CN102280506B - 具有低变色倾向的反射性粘合膜的光电模块 - Google Patents
具有低变色倾向的反射性粘合膜的光电模块 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102280506B CN102280506B CN201110155535.2A CN201110155535A CN102280506B CN 102280506 B CN102280506 B CN 102280506B CN 201110155535 A CN201110155535 A CN 201110155535A CN 102280506 B CN102280506 B CN 102280506B
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- electric module
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- adhesive films
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
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Abstract
本发明涉及具有低变色倾向的反射性粘合膜的光电模块。具体地,本发明涉及由层压体制成的光电模块,该层压体由以下构成a)透明的前盖板b)一个或多个光敏半导体层c)至少一个粘合膜,和d)后盖板其中至少一个粘合膜被整理为反射性的,并包含TiO2含量为50到94重量%的二氧化钛颜料。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及使用显示出低变色倾向的日光反射性粘合膜生产光电模块(Photovoltaikmodule)。
背景技术
光电模块通常由设置在玻璃板和后盖板之间的光敏层构成。特别是当后盖板也由玻璃制成时,这些部件借助于由包含增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)制成的一个或多个中间层膜彼此粘结。
还已知部分阳光穿过光敏层而不激活它们。为了提高量子产率,尤其是设置在光敏层后的粘合膜可以包含反射材料,例如二氧化钛、二氧化锆或金属颜料。例如由DE4337694、WO 2009/071703、US 2007/0235077或US 5,059,254已知在位于光敏层后的PVB膜中将二氧化钛用作反射颜料。
二氧化钛被广泛用作白色颜料,例如在乳胶漆(Dispersionsfarbe)中或者用于使PVC型材着色。令人遗憾地,锐钛矿变体形式的以及更低程度以金红石变体形式的二氧化钛在UV辐照下催化聚合物基体的分解,因此可商购获得的二氧化钛颜料通常备有惰性无机材料例如氧化硅、氧化铝或氧化锆的涂层。这些氧化物具有较低的折射率,并且由此具有比二氧化钛本身显著更低的散射力。因为惰性涂层的含量提高,在各种颜料中二氧化钛的量减少,并且同时该颜料的散射效应也降低。为了保持高反射效应以及由此对光电流的特别高的额外贡献,将具有尽可能高的散射性能也就是说TiO2含量特别高的二氧化钛颜料用于光伏应用。
然而,在稳定性测试期间观察到当用TiO2含量高的金红石型二氧化钛填充PVB膜时,TiO2含量高的金红石型二氧化钛暴露于UV辐照时转为蓝色,这显著地降低膜的反射率。该效应在层压体的边沿区域也就是说大气中的氧能够进一步扩散的区域较不明显并且仅部分可逆。不受该理论的正确性的约束,认为所观察的该效应与这样仅能够在无氧情况下稳定的电子的中间态有关。当大气中的氧能够经未用玻璃遮盖的粘合膜表面无阻碍地穿过光电模块时,这些效应不以这种方式发生。
由此,在光电模块中用二氧化钛颜料填充的膜的反射性在PV模块暴露于日照的长时间内由于变色而显著损失其反射性。因而,该模块的改善的初始性能随着时间流逝有时还下降。
发明内容
本发明的任务因此是提供用于光电模块的包含二氧化钛的中间层膜,其不易变色并且由此表现出反射率的损失较少。
令人惊讶地发现当包含较小TiO2部分的二氧化钛颜料用于中间层膜时,尽管获得的散射效应/反射率稍低,但显著减少了由于随着时间流逝变色导致的反射率损失。以这种方式装备的膜具有更长的使用寿命并且在光电模块的寿命内使它们更有效。
因此本发明的主题是含层压体的光电模块,该层压体由以下构成
a)透明的前盖板
b)一个或多个光敏半导体层
c)至少一个粘合膜,和
d)后盖板
其中至少一个反射性粘合膜被整理为反射性的并包含TiO2含量为50到94重量%(相对于所用的颜料)的二氧化钛颜料。二氧化钛颜料优选包含金红石变体形式的TiO2。
通过整理成漫反射的粘合膜。穿过光敏半导体层的部分光反射回到该光敏半导体层,从而提高模块的效率。通过使用所选的二氧化钛颜料抑制了变色,并且在模块的使用寿命期间保持了提高的效率。例如,WO 2009/071703公开了使用具有94.5% TiO2含量的二氧化钛颜料。令人惊讶地发现包含较小TiO2含量的颜料在日光入射后具有更高的反射率。这是更令人惊奇的,因为根据预期,具有较高TiO2含量的颜料的初始反射率比具有较低TiO2含量的要大。
根据在下文中所述的测试方法,根据本发明所用的膜在1100nm处暴露于UV辐照下1000h前后都显示出至少85%的反射率保持,优选至少90%,并且特别地至少95%。
根据本发明所用的膜优选包含涂有选自氧化锌、氧化硅、氧化铝和氧化锆的组的一种或多种化合物的二氧化钛颜料。所用的涂覆材料优选是氧化硅和氧化铝的混合物。
根据本发明所用的二氧化钛颜料优选具有10-80nm的平均粒度,更优选15-60nm,特别优选20-40nm。
因而,用于根据本发明的膜的二氧化钛颜料的无机成分包含最大94重量%的TiO2。根据本发明所用的颜料优选包含最大93重量%、特别优选最大92重量%的TiO2,最优选最大91重量%的TiO2。然而,二氧化钛颜料中的TiO2含量应该多于50% TiO2,优选多于70% TiO2,特别优选多于80% TiO2,并且最优选多于85%,否则膜的反射率过低。
另外,为了便于均匀加工到膜基质中,二氧化钛颜料可以任选地用有机化合物进行表面处理。这样的化合物的例子是有机磷酸酯、有机硫酸酯、聚硅氧烷或硅酮化合物,例如聚二甲硅氧烷(PDMS)。表面处理优选由硅酮化合物例如PDMS构成。多官能醇(例如TMP)较不合适,因为它们很可能增强蓝色变色。
除TiO2以外补足二氧化钛颜料的100%余下的部分由上述无机和/或有机化合物构成。
根据本发明所用的反射性粘合膜优选是单层的膜。然而,如果该反射性粘合膜由至少一个反射也就是说包含颜料的层(部分膜)和至少一个非反射也就是说不含颜料的层(部分膜)组成,这可能是有利的。因而例如一或两个外面的部分层能够起粘合作用,而包含反射颜料并设置在这两层之间的部分膜起到反射辐照的作用。
可以通过连接预制的部分层或者通过在一个工序中将部分层共挤出来生产具有多个部分层的膜。
在反射性粘合膜中的二氧化钛颜料含量优选是至少5重量%,特别优选至少8重量%或者至少10重量%,并且特别是至少12重量%。在每一情况下应当遵守30重量%的上限。如果粘合膜由不含颜料的部分层和含颜料的部分层构成,该值基于整个膜,以致根据厚度分布较高浓度的TiO2可以用于含颜料的部分层。
如果反射性中间层由至少一个不含颜料的部分层和至少一个含颜料的部分层构成,那么这些部分层可以各自包含不同或者相同的组成和/或聚合物材料。
用于反射性粘合层和部分层的材料可以是对于生产复合窗玻璃已知的材料,例如PVC、Geniomer(聚二甲基硅氧烷/尿素共聚物)、硅酮、聚氨酯、乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、环氧浇铸树脂、离聚物、聚烯烃、或者特别地包含增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩醛或者包含增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛。
包含带有增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜优选包括未交联的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB),其通过聚乙烯醇与丁醛的缩醛化来获得。
使用交联的聚乙烯醇缩醛,特别是交联的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)也是可能的。例如在EP 1527107 B1和WO 2004/063231 A1(含羧基的聚乙烯醇缩醛的热自交联)、EP 1606325A1(与聚醛交联的聚乙烯醇缩醛)和WO 03/020776 A1(与乙醛酸交联的聚乙烯醇缩醛)中描述了合适的交联的聚乙烯醇缩醛。通过引用将这些专利申请的公开内容全部包括在内。
与其它或者额外的具有5-10个碳原子的醛(例如戊醛)进行缩醛化也是可能的。
在本发明的范围内,来自水解的醋酸乙烯酯/乙烯共聚物的三聚物也可以用作聚乙烯醇。这些化合物通常超过98%是水解的并且包含1到10重量的基于乙烯的单元(例如由Kuraray Europe GmbH生产的"Exceval"型)。
除缩醛单元之外,聚乙烯醇缩醛也包含源于醋酸乙烯脂和乙烯醇的单元。根据本发明所用的包含增塑剂聚乙烯醇缩醛优选包括少于20重量%的聚乙烯醇含量,少于18重量%,或者特别地少于16重量%。聚乙烯醇含量不应该少于12重量%。
聚乙烯醇缩醛的聚乙酸乙烯酯含量优选少于5重量%,特别地少于3重量%,并且尤其是少于2重量%。缩醛化的程度可以由聚乙烯醇含量和残留的醋酸酯含量计算确定。
根据本发明所用的反射膜优选在85%相对湿度的环境湿度中在23℃具有至少1E+11 ohm*cm的电阻率,更优选至少5E+11 ohm*cm,优选1E+12 ohm*cm,优选5E+12 ohm*cm,优选1E+13,优选5E+13 ohm*cm,优选1E+14 ohm*cm。
根据本发明所用的膜,特别地基于含增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩醛的那些膜优选具有最大40重量%、35重量%、32重量%、30重量%、28重量%、26重量%、24重量%、22重量%、20重量%、18重量%、16重量%的增塑剂含量,其中处于膜的加工性能原因,增塑剂含量不应少于15重量%(在每一情况下相对于总的膜配方)。根据本发明的膜或光电模块可以包含一种或多种增塑剂。
原则上适用于根据本发明所用的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜的增塑剂是选自下列组的一种或多种化合物:
-多元脂族或芳族酸的酯,例如己二酸二烷基酯如己二酸二己酯、己二酸二辛酯、己二酸己基环己酯、己二酸庚酯和己二酸壬酯的混合物、己二酸二异壬酯、己二酸庚基壬酯以及带有脂环族酯醇的己二酸酯或者带有包含醚键的酯醇的己二酸酯,癸二酸二烷基酯如癸二酸二丁酯以及带有脂环族的酯醇的癸二酸酯或带有包含醚键的酯醇的癸二酸酯,邻苯二甲酸酯如邻苯二甲酸丁基苯基酯或邻苯二甲酸双-2-丁氧基乙基酯
-多元脂族或者芳族醇或者具有一个或多个未支化或支化脂族或芳族取代基的寡醚二醇的酯或醚,例如带有直链或者支化脂族或者脂环族羧酸的二、三或四甘醇的酯;下列可以作为后一群组的例子:二乙二醇-双-(2-乙基己酸酯)、三甘醇-双-(2-乙基己酸酯)、三甘醇-双-(2-乙基丁酸酯)、四甘醇-双-正庚酸酯、三甘醇-双-正庚酸酯、三甘醇-双-正己酸酯、四甘醇二甲基醚和/或二丙二醇苯甲酸酯
-带有脂族或芳族酯醇的磷酸酯,如磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯(TOF)、磷酸三乙酯、磷酸二苯基-2-乙基己酯和/或磷酸三甲苯酯
-柠檬酸、琥珀酸和/或富马酸的酯。
对于根据本发明所用的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜,选自下列组的一种或多种化合物是高度合适的增塑剂:癸二酸二-2-乙基己酯(DOS)、己二酸二-2-乙基己酯(DOA)、己二酸二己酯(DHA)、癸二酸二丁酯(DBS)、三甘醇-双-正庚酸酯(3G7)、四甘醇-双-正庚酸酯(4G7)、三甘醇-双-2-乙基己酸酯(3GO或3G8)、四甘醇-双-正-2-乙基己酸酯(4GO或4G8)、己二酸二-2-丁氧基乙酯(DBEA)、己二酸二-2-丁氧基乙氧基乙酯(DBEEA)、癸二酸二-2-丁氧基乙酯(DBES)、邻苯二甲酸二-2-乙基己酯(DOP)、邻苯二甲酸二-异壬酯(DINP)、三甘醇-双-异壬酸酯、三甘醇-双-2-丙基己酸酯、磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯(TOF)、1,2-环己烷二羧酸二异壬酯(DINCH)、己二酸二异壬酯(DINA)以及二丙二醇苯甲酸酯。
对于根据本发明所用的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜,特别合适的增塑剂是由式100 xO/(C+H)表示的极性少于/等于9.4的增塑剂,其中O、C和H代表在各自的分子中氧、碳和氢原子的数目。下表列出根据本发明可用的增塑剂和它们的根据式100 x O/(C+H)的极性值。
通常通过添加粘合调节剂如在WO 03/033583 A1中公开的有机酸的碱金属和/或碱土金属盐来调节聚乙烯醇缩醛膜在玻璃上的粘着能力。已证明乙酸钾和/或乙酸镁特别合适。由于生产工艺,聚乙烯醇缩醛往往还包含无机酸的碱金属和/或碱土金属盐,例如氯化钠。
因为碱金属盐同样对电阻率有影响,使用包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜是适宜的,所述膜含有少于100ppm、特别优选少于50ppm和特别地少于30ppm的碱金属离子。这可以利用适当的聚乙烯醇缩醛的洗涤处理并且通过使用选自由碱土金属盐、锌盐和铝盐的组中的多价金属盐作为碱性稳定剂来实现。对于此,优选镁盐,特别是乙酸镁、丙酸镁、丁酸镁、己酸镁、辛酸镁和硬脂酸镁。根据本发明所用的反射性膜具有优选大于0、特别优选大于5、尤其是大于10或大于15的碱滴定度。不应超过100的碱滴定度,否则可能导致膜变黄。
通过添加热解硅石(Kieselsäure)还可以改进取决于膜含水量的离子迁移率,并由此改进电阻率。包含增塑剂的基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜优选包含0.001到15重量%、特别是2到5重量%的热解SiO2。
原则上例如在EP 185 863 B1、EP 1 118 258 B1、WO 02/102591 A1、EP 1 118258 B1或EP 387 148 B1中描述了基于聚乙烯醇缩醛的膜的生产和组成。
光电模块在使该膜熔融的情况下进行层压,以无气泡和条纹地连接光敏半导体层与膜。
粘合膜的总厚度通常是0.30、0.38、0.45、0.51、0.76、1.14mm。
在层压过程中,根据本发明所用的膜填满存在于光敏半导体层和它们的电连接中的空隙。
透明的前盖板通常由玻璃或PMMA制成。根据本发明的光电模块的后盖板可以由玻璃、塑料或金属或它们的复合物制成,其中至少一个载体可以是透明的。还可能以复合窗玻璃(也就是说作为至少两个玻璃板和至少一个PVB膜的层压体)的形式或以具有气体间隙的隔热玻璃窗的形式构建盖板之一或者两者。当然还能够将这些措施组合。
用于模块的光敏半导体层不必具有任何专门的性能。可使用单晶、多晶或非晶的体系。
当生产根据本发明的薄膜太阳能模块时,通常直接将光敏半导体层施加到透明前盖板并用至少一个根据本发明的粘合膜与后盖板粘合。
当生产结晶或负载的太阳能模块时,必须将太阳能模块封装在粘合膜中,也就是说经至少一个非反射的粘合膜将光敏半导体层b)与透明的前盖板a)以及后盖板d)通过至少一个根据本发明的粘合膜粘合。除了反射性颜料外,这些膜优选具有与反射性粘合膜相同的组成。
由此获得的层压体可以通过本领域技术人员熟知的方法在有和没有在先生产预制复合物的情况下层压。
在约10到15巴的升高压力和130到145℃的温度执行“高压釜法”大约2小时。例如在EP 1 235 683 B1中所述的真空袋或真空环法在约200毫巴和130到145℃实施。
优选借助于真空层压机制造根据本发明的光电模块。真空层压机由能够加热和抽真空的室构成,其中能够在10-60分钟内层压复合窗玻璃。已证明在实践中从0.01到300毫巴的降低压力和从100到200℃特别是130-160℃的温度是有利的。
备选地,如上所述组装的层压体可以在至少一个辊对之间在60到150℃的温度压制以形成根据本发明的模块。这种用于生产复合窗玻璃的机器是已知的,并且通常具有在具有两个冲压机的设施中在第一挤压装置之前和/或之后配备有至少一个加热通道。
根据本发明的光电模块可以用作立面构件、屋面、温室覆盖物、隔音墙、阳台或栏杆元件,或者作为窗户区域的部件。
附图说明
图1、2和3显示根据实施例1、3和比较例3的层压样品与散射光的波长有关的以%计的反射率。
具体实施方式
测量方法:
在膜已经在特定的温度和环境湿度(23℃和85%空气相对湿度)调节至少24h之后,根据DIN IEC 60093用该条件测量膜的体积电阻率。由Fetronic GmbH制造的302 132型板状电极和由Amprobe制造的ISO-Digi 5kV电阻计用于执行测量。测试电压为2.5kV,施加测试电压后直到记录测量值的等待时间是60秒。为了根据DIN EN ISO 4287测量,为了确保在测量电极的平板和膜之间充分的接触,其表面粗糙度Rz不应大于10μm,也就是说在实施电阻测量之前可以通过压印(Umprägen)使PVB膜的初始表面平滑。
根据ASTM D 1396-92测定聚乙烯醇缩醛的聚乙烯醇和聚乙烯醇醋酸酯含量。采用卡尔费希尔法测定膜的水或湿含量。
碱滴定度
在磁力搅拌器中将3-4克包含增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩醛膜溶解在100ml乙醇/THF(80:20)的混合物中整夜。向此添加10ml稀盐酸(c=0.01mol/升),然后用四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAH)在2-丙醇中的溶液(c=0.01mol/升)参照空白样品用滴定处理器电位滴定。如下计算碱滴定度:
碱滴定度=每100g样品的HCl ml数=(TBAH空白样品的消耗-TBAH样品 x 100除以样品按g计的重量)
实施例:
研究了在表中所示具有含二氧化钛颜料的组合物的含增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛膜在光电模块中用作反射性粘合膜的适用性。膜由具有以重量%计的所示聚乙烯醇(PVOH)含量和约1重量%的聚乙酸乙烯酯含量的塑化的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)构成。
在组成如下的玻璃/玻璃层压体上比较了各种TiO2类型的耐辐照性:
-2mm Optiwhite(由Pilkington生产的低铁玻璃
-0.76mm含12.5重量%各自的二氧化钛颜料的PVB膜
-2mm Optiwhite。
在包含到层压体中之前,将膜在23℃/23%相对湿度的气候中调节24h,在玻璃清洗机中在50℃下温热的脱矿质水清洗玻璃。然后在典型的用于制造复合玻璃的辊压/高压釜法中在最高140℃的温度下生产层压体。
在“Q-SUN Xenon Test Chamber Model Xe-3-HBS”中辐照层压样品1000h。在340nm处的辐照强度是0.55W/m2,具有80℃的黑瓦温度(Schwarzkacheltemperatur),45℃的气温和20%相对湿度。在辐照之前和从辐照室中移除样品之后24h在由Perkin Elmer制造的Lambda 950 UV/VIS/NIR分光光度计上按照EN 410测量了反射。在1100nm的波长处从光谱中读取各自的反射率值。
比较例1-3显示对于包括未根据本发明的TiO2成分的二氧化钛颜料在辐照后的反射率比根据本发明的颜料(实施例1-4)显著更差。特别是实施例2和比较例2之间的比较显示尽管根据本发明的膜TiO2含量更少,在其他方面相同的粘合膜组成情况下,仍然具有更高的反射率。
图1、2和3显示根据实施例1、3和比较例3的层压样品与散射光的波长有关的以%计的反射率。上曲线显示辐照之前的反射率,下曲线显示辐照之后的反射率。
在下表和附图中的值显示尽管颜料类型的散射力较低(根据制造商的说明),但根据本发明构造的中间层膜在UV-辐照之后显示更小的变色和升高的反射性。这类膜因此特别适合用于制造光电模块。
在表中所有的数据按相对于膜混合物也就是说相对于总体(PVB、增塑剂和TiO2)的重量%给出。在PVB中PVOH含量相对于PVB,TiO2含量相对于所用的二氧化钛颜料。添加Mg(醋酸盐)2 x 4H2O作为防粘剂。
所用的二氧化钛从Kronos公司以下面所示的产品名称获得。
。
Claims (11)
1.光电模块,包含由以下构成的层压体:
a)透明的前盖板
b)一个或多个光敏半导体层
c)至少一个粘合膜,和
d)后盖板
特征在于至少一个粘合膜经整理成反射性的,并包含TiO2含量为50到94重量%的二氧化钛颜料。
2.权利要求1中所述的光电模块,特征在于该二氧化钛颜料用选自氧化锌、氧化硅、氧化铝和/或氧化锆的组的一种或多种化合物涂覆。
3.权利要求2中所述的光电模块,特征在于该二氧化钛颜料用氧化硅和氧化铝的混合物涂覆。
4.权利要求1到3中任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于该二氧化钛颜料用硅酮化合物、聚硅氧烷、有机硫酸酯化合物和/或有机磷酸酯化合物进行表面处理。
5.权利要求1到3中任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于所述反射性粘合膜由至少一个不含颜料的部分层和至少一个含颜料的部分层构成。
6.权利要求1到3中任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于所述反射性粘合膜由至少一个不含颜料的部分层和至少一个含颜料的部分层构成,并且这些部分层包含相同的聚合物材料。
7.权利要求1到3中任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于所述反射性粘合膜包含至少一种含增塑剂的聚乙烯醇缩醛。
8.权利要求1到3中任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于所述反射性粘合膜具有大于0的碱滴定度。
9.权利要求1到3中任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于所述反射性粘合膜包含含增塑剂且聚乙烯醇含量少于20重量%的聚乙烯醇缩醛。
10.权利要求1到3中任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于所述反射性粘合膜包含选自下列的至少一种增塑剂:癸二酸二-2-乙基己酯、1,2-环己烷二羧酸二异壬酯、己二酸二异壬酯、己二酸二-2-乙基己酯、邻苯二甲酸二-2-乙基己酯、己二酸二己酯、癸二酸二丁酯、三甘醇-双-2-丙基己酸酯、三甘醇-双-异壬酸酯、癸二酸-二-2-丁氧基乙酯和三甘醇-双-2-乙基己酸酯。
11.权利要求1到3中任一项所述的光电模块,特征在于所述反射性粘合膜在85%相对湿度的环境湿度中在23℃具有至少1E+11 ohm*cm的电阻率。
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EP2180527A1 (en) * | 2008-10-22 | 2010-04-28 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Semiconductor device and method of producing a semiconductor device |
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2010
- 2010-06-11 EP EP10165622A patent/EP2395558A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2011
- 2011-05-20 TW TW100117670A patent/TWI508315B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-06-08 US US13/155,458 patent/US20110303279A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-06-10 CN CN201110155535.2A patent/CN102280506B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-06-10 EP EP11169424A patent/EP2395561B1/de not_active Not-in-force
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WO2001036529A1 (de) * | 1999-11-19 | 2001-05-25 | Cognis Deutschland Gmbh | Verwendung von nanoskaligem titandioxid als uv-schutzkomponente |
CN1492912A (zh) * | 2001-04-26 | 2004-04-28 | 克鲁普顿公司 | 改性硅烷处理的颜料或填料和含有它们的组合物 |
WO2009071703A2 (de) * | 2007-12-07 | 2009-06-11 | Kuraray Europe Gmbh | Photovoltaikmodule mit reflektierenden klebefolien |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TWI508315B (zh) | 2015-11-11 |
TW201210051A (en) | 2012-03-01 |
EP2395561A1 (de) | 2011-12-14 |
CN102280506A (zh) | 2011-12-14 |
EP2395561B1 (de) | 2013-03-06 |
EP2395558A1 (de) | 2011-12-14 |
US20110303279A1 (en) | 2011-12-15 |
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