CN102427978B - 工程机械和用于操作工程机械的方法 - Google Patents

工程机械和用于操作工程机械的方法 Download PDF

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CN102427978B
CN102427978B CN200980159120.3A CN200980159120A CN102427978B CN 102427978 B CN102427978 B CN 102427978B CN 200980159120 A CN200980159120 A CN 200980159120A CN 102427978 B CN102427978 B CN 102427978B
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gear box
change speed
motor
speed gear
machinery
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CN102427978A (zh
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佩尔·马特松
安德利亚斯·诺德斯特兰德
里卡德·马基
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Volvo Construction Equipment AB
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
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    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/54—Transmission for changing ratio
    • B60K6/543—Transmission for changing ratio the transmission being a continuously variable transmission
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种工程机械(1)，包括：原动机(11)，该原动机(11)用于向所述工程机械的驱动轮(12)提供扭矩；以及传动系(13)，该传动系(13)布置在原动机(11)和驱动轮(12)之间，用于将扭矩从所述原动机传递到所述驱动轮。传动系(13)包括布置在所述原动机和所述车轮之间的变速箱(14)，并且工程机械(1)还包括：液压系统中的至少一个液压机械(15)，该至少一个液压机械(15)用于使布置在所述工程机械上的器具(2)移动和/或用于使所述工程机械转向；以及电机(16)，该电机(16)用于驱动或制动所述驱动轮(12)和/或用于驱动或制动所述至少一个液压机械(15)。电机(16)与原动机(11)相对于传动系(13)并联布置，且电机(16)在原动机(11)和变速箱(14)之间机械连接到传动系(13)。变速箱(14)是具有变速单元(20)的无级变速器，且该变速箱具有如下运行模式：在扭矩能够从输入轴(23)传递到输出轴(22)的同时，不管所述变速箱的输入轴(23)的转速如何，所述变速箱的输出轴的转速均为零或接近于零。

Description

工程机械和用于操作工程机械的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及根据权利要求1的前序部分所述的工程机械以及根据权利要求14所述的用于操作工程机械的方法。
本发明适用于工业建筑机械领域中的工程机械，尤其是轮式装载机和铰接式翻斗车。尽管将针对轮式装载机来描述本发明，但本发明不限于这种特定机械，而是也可用于其他重型工程机械，例如自卸卡车、挖掘机或其他建筑设备。
背景技术
工程机械设有铲斗、料斗或其他类型的器具，以举升、支撑和/或运送载荷。工程机械可以无道路的区域中处理大而重的载荷，例如在道路或隧道修建、沙坑、矿山和类似环境下运输。
轮式装载机通常设有诸如内燃机的原动机；传动系和变速箱，以向轮式装载机的驱动轮提供扭矩。除了向驱动轮提供扭矩之外，该内燃机还必须向轮式装载机的液压系统的一个或多个液压泵提供能量。这种液压系统用于举升操作和/或用于使轮式装载机转向。
布置有液压工作缸以举升或降低举升臂单元，在该举升臂单元上安装有铲斗或其他类型的附件或作业工具，例如货叉。通过使用另一个液压工作缸，铲斗也可倾翻或枢转。被称为转向缸的、另外的液压缸布置成利用轮式装载机的前车身部分和后车身部分的相对运动来使该轮式装载机转弯。
为了实现工程机械的更有效运行和更低的燃料消耗，在WO2007/043924中已经提出了一种包括电机的工程机械，该电机布置在内燃机和变速箱之间。与仅使用内燃机来推进车辆并用于驱动动力获取单元(即液压系统)的常规非混合动力式工程机械相比，WO2007/043924中公开的混合动力工程机械具有诸多优点。然而，在某些运行模式期间，不能以最佳方式利用其电机，而且其工程机械的性能也可能受到传动系的其他部件限制。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种通过前述介绍而限定的工程机械，该工程机械使得能以更有效的方式使用所述传动系的电机并使工程机械的性能得以提高。
此目的通过根据权利要求1所述的工程机械来实现。
通过提供设有如下变速箱的工程机械，能够在有利的转速区间内驱动所述电机，所述变速箱是具有变速单元(variatorunit)的无级变速器，其中，所述变速箱具有如下运行模式：在扭矩能够从所述变速箱的输入轴传递到输出轴的同时，不管所述变速箱的输入轴的转速如何，所述变速箱的输出轴的转速均为零或接近于零。由于能够连续改变所述变速箱的传动比，所以，不管所述变速箱的输出轴的所需转速如何，基本上均能以期望的转速来驱动所述电机。因此，当所述电机用作发电机(例如在制动期间)和用作电动机时，均能够以最佳转速来驱动所述电机。
所述电机与所述原动机(该原动机可以是内燃机)相对于所述传动系并联布置，且所述电机在所述原动机和变速箱之间机械连接到所述传动系，这意味着并联式电动混合动力。(因此，这里的表述“与...并联”是一种功能性描述，决非描述所述原动机和所述电机的相对几何方向。)因此，所述电机也可用于该工程机械的动力获取单元(PTO)提供扭矩。这一点非常重要，因为：该工程机械的液压系统经由PTO驱动，并且，所要求的总能量中的相当大的量用于驱动工程机械的液压系统。
在变速箱可提供驱动轮所需的扭矩和转速的同时，所述原动机和/或所述电机能够以液压系统所要求的转速来驱动该液压系统。
上述这种无级变速器(CVT)通常称为无限可变变速器(IVT)，并且，当前的“在扭矩能够从所述变速箱的输入轴传递到输出轴的同时，不管所述变速箱的输入轴的转速如何，所述变速箱的输出轴的转速均为零或接近于零”的模式通常称为“空档”。该表述“为零或接近于零”旨在涵盖如下情况：即，输出轴的转速为零或者为每分钟几转。利用该空档功能，不管原动机还是电机作为动力源，液压系统的运行均能够与该工程机械的推进相分离。推进力可与所述原动机和/或所述电机的转速无关地受到控制。此外，当该工程机械静止而不使用任何离合器将原动机和/或电机与传动系脱离时，液压系统可由原动机和/或电机驱动。另外，工程机械内通常使用的扭矩变换器可省去，因为利用变速箱能够将转速连续降到零。另外的优点是：所述电机可用作原动机的起动电机。
此外，当该工程机械静止时，电能储存装置可通过由内燃机驱动的电机来充电，并且，诸如铲斗或料斗等的器具的潜在能量能够转化为传动系上的扭矩或转化为储存在电能储存装置中的能量(也在工程机械静止时)。
根据本发明的一个实施例，所述变速箱包括行星齿轮单元，从而，由所述变速箱传递的扭矩能够在所述变速单元和该行星齿轮单元之间分流。利用这种具有动力分流(PS)的变速箱，在许多运行模式中，仅有很少的一部分动力必须由所述变速单元传递。其余的动力由行星齿轮单元传递。这意味着提高了总效率，因为与所述变速单元相比，行星齿轮单元的能量损失相当小。另外，可减小所述变速单元的尺寸。优选地，使用液压变速装置(variator)。一般地，与电动变速装置或机械变速装置相比，液压变速装置具有提高的效率、减小的尺寸且符合成本效益。
根据另一个实施例，该工程机械包括另外的电机，且所述至少一个液压机械被机械连接到所述另外的电机，从而，所述液压机械能够作为泵而由所述另外的电机驱动，并且/或所述另外的电机能够作为发电机而由所述液压机械驱动，因为转速可随所述另外的电机变化且适合于液压系统内所需的动力，所以该液压机械不需要具有可变排量。可以消除与液压机械在非期望转速下的旋转有关的任何损失，因为所述液压机械的转速不取决于与传动系连接的所述原动机和/或所述电机的转速。
本发明也涉及一种用于操作工程机械的方法，所述方法包括如下步骤：控制所述变速箱的传动比，使得：对于所述电机的功率水平的给定值来说，所述电机能够在所述变速箱的输出轴的预定的连续速度区间内、以大致恒定的转速工作。由此，当所述电机用作发电机(例如在制动期间)和用作电动机时，均能够以最佳转速来驱动所述电机，这又提高了所述电机的性能，且由此提高了该工程机械的性能。
根据所述方法的另一实施例，通过利用所述电机制动液压机械来回收所述液压系统的能量，且优选控制所述电机的制动扭矩，以将所回收的能量分为第一部分和第二部分，该第一部分储存在与所述电机连接的电能储存装置中，而该第二部分传递到所述传动系。由此，能够根据电能储存装置的充电状态和所述变速器的动力需求来优化该回收过程。
根据所述方法的另一实施例，将变速箱控制为如下运行模式：在扭矩能够从变速箱的输入轴传递到输出轴的同时，不管变速箱的输入轴的转速如何，该变速箱的输出轴的转速均为零或接近于零。因此，不管原动机还是电机作为动力源，液压系统均能够与该工程机械的推进相分离。推进力可与所述原动机和/或所述电机的转速无关地受到控制。
在以下描述和从属权利要求中公开了本发明的其他优点和有利特征。
附图说明
参考附图，下面将作为示例来给出本发明实施例的更详细描述。
在这些图中：
图1是图示了轮式装载机的侧视图，该轮式装载机具有用于装载操作的铲斗以及用于操作该铲斗并使轮式装载机转向的液压系统，
图2是根据本发明的工程机械的动力传动系的示意性图示，
图3是根据本发明的工程机械的、一种变型的动力传动系的示意性图示，并且
图4是变速箱的示意性图示，该变速箱是在根据本发明的工程机械中使用的、具有动力分流(powersplit)的无级变速器。
具体实施方式
图1是轮式装载机形式的工程机械1的图示，该工程机械1具有器具2。该术语“器具”旨在包括任何类型的利用液压动力的工具，例如布置在轮式装载机上的铲斗、货叉或抓取工具，或布置在铰接式翻斗车上的料斗。如图所示的器具包括铲斗3，该铲斗3布置在用于举升和降低铲斗3的臂单元4上，另外，该铲斗3可相对于臂单元4倾翻或枢转。轮式装载机1设有液压系统，该液压系统包括至少一个液压机械(图1中未示出)。尽管该液压机械可以是液压泵，但优选该液压机械可作为液压泵以及具有反向液压流体流的液压马达而工作。具有所述两种功能的此液压机械能够用作泵以向液压系统提供液压流体，从而例如将铲斗举升或使铲斗倾翻，同时，例如在器具2的降低操作期间，此液压机械又能用作液压马达以回收能量。在图1所示的示例性实施例中，该液压系统包括：两个液压缸5a、5b，这两个液压缸5a、5b用于操作所述臂单元4；以及液压缸6，该液压缸6用于使铲斗相对于臂单元4倾翻。此外，该液压系统还包括布置在轮式装载机的两个相反侧的两个液压缸7a、7b，以利用前车身部分8和后车身部分9的相对运动来使该轮式装载机转弯。换句话说，该工程机械利用转向缸7a、7b进行车架转向。
图2是图1所示的工程机械1的动力传动系10的示意性图示。工程机械1包括：原动机11，该原动机11用于向所述工程机械的驱动轮12提供扭矩；以及传动系13，该传动系13布置在原动机11和驱动轮12之间，以将扭矩从原动机11传递到驱动轮12。在图2中示意性地图示了驱动轮12。然而，在根据本发明的工程机械中可使用任意数量的车轮和轮轴。例如，可如图1所示地存在一个前轮轴和一个后轮轴，且这些车轮中的某些车轮或所有车轮可以是从动轮。虽然原动机11优选是内燃机(ICE)，例如是柴油发动机，但也可使用例如斯特灵发动机等的其他原动机。传动系13包括布置在原动机11和驱动轮12之间的变速箱14。
在图2中，示意性地图示了所述至少一个液压机械15，该液压机械15用于使布置在工程机械1上的器具2移动和/或用于使工程机械1转向。该工程机械可装配有一个或多个液压机械，以提供所需的液压流体。工程机械1还包括电机16，该电机16用于驱动或制动所述驱动轮12和/或用于驱动或制动所述至少一个液压机械15。该术语“电机”是指组合式的电动机和发电机。可利用电力来驱动该电机16，以在其轴上提供输出扭矩，或者，可以通过在电机16的轴上施加扭矩来机械地驱动该电机，从而产生电力。因此，电机16能够用作电动机，以向传动系13提供扭矩，而且也能用作发电机。通过利用电机16来制动所述传动系13，能够回收能量，和/或通过利用电机16制动所述液压机械15，能够从所述液压系统中回收能量。
电机16与原动机11相对于传动系13并联布置，且电机16在原动机11和变速箱14之间机械连接到传动系13。例如，当检测到由原动机11提供的扭矩与工程机械1的操作者所要求的扭矩之间的不一致时，可使用该电机16来提供扭矩。电机16也可用作原动机11的起动马达。
在图2所示的示例性实施例中中，液压机械15也在原动机11和变速箱14之间机械连接到传动系13。传动系13还可包括传动部件17，该传动部件17用于使原动机11相对于驱动轮12接合和脱离。传动单元17可以布置在原动机11和电机16之间，以使所述原动机能够断开但仍允许所述电机与传动系13和/或液压机械15相互作用，该传动单元17优选是机械离合器。在液压机械15例如经由动力获取单元(PTO)连接到传动系13的情况下，传动部件17优选布置在原动机11和液压机械15之间，以便能够在不断开液压机械15的情况下使所述原动机断开。
在图2所示的示例性实施例中，电机16和液压机械15这二者以如下方式机械连接到传动系13：即，使得所述电机能够向所述传动系和/或向液压机械15提供动力。电机16也可用于从传动系13中和/或经由液压机械15而从所述液压系统中回收能量，所回收的能量可储存在电能储存装置18内。另外，电机16可由原动机11驱动，以将能量储存在电能储存装置18内。以类似的方式，在与所述液压系统有关的能量回收操作期间，液压机械15能够向传动系13和/或电机16提供动力，并且，液压机械15能够由电机16和/或原动机11驱动，以向所述液压系统提供所要求的动力。
在图3所示的示例性实施例中，液压机械151未机械连接到传动系13，而是连接到另外的电机19并由该电机19驱动。此电机19优选电连接到电能储存装置18或连接到另一能量储存装置。优选地，电能储存装置18布置成：当另外的电机19用作电动机以驱动液压机械151时，电能储存装置18向该电机19提供能量，而当该电机19用作由液压机械151驱动的发电机时，电能储存装置18储存能量。至于图3所示的动力传动系101的其余特征部件，可参考针对图2所示的示例性实施例进行的以上描述。
图4是变速箱14的示意性图示。变速箱14可与图2、图3所示的两个主要示例性实施例一起使用。该变速箱是具有空档(GN)和动力分流(PS)的无级变速器(CVT)。空档意味着该变速箱存在如下的运行模式：在扭矩能够从变速箱14的输入轴23传递到输出轴22的同时，不管变速箱14的输入轴23的转速如何，变速箱14的输出轴22的转速均为零或接近于零。因此，还是在图2所示的示例性实施例中，可以在该工程机械静止时驱动所述液压机械15，这是因为：通过空档功能，该变速箱的输出轴的转速可以为零或接近于零。
变速箱14具有变速单元20和行星齿轮单元21。该变速单元20优选是液压变速装置。尽管能够以各种方式来设计该变速单元，但该变速单元优选包括两个液压机械30、31(见图2和图3)，且这些液压机械中的至少一个具有可变排量。变速箱14传递的动力由箭头24、25、26、27示出。如示意性地示出的，该动力可在变速单元20和行星齿轮单元21之间分流。由于变速箱14中的能量损失，所以动力输入箭头24稍大于动力输出箭头25。该能量损失主要发生在变速单元20内，通过比该变速单元之后的箭头27稍大的、该变速单元之前的箭头26也指示了这一点。然而，在某些运行状况下，所有动力均可通过变速单元20传递。
应强调的是，目前的这种变速箱设计仅是此变速器的一个示例。还能够以多种不同的方式来改变这种设计。例如，该变速器可具有输入分流、输出分流或复合分流，或它们的组合。
应当理解，本发明不限于上文描述并在附图中图示的实施例，而是，本领域的技术人员将会意识到，在所附权利要求的范围内，可进行许多修改和变型。

Claims (14)

1.一种工程机械(1)，包括：原动机(11)，所述原动机(11)用于向所述工程机械的驱动轮(12)提供扭矩；以及传动系(13)，所述传动系(13)布置在所述原动机(11)和所述驱动轮(12)之间，用于将扭矩从所述原动机传递到所述驱动轮，所述传动系(13)包括布置在所述原动机和所述驱动轮之间的变速箱(14)，所述工程机械(1)还包括：液压系统中的至少一个液压机械(15)，所述至少一个液压机械(15)用于使布置在所述工程机械上的器具(2)移动和/或用于使所述工程机械转向；以及电机(16)，所述电机(16)用于驱动或制动所述驱动轮(12)和/或用于驱动或制动所述至少一个液压机械(15)，所述电机(16)与所述原动机相对于所述传动系并联布置，且所述电机(16)在所述原动机(11)和所述变速箱(14)之间机械连接到所述传动系(13)，其中，所述传动系(13)包括传动部件(17)，所述传动部件(17)用于使所述原动机(11)相对于所述驱动轮(12)接合和脱离，所述传动部件(17)布置在所述原动机(11)和所述电机(16)之间，其特征在于，所述液压机械(15)在所述原动机(11)和所述变速箱(14)之间机械连接到所述传动系(13)，并且所述变速箱(14)是具有变速单元(20)的无级变速器，且所述变速箱具有如下运行模式：在扭矩能够从所述变速箱的输入轴(23)传递到输出轴(22)的同时，不管所述变速箱的输入轴的转速如何，所述变速箱的输出轴的转速均为零。
2.根据权利要求1所述的工程机械，其特征在于，所述变速单元(20)是液压变速装置。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的工程机械，其特征在于，所述变速箱(14)包括行星齿轮单元(21)，从而，由所述变速箱传递的动力能够在所述变速单元(20)和所述行星齿轮单元(21)之间分流。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的工程机械，其特征在于，所述传动部件(17)是机械离合器。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的工程机械，其特征在于，所述工程机械(1)包括电能储存装置(18)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的工程机械，其特征在于，所述电能储存装置(18)布置成：当所述电机(16)用作电动机时，所述电能储存装置(18)向所述电机提供能量，而当所述电机用作发电机时，所述电能储存装置(18)储存电能。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的工程机械，其特征在于，所述至少一个液压机械(15)机械连接到所述传动系(13)，从而，所述液压机械能够作为泵而由所述原动机(11)驱动，并且/或所述液压机械能够将能量传递到所述传动系(13)。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的工程机械，其特征在于，所述至少一个液压机械(15)机械连接到所述传动系(13)，从而，所述液压机械能够作为泵而由所述电机(16)驱动，并且/或所述电机能够作为发电机而由所述液压机械驱动。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的工程机械，其中，所述工程机械是轮式装载机(1)。
10.一种用于操作工程机械(1)的方法，所述工程机械(1)具有：原动机(11)，所述原动机(11)用于向所述工程机械的驱动轮(12)提供扭矩；以及传动系(13)，所述传动系(13)布置在所述原动机(11)和所述驱动轮(12)之间，用于将扭矩从所述原动机传递到所述驱动轮，所述传动系(13)包括布置在所述原动机和所述驱动轮之间的变速箱(14)，所述工程机械(1)还包括：液压系统中的至少一个液压机械(15)，所述至少一个液压机械(15)用于使布置在所述工程机械上的器具(2)移动和/或用于使所述工程机械转向；以及电机(16)，所述电机(16)用于驱动或制动所述驱动轮(12)和/或用于驱动或制动所述至少一个液压机械(15)，所述电机(16)与所述原动机相对于所述传动系并联布置，且所述电机(16)在所述原动机(11)和所述变速箱(14)之间机械连接到所述传动系(13)，其中，所述传动系(13)包括传动部件(17)，所述传动部件(17)用于使所述原动机(11)相对于所述驱动轮(12)接合和脱离，所述传动部件(17)布置在所述原动机(11)和所述电机(16)之间，其特征在于，控制所述变速箱(14)的传动比，使得：对于所述电机(16)的功率水平的给定值来说，所述电机(16)能够在所述变速箱(14)的输出轴(22)的预定的连续速度区间内、以大致恒定的转速工作。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，通过利用所述电机(16)制动所述液压机械(15)而从所述液压系统中回收能量。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的方法，其特征在于，控制所述电机(16)的制动扭矩，以将所回收的能量分为第一部分和第二部分，所述第一部分储存在与所述电机(16)连接的电能储存装置(18)中，而所述第二部分传递到所述传动系(13)。
13.根据权利要求10或11所述的方法，其特征在于，将所述变速箱(14)控制为如下运行模式：在扭矩能够从所述变速箱的输入轴(23)传递到输出轴(22)的同时，不管所述变速箱的输入轴的转速如何，所述变速箱的输出轴的转速均为零。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其特征在于，将所述变速箱(14)控制为如下运行模式：在扭矩能够从所述变速箱的输入轴(23)传递到输出轴(22)的同时，不管所述变速箱的输入轴的转速如何，所述变速箱的输出轴的转速均为零。
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