和是100体积%的烧结模制体。
2.切割模板，其由下列成分制成：
a)至少70体积%的基质材料，该基质材料是由氧化铝/氧化铬混合晶体形成的，其中氧化铬份额是0.01-2.32重量%，基于氧化铝，
b)2-30体积%的嵌入到该基质材料中的二氧化锆，所述二氧化锆
c)包含0.27%-2.85摩尔%的氧化钇，基于二氧化锆和氧化钇的混合物，其中对氧化钇的加入量如此选择：以使得二氧化锆主要以四方晶系变体存在，和
d)含有该稳定化氧化物的二氧化锆与氧化铬的摩尔比是1000：1-20：1，和
e)全部成分的份额总和是100体积%的该切割模板。
3.根据权利要求2的切割模板，其中含有该稳定化氧化物的二氧化锆与氧化铬的摩尔比是370：1-34：1。
4.切割模板，其由下列成分制成：
a1)60-98 体积%的基质材料，其中该基质材料包含至多
a2)67.1-99.2 体积%的氧化铝/氧化铬混合晶体
a3)至多0.8-32.9 体积%的另外的混合晶体，其选自根据下面通式之一的至少一种混合晶体：SrAl12-xCrxO19，La0.9Al11.76-xCrxO19，Me1Al11-xCrxO17，Me2Al12-xCrxO19，Me2 ’Al12-xCrxO19和/或 Me3Al11-xCrO18，其中Me1代表碱金属，Me2代表碱土金属，Me2 ’代表镉、铅或者汞，和Me3代表稀土金属，x对应于0.0007-0.045的值，和
b)该基质材料包含2-40体积%的嵌入到该基质材料中的四方晶系经稳定化的二氧化锆，和
c)所述成分的份额总和是100体积%的该切割模板。
5.根据权利要求4的切割模板，特征在于作为用于氧化锆的稳定剂，使用2-15摩尔%的铈、镨和铽的氧化物中的一种或者多种和/或0.2-3.5摩尔%的氧化钇，基于二氧化锆和稳定化氧化物的混合物，其中对稳定化氧化物的加入量如此选择：以使得二氧化锆主要以四方晶系变体存在，和立方晶系变体的份额是大约0-5 体积%，基于二氧化锆。
6.根据权利要求4或者权利要求5的切割模板，特征在于含有所述稳定化氧化物的二氧化锆与氧化铬的摩尔比是1000：1-20：1。
7.根据权利要求1-6中一项或多项的切割模板，特征在于该二氧化锆的晶粒尺寸不超过2 µm。
8.根据权利要求1-7中一项或多项的切割模板，特征在于该基质材料另外还包含2-25 体积%的元素周期表的第四和第五副族的金属的碳化物、氮化物和碳氮化物中的一种或者多种，基于该基质材料。
9.切割模板，其由下列成分制成：
a)60-85 体积%的基质材料，该基质材料是由氧化铝/氧化铬混合晶体和基于该基质材料为2-25 体积%的元素周期表的第四和第五副族的金属的碳化物、氮化物和碳氮化物中的一种或者多种形成的，
b)大于15至40体积%的嵌入到该基质材料中的二氧化锆，其
c)包含作为稳定化氧化物的、大于10至15摩尔%的铈、镨和铽的氧化物中的一种或者多种和/或0.2-3.5摩尔%的氧化钇，基于二氧化锆和稳定化氧化物的混合物，其中
d)对稳定化氧化物的加入量如此选择：以使得二氧化锆主要以四方晶系变体存在，和
e)含有该稳定化氧化物的二氧化锆与氧化铬的摩尔比是100：1-20：1，
f)全部成分的份额总和是100体积%的烧结模制体，
g)该二氧化锆的晶粒尺寸不超过2µm。
10.根据权利要求1-9任一项的切割模板，特征在于含有稳定化氧化物的二氧化锆与氧化铬的摩尔比满足：
对于2-5 体积%的二氧化锆，1000：1-100：1
>5-15 体积%的二氧化锆，200：1-40：1
>15-30体积%的二氧化锆，100：1-20：1
>30-40体积%的二氧化锆，40：1-20：1。
11.根据权利要求1-10中一项或多项的切割模板，特征在于包含不大于30体积%的二氧化锆。
12.根据权利要求1-11中一项或多项的切割模板，特征在于该二氧化锆具有至少95 体积%的四方晶系变体。
13.根据权利要求1-12中一项或多项的切割模板，特征在于所述二氧化锆的总共0-5 体积%以立方晶系和/或单斜晶系变体存在。
14.根据权利要求1-13中一项或多项的切割模板，特征在于该氧化铝/氧化铬混合晶体的平均晶粒尺寸是0.6-1.5 µm。
15.根据权利要求1-14中一项或多项的切割模板，特征在于该二氧化锆的晶粒尺寸是0.2-1.5 µm。
16.根据权利要求1-14中一项或多项的切割模板，特征在于包含不大于0.5 体积%的不可避免的杂质，基于该烧结模制体。
17.根据权利要求1-14中一项或多项的切割模板，特征在于维氏硬度[Hv0.5]>1800。
18.切割模板，其包含基质材料，特征在于该基质材料包含根据下面通式之一的至少一种片状体：SrAl12-xCrxO19、La0.9Al11.76-xCrxO19、Me1Al11O17、Me2Al12O19、Me2 ’Al12O19和/或 Me3Al12O18，其中Me1代表碱金属，Me2代表碱土金属，Me2 ’代表镉、铅或者汞，和Me3代表稀土金属，并且该基质材料包含四方晶系经稳定的二氧化锆。
19.用于制造根据权利要求1-18中一项或多项的切割模板的方法，特征在于研磨这样的混合物，该混合物含有氧化铝，二氧化锆，氧化铬，稳定四方晶系二氧化锆的氧化物和选自氧化锶，碱金属氧化物，碱土金属氧化物，CdO，PbO，HgO，稀土氧化物和/或La2O3的至少一种氧化物，将临时粘合剂加入到该经研磨混合物中，将该混合物喷雾干燥，将该混合物压成生坯，并将后者在标准条件下烧结。
20.根据权利要求19的方法，特征在于将该生坯以不受压的方式预烧结到90-95%的密度，随后经历热等静压再压缩.
20．制造根据权利要求1-18中一项或多项的切割模板的方法，特征在于在固含量大于50体积%的含水悬浮液中研磨这样的混合物，该混合物含有氧化铝，氧化铬，四方晶系氧化锆，任选的稳定化氧化物和选自氧化锶，碱金属氧化物，碱土金属氧化物，CdO，PbO，HgO，稀土氧化物和/或 La2O3的至少一种氧化物，其中保持pH值为4-4.5，随后向其中加入尿素和尿素酶，倾倒入模具中，在随后的凝结之后进行脱模，和烧结或者预烧结和热等静压再压缩。
21.根据权利要求1-18中任一项的切割模板的用途，用于医疗技术中，特别是用于处理骨头的外科手术中。
22.根据权利要求1-18任一项的切割模板用于膝盖模板植入的用途。
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CN108366791A (zh) * 2015-10-14 2018-08-03 麦迪欧克医疗公司 用于进行外科手术的患者匹配的设备和方法

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CN103260529A (zh) * 2010-10-06 2013-08-21 陶瓷技术有限责任公司 陶瓷切割模板
WO2013078206A1 (en) * 2011-11-21 2013-05-30 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Methods of designing molds for machining cost reduction
US20160022879A1 (en) * 2014-07-24 2016-01-28 Jared Ruben Hillel FORAN Hypoallergenic orthopedic surgical instruments and methods
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CN108366791A (zh) * 2015-10-14 2018-08-03 麦迪欧克医疗公司 用于进行外科手术的患者匹配的设备和方法

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WO2010112588A1 (de) 2010-10-07
KR20120022853A (ko) 2012-03-12
US20120123421A1 (en) 2012-05-17

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