CN102393312A - Side slope tunnel coupling simulation test system and application method thereof - Google Patents
Side slope tunnel coupling simulation test system and application method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102393312A CN102393312A CN2011102428833A CN201110242883A CN102393312A CN 102393312 A CN102393312 A CN 102393312A CN 2011102428833 A CN2011102428833 A CN 2011102428833A CN 201110242883 A CN201110242883 A CN 201110242883A CN 102393312 A CN102393312 A CN 102393312A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a side slope tunnel coupling simulation test system, comprising a side slope tunnel coupling mould, a loading system, a spraying system, a measuring system and a control system. The side slope tunnel coupling simulation test system and an application method thereof which are disclosed by the invention have the beneficial technical effects that a tunnel test and a side slope test are combined into one, loading speed and magnitude of load are automatically controlled, spraying intensity, area and time are automatically controlled, and test data is automatically recorded and analyzed, thus scientific and technical personnel can clearly and visually grasp and understand physical and mechanical properties of a tunnel and a side slope and reaction under the action of a load and significance is produced for verifying design theory and guiding engineering practice.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the simulated testing system and the measuring technology thereof in side slope tunnel, specially refer to a kind of side slope tunnel coupled simulation experimental system and method for application thereof.
Background technology
In engineering constructions such as building, traffic, water conservancy, engineering technical personnel are faced with a large amount of tunnel constructions and slope treatment work.Will do these construction scientifically and rationally well or administer the design and the construction of engineering project, must react to the physical and mechanical property of tunnel and side slope and under load action has a clear and intuitive assurance, so that verify design theory, instruct engineering practice.
Problems such as at present, under indoor conditions, according to the principle of similitude to tunnel and the side slope device that physical and mechanical property is studied and tested under load and rainfall effect seldom, ubiquity intensification degree is lower, and control degree is lower automatically.And the test macro in common just side slope test macro of this type experimental provision and tunnel designs respectively, can not test the coupling in side slope and tunnel.The coupling in so-called side slope and tunnel is meant landslide of under side slope, building that the tunnel faced and the dual risk that collapses.
Summary of the invention
Lower for overcoming lower, the automatic control degree of intensification degree that prior art side slope test macro and tunnel test macro exist; And can not problem such as test to the coupling in side slope and tunnel, the present invention proposes a kind of side slope tunnel coupled simulation experimental system and method for application thereof.Side slope of the present invention tunnel coupled simulation experimental system is integrated tunnel test and side slope test, can carry out side slope test and tunnel test respectively, can carry out the coupling in side slope and tunnel again and test.
Side slope of the present invention tunnel coupled simulation experimental system comprises side slope tunnel coupling mould, loading system, spray system, measuring system and control system, wherein:
Side slope tunnel coupling mould comprises a rectangular shaped rim and a right-angle triangle frame; Said rectangular shaped rim is the rectangular parallelepiped that three vertical planes are provided with baffle plate; Said right-angle triangle frame is Mitsubishi's cylinder that two right-angle triangle faces are provided with baffle plate; Wherein, be not provided with the rectangular shaped rim vertical plane of baffle plate and a right-angle side face of right-angle triangle frame and form faying surface; And, be provided with the size shifting board identical with faying surface with shape at the faying surface place;
Loading system is arranged on the top of rectangular shaped rim, comprises loading flat board and hydraulic loading device, and its loading velocity and magnitude of load are controlled by control system, and load mode is for from top to bottom, the size of loading flat board and shape and rectangular shaped rim to overlook face identical;
Spray system is arranged on rectangular shaped rim and right-angle triangle frame top; Comprise shower nozzle, water supply line, tank and water pump; Shower nozzle is evenly distributed in the top of rectangular shaped rim and right-angle triangle frame, and the injection flow rate of its shower nozzle, water-jet velocity, water spraying time and water spray area are controlled by control system;
Measuring system comprises sensor and the lead that is arranged on the dull and stereotyped bottom of loading, tunnel top, tunnel surface and Slope Sliding face and other inspection surfaces;
Control system comprises Loading Control subsystem, spray RACS and data collection and analysis subsystem, and wherein, the Loading Control subsystem is used for control loaded dull and stereotyped loading velocity and magnitude of load; The spray RACS is used to control injection flow rate, water-jet velocity, water spraying time and the water spray area of spray system; The data collection and analysis subsystem is used for the data that receiving sensor transmits and analyzes.
Further, the sensor of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system of the present invention comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer.
The method of application of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system of the present invention may further comprise the steps respectively according to the difference of experiment content:
⑴ carry out the tunnel test
1. according to requirement of experiment, shifting board is installed in the faying surface place that a right-angle side face of rectangular shaped rim vertical plane and right-angle triangle frame forms, and the baffle plate at rectangular shaped rim mould tunnel two ends is removed;
2. the rock soil mass landfill that Pass Test is required is inserted the tunnel hole location with the tunnel-liner model during to tunnel bottom; Continue landfill then to the lining cutting top; Install corresponding sensor at tunnel-liner inside upper surface dress and hole top, tunnel this moment; Continue landfill to mould rectangular shaped rim top predetermined height again, and corresponding sensor is installed at this place; Quantity that sensor is installed and position are confirmed according to testing requirements; If simulation hair hole test then be fit into the tunnel mould during to tunnel bottom at the rock soil mass landfill, the mould of after the shaping of tunnel hole landfill, dismantling, and, in the landfill process according to the above-mentioned requirements sensor installation; Said satisfactory rock soil mass comprises ground type, packing, water percentage, liquid plastic limit technical indicator; Said sensor comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer;
3. sensor is inserted measuring system, apply evenly load through loading system at the top according to predetermined loading scheme after debugging finishes, system preserves test figure automatically in the loading procedure;
4. experiment finishes, and by control system test data is analyzed and is handled, and obtains test findings.
⑵ carry out the side slope test
1. according to requirement of experiment, the shifting board at the faying surface place that the right-angle side face of rectangular shaped rim vertical plane and right-angle triangle frame taken out forms;
2. confirm the bank slope degree according to requirement of experiment, slope top is arranged on the intersection of rectangular shaped rim and triangle frame, the rock soil mass landfill that Pass Test is required and is loading the surperficial sensor installation of dull and stereotyped bottom and side slope in mould; Said satisfactory rock soil mass comprises ground type, packing, water percentage, liquid plastic limit technical indicator; Said sensor comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer;
3. sensor is inserted measuring system, apply evenly load according to predetermined loading scheme at the top after debugging finishes, require to carry out simulated rainfall according to rainfall, system preserves test figure automatically in the process of the test;
4. experiment finishes, and by control system test data is analyzed and is handled, and obtains test findings.
⑶ carry out tunnel side slope coupling test
1. according to requirement of experiment, the shifting board at the faying surface place that the right-angle side face of rectangular shaped rim vertical plane and right-angle triangle frame taken out forms;
2. the rock soil mass landfill that Pass Test is required is inserted the tunnel hole location with the tunnel-liner model during to tunnel bottom; Continue landfill then to the lining cutting top; Install corresponding sensor at tunnel-liner inside upper surface dress and hole top, tunnel this moment; Continue landfill to mould rectangular shaped rim top predetermined height again, and corresponding sensor is installed at this place; If simulation hair hole test then be fit into the tunnel mould during to tunnel bottom at the rock soil mass landfill, the mould of after the shaping of tunnel hole landfill, dismantling, and, in the landfill process according to the above-mentioned requirements sensor installation; Confirm the bank slope degree according to requirement of experiment, slope top is arranged on the intersection of rectangular shaped rim and triangle frame, the rock soil mass landfill that Pass Test is required is in mould, and at the surperficial sensor installation of side slope; Quantity that sensor is installed and position are confirmed according to testing requirements; Said satisfactory rock soil mass comprises ground type, packing, water percentage, liquid plastic limit technical indicator; Said sensor comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer;
3. sensor is inserted measuring system, apply evenly load according to predetermined loading scheme at the top after debugging finishes, require to carry out simulated rainfall according to rainfall, system preserves test figure automatically in the process of the test;
4. experiment finishes, and by control system test data is analyzed and is handled, and obtains test findings.
The useful technique effect of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system of the present invention and method of application thereof is that tunnel test and side slope test unite two into one; Automatic control loaded speed and magnitude of load; Automatically control spraying intensity, area and time; Automatic record test data is also analyzed, and making scientific and technical personnel to react to the physical and mechanical property of tunnel and side slope and under load action has clear and intuitive assurance and understanding, to verifying design theory, instructing engineering practice all to have great significance.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing 2 is the front elevational schematic of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system of the present invention;
Accompanying drawing 3 is the front elevational schematic of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system of the present invention tunnel test;
Accompanying drawing 4 is the front elevational schematic of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system side slope test of the present invention;
Accompanying drawing 5 is the front elevational schematic of the coupling test in side slope tunnels mimic experimental system side slope of the present invention and tunnel.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and practical implementation step side slope tunnels mimic experimental system of the present invention and method of application thereof are further specified.
Embodiment
Accompanying drawing 1 is the schematic three dimensional views of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system side slope of the present invention tunnel coupling mould, and accompanying drawing 2 is the front elevational schematic of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system of the present invention; Among the figure, 1 is rectangular shaped rim, and 2 is the right-angle triangle frame, and 3 is shifting board, and 4 is charger, and 5 is spray system, and 6 is tunnel model.Can know that by figure side slope of the present invention tunnel coupled simulation experimental system comprises side slope tunnel coupling mould, loading system 4, spray system 5, measuring system and control system, wherein:
Side slope tunnel coupling mould comprises a rectangular shaped rim 1 and a right-angle triangle frame 2; Said rectangular shaped rim 1 is the rectangular parallelepiped that three vertical planes are provided with baffle plate; Said right-angle triangle frame 2 is Mitsubishi's cylinder that two right-angle triangle faces are provided with baffle plate; Wherein, be not provided with the rectangular shaped rim vertical plane of baffle plate and a right-angle side face of right-angle triangle frame and form faying surface; And, be provided with the size shifting board 3 identical with faying surface with shape at the faying surface place;
Loading system 4 is arranged on the top of rectangular shaped rim, comprises loading flat board and hydraulic loading device, and its loading velocity and magnitude of load are controlled by control system, and load mode is for from top to bottom, the size of loading flat board and shape and rectangular shaped rim to overlook face identical;
Measuring system comprises sensor and the lead that is arranged on the dull and stereotyped bottom of loading, tunnel top, tunnel surface and Slope Sliding face and other inspection surfaces;
Control system comprises Loading Control subsystem, spray RACS and data collection and analysis subsystem, and wherein, the Loading Control subsystem is used for control loaded dull and stereotyped loading velocity and magnitude of load; The spray RACS is used to control injection flow rate, water-jet velocity, water spraying time and the water spray area of spray system; The data collection and analysis subsystem is used for the data that receiving sensor transmits and analyzes.
Obviously, according to the difference of requirement of experiment, the sensor of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system of the present invention comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer, and stress and the displacement under stressed or situation about drenching with rain tested to the side slope tunnel.
Accompanying drawing 3 is the front elevational schematic of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system of the present invention tunnel test, and among the figure, 1 is rectangular shaped rim; 6 is tunnel model; 7 for being arranged on the sensor that loads dull and stereotyped bottom, and 9 for being arranged on the sensor on top, tunnel, and 10 for being arranged on the sensor of tunnel upper surface.Can know that by figure side slope tunnels mimic experimental system method of application of the present invention is tested the tunnel and may further comprise the steps:
⑴ according to requirement of experiment, and shifting board is installed in the faying surface place that a right-angle side face of rectangular shaped rim vertical plane and right-angle triangle frame forms, and the baffle plate at rectangular shaped rim mould tunnel two ends is removed;
⑵ the rock soil mass landfill that require Pass Test is inserted the tunnel hole location with the tunnel-liner model during to tunnel bottom; Continue landfill then to the lining cutting top; Install corresponding sensor at tunnel-liner inside upper surface dress and hole top, tunnel this moment; Continue landfill to mould rectangular shaped rim top predetermined height again, and corresponding sensor is installed at this place; Quantity that sensor is installed and position are confirmed according to testing requirements; If simulation hair hole test then be fit into the tunnel mould during to tunnel bottom at the rock soil mass landfill, the mould of after the shaping of tunnel hole landfill, dismantling, and, in the landfill process according to the above-mentioned requirements sensor installation; Said satisfactory rock soil mass comprises ground type, packing, water percentage, liquid plastic limit technical indicator; Said sensor comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer;
⑶ insert measuring system with sensor, applies evenly load through loading system at the top according to predetermined loading scheme after debugging finishes, and system preserves test figure automatically in the loading procedure;
⑷ experiment finishes, and by control system test data is analyzed and is handled, and obtains test findings.
Accompanying drawing 4 is the synoptic diagram of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system side slope test of the present invention, and among the figure, 5 is spray system, and 7 for being arranged on the sensor that loads dull and stereotyped bottom, and 8 for being arranged on the sensor on side slope surface.Can know that by figure side slope tunnels mimic experimental system method of application of the present invention is tested side slope and may further comprise the steps:
⑴ according to requirement of experiment, the shifting board at the faying surface place that the right-angle side face of rectangular shaped rim vertical plane and right-angle triangle frame taken out forms;
⑵ confirm the bank slope degree according to requirement of experiment, and slope top is arranged on the intersection of rectangular shaped rim and triangle frame, and the rock soil mass landfill that Pass Test is required and is loading the surperficial sensor installation of dull and stereotyped bottom and side slope in mould; Said satisfactory rock soil mass comprises ground type, packing, water percentage, liquid plastic limit technical indicator; Said sensor comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer;
⑶ insert measuring system with sensor, applies evenly load according to predetermined loading scheme at the top after debugging finishes, and requires to carry out simulated rainfall according to rainfall, and system preserves test figure automatically in the process of the test;
⑷ experiment finishes, and by control system test data is analyzed and is handled, and obtains test findings.
Accompanying drawing 5 is the synoptic diagram of the coupling test in side slope tunnels mimic experimental system side slope of the present invention and tunnel, and 1 is rectangular shaped rim, and 2 is the right-angle triangle frame; 3 is shifting board, and 5 is spray system, and 6 is tunnel model; 7 for being arranged on the sensor that loads dull and stereotyped bottom; 8 for being arranged on the sensor on side slope surface, and 9 for being arranged on the sensor on top, tunnel, and 10 for being arranged on the sensor of tunnel upper surface.Can know that by figure side slope tunnels mimic experimental system method of application of the present invention is carried out test pack to side slope tunnel coupling and drawn together following steps:
⑴ according to requirement of experiment, the shifting board at the faying surface place that the right-angle side face of rectangular shaped rim vertical plane and right-angle triangle frame taken out forms;
⑵ the rock soil mass landfill that require Pass Test is inserted the tunnel hole location with the tunnel-liner model during to tunnel bottom; Continue landfill then to the lining cutting top; Install corresponding sensor at tunnel-liner inside upper surface dress and hole top, tunnel this moment; Continue landfill to mould rectangular shaped rim top predetermined height again, and corresponding sensor is installed at this place; If simulation hair hole test then be fit into the tunnel mould during to tunnel bottom at the rock soil mass landfill, the mould of after the shaping of tunnel hole landfill, dismantling, and, in the landfill process according to the above-mentioned requirements sensor installation; Confirm the bank slope degree according to requirement of experiment, slope top is arranged on the intersection of rectangular shaped rim and triangle frame, the rock soil mass landfill that Pass Test is required is in mould, and at the surperficial sensor installation of side slope; Quantity that sensor is installed and position are confirmed according to testing requirements; Said satisfactory rock soil mass comprises ground type, packing, water percentage, liquid plastic limit technical indicator; Said sensor comprises that strain gauge and the said sensor of strain transducer comprise strain gauge and displacement transducer;
⑶ insert measuring system with sensor, applies evenly load according to predetermined loading scheme at the top after debugging finishes, and requires to carry out simulated rainfall according to rainfall, and system preserves test figure automatically in the process of the test;
⑷ experiment finishes, and by control system test data is analyzed and is handled, and obtains test findings.
The useful technique effect of side slope tunnels mimic experimental system of the present invention and method of application thereof is that tunnel test and side slope test unite two into one; Automatic control loaded speed and magnitude of load; Automatically control spraying intensity, area and time; Automatic record test data is also analyzed, and making scientific and technical personnel to react to the physical and mechanical property of tunnel and side slope and under load action has clear and intuitive assurance and understanding, to verifying design theory, instructing engineering practice all to have great significance.
Claims (3)
1. a side slope tunnel coupled simulation experimental system is characterized in that, this experimental system for simulating comprises side slope tunnel coupling mould, loading system, spray system, measuring system and control system, wherein:
Side slope tunnel coupling mould comprises a rectangular shaped rim and a right-angle triangle frame; Said rectangular shaped rim is the rectangular parallelepiped that three vertical planes are provided with baffle plate; Said right-angle triangle frame is Mitsubishi's cylinder that two right-angle triangle faces are provided with baffle plate; Wherein, be not provided with the rectangular shaped rim vertical plane of baffle plate and a right-angle side face of right-angle triangle frame and form faying surface; And, be provided with the size shifting board identical with faying surface with shape at the faying surface place;
Loading system is arranged on the top of rectangular shaped rim, comprises loading flat board and hydraulic loading device, and its loading velocity and magnitude of load are controlled by control system, and load mode is for from top to bottom, the size of loading flat board and shape and rectangular shaped rim to overlook face identical;
Spray system is arranged on rectangular shaped rim and right-angle triangle frame top; Comprise shower nozzle, water supply line, tank and water pump; Shower nozzle is evenly distributed in the top of rectangular shaped rim and right-angle triangle frame, and the injection flow rate of its shower nozzle, water-jet velocity, water spraying time and water spray area are controlled by control system;
Measuring system comprises sensor and the lead that is arranged on the dull and stereotyped bottom of loading, tunnel top, tunnel surface and Slope Sliding face and other inspection surfaces;
Control system comprises Loading Control subsystem, spray RACS and data collection and analysis subsystem, and wherein, the Loading Control subsystem is used for control loaded dull and stereotyped loading velocity and magnitude of load; The spray RACS is used to control injection flow rate, water-jet velocity, water spraying time and the water spray area of spray system; The data collection and analysis subsystem is used for the data that receiving sensor transmits and analyzes.
2. according to the said side slope tunnels mimic of claim 1 experimental system, it is characterized in that sensor comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer.
3. the method for application of a side slope tunnels mimic experimental system is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps respectively according to the difference of experiment content:
⑴ carry out the tunnel test
1. according to requirement of experiment, shifting board is installed in the faying surface place that a right-angle side face of rectangular shaped rim vertical plane and right-angle triangle frame forms, and the baffle plate at rectangular shaped rim mould tunnel two ends is removed;
2. the rock soil mass landfill that Pass Test is required is inserted the tunnel hole location with the tunnel-liner model during to tunnel bottom; Continue landfill then to the lining cutting top; Install corresponding sensor at tunnel-liner inside upper surface dress and hole top, tunnel this moment; Continue landfill to mould rectangular shaped rim top predetermined height again, and corresponding sensor is installed at this place; Quantity that sensor is installed and position are confirmed according to testing requirements; If simulation hair hole test then be fit into the tunnel mould during to tunnel bottom at the rock soil mass landfill, the mould of after the shaping of tunnel hole landfill, dismantling, and, in the landfill process according to the above-mentioned requirements sensor installation; Said satisfactory rock soil mass comprises ground type, packing, water percentage, liquid plastic limit technical indicator; Said sensor comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer;
3. sensor is inserted measuring system, apply evenly load through loading system at the top according to predetermined loading scheme after debugging finishes, system preserves test figure automatically in the loading procedure;
4. experiment finishes, and by control system test data is analyzed and is handled, and obtains test findings.
⑵ carry out the side slope test
1. according to requirement of experiment, the shifting board at the faying surface place that the right-angle side face of rectangular shaped rim vertical plane and right-angle triangle frame taken out forms;
2. confirm the bank slope degree according to requirement of experiment, slope top is arranged on the intersection of rectangular shaped rim and triangle frame, the rock soil mass landfill that Pass Test is required and is loading the surperficial sensor installation of dull and stereotyped bottom and side slope in mould; Said satisfactory rock soil mass comprises ground type, packing, water percentage, liquid plastic limit technical indicator; Said sensor comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer;
3. sensor is inserted measuring system, apply evenly load according to predetermined loading scheme at the top after debugging finishes, require to carry out simulated rainfall according to rainfall, system preserves test figure automatically in the process of the test;
4. experiment finishes, and by control system test data is analyzed and is handled, and obtains test findings.
⑶ carry out tunnel side slope coupling test
1. according to requirement of experiment, the shifting board at the faying surface place that the right-angle side face of rectangular shaped rim vertical plane and right-angle triangle frame taken out forms;
2. the rock soil mass landfill that Pass Test is required is inserted the tunnel hole location with the tunnel-liner model during to tunnel bottom; Continue landfill then to the lining cutting top; Install corresponding sensor at tunnel-liner inside upper surface dress and hole top, tunnel this moment; Continue landfill to mould rectangular shaped rim top predetermined height again, and corresponding sensor is installed at this place; If simulation hair hole test then be fit into the tunnel mould during to tunnel bottom at the rock soil mass landfill, the mould of after the shaping of tunnel hole landfill, dismantling, and, in the landfill process according to the above-mentioned requirements sensor installation; Confirm the bank slope degree according to requirement of experiment, slope top is arranged on the intersection of rectangular shaped rim and triangle frame, the rock soil mass landfill that Pass Test is required is in mould, and at the surperficial sensor installation of side slope; Quantity that sensor is installed and position are confirmed according to testing requirements; Said satisfactory rock soil mass comprises ground type, packing, water percentage, liquid plastic limit technical indicator; Said sensor comprises strain gauge and displacement transducer;
3. sensor is inserted measuring system, apply evenly load according to predetermined loading scheme at the top after debugging finishes, require to carry out simulated rainfall according to rainfall, system preserves test figure automatically in the process of the test;
4. experiment finishes, and by control system test data is analyzed and is handled, and obtains test findings.
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| CN105223335A (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-01-06 | 四川大学 | Tunnel zone of influence vegetation growth water method of testing |
| CN105369767A (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-03-02 | 四川大学 | Vegetation growth water consumption testing method for simulated retaining wall supporting covering soil debris yard |
| CN106124145A (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2016-11-16 | 上海理工大学 | The model test apparatus of many sliding surfaces landslide tunnel, location impact under oscillatory load |
| CN106553263A (en) * | 2016-11-03 | 2017-04-05 | 山东大学 | A kind of construction method with side slope model cavitation prefabricated for laboratory test cut-and-cover tunnel model |
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| CN106124145A (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2016-11-16 | 上海理工大学 | The model test apparatus of many sliding surfaces landslide tunnel, location impact under oscillatory load |
| CN106553263A (en) * | 2016-11-03 | 2017-04-05 | 山东大学 | A kind of construction method with side slope model cavitation prefabricated for laboratory test cut-and-cover tunnel model |
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| CN107870097A (en) * | 2017-11-07 | 2018-04-03 | 西南石油大学 | A kind of tunnel portal slope stability simulation system and application method |
| CN107991464A (en) * | 2018-01-19 | 2018-05-04 | 石家庄铁道大学 | For wearing side slope protection modularization model pilot system under tunnel |
| CN109443930A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-03-08 | 西南交通大学 | A kind of shield tunnel segment lining structure longitudinal rigidity test device and method |
| CN109443930B (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2024-02-13 | 西南交通大学 | Device and method for testing longitudinal rigidity of shield tunnel segment lining structure |
| CN110849688A (en) * | 2019-11-29 | 2020-02-28 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Model test device for coupling effect of anchoring force loss of prestressed anchor rod (cable) and tunnel aging deformation |
| CN110849688B (en) * | 2019-11-29 | 2023-05-16 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Model test device for coupling effect of prestress anchor rod (cable) anchoring force loss and tunnel aging deformation |
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