CN102272470A - 轴承 - Google Patents
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- CN102272470A CN102272470A CN2009801540023A CN200980154002A CN102272470A CN 102272470 A CN102272470 A CN 102272470A CN 2009801540023 A CN2009801540023 A CN 2009801540023A CN 200980154002 A CN200980154002 A CN 200980154002A CN 102272470 A CN102272470 A CN 102272470A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C9/00—Bearings for crankshafts or connecting-rods; Attachment of connecting-rods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C08L79/04—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain; Polyhydrazides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08L79/08—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
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- F16C33/201—Composition of the plastic
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
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- F16C33/203—Multilayer structures, e.g. sleeves comprising a plastic lining
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- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
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Abstract
本发明描述了一种塑料聚合物基轴承材料及其制备方法,所述材料包含聚酰亚胺/酰胺塑料聚合物材料基质,并且在所述基质中遍布有:金属粉末,为5体积%至小于15体积%;氟聚合物,为1体积%至15体积%;除附带的杂质之外余量为聚酰亚胺/酰胺树脂。
Description
本发明涉及滑动轴承(plain bearing),特别是(但并非仅仅)涉及具有结实的背衬层、施加在所述背衬层之上的第一轴承材料层以及施加在所述第一轴承材料层之上的第二轴承材料层的滑动轴承。
在内燃机中用作曲轴轴颈轴承的滑动轴承(例如)通常为半圆柱形,并且通常具有层状结构。该层状结构通常包含:厚度约为(例如)1mm以上的结实的背衬材料(例如钢);粘附于背衬的第一轴承材料的衬垫(lining),其厚度通常约在0.1mm至0.5mm范围内;并且通常还含有粘附于第一轴承材料表面的第二轴承材料层,其厚度小于约25μm。该第二轴承材料的表面与配合的心轴轴颈(shaftjournal)表面形成实际的运转或滑动表面。当轴承(例如)安装在主轴承座内或安装在连杆大头内时,背衬提供强度并防止轴瓦发生变形。如果第二轴承材料层因任何原因被磨损殆尽,那么第一轴承材料层则提供合适的轴承运转性能。因此,第一轴承材料层提供抗咬合性以及与心轴轴颈表面的相容性,并且防止轴颈表面与结实的背衬材料接触。如上所述,虽然第一轴承材料提供抗咬合性和相容性,但其通常比第二层的材料硬。因此,在调整轴承表面与心轴轴颈之间小的失配(顺应性(conformability))、以及包埋在润滑油供应中循环的污物颗粒以防止碎屑划伤或损坏轴颈表面(污物包埋性)这些方面,第一轴承材料的性能较差。
第一轴承材料通常可以选自铝基合金材料或铜基合金材料。铝基合金通常包括其中含有软金属第二相的铝合金基质。通常,软金属相可以选自铅、锡和铋中的一种或多种。然而,由于铅污染环境,因此如今铅并不是优选的元素。考虑到环境因素,很可能最终也不会使用像铜-铅合金和含铅青铜这样的铜基合金,而是使用(例如)无铅的铜合金来代替。
与心轴轴颈配合的第二轴承材料层也称为覆盖层,并且其通常由相对很软的金属层制成。其实例是,(例如)通过电化学沉积法沉积的铅-锡合金。然而,这种合金除了对环境不利外,在现代高负荷发动机的应用中还易于磨损。为了用不含铅的、更耐磨的替代品来取代这种覆盖合金,已经对(例如)具有相对高的锡含量并且通过(例如)阴极溅射工艺沉积的软铝合金进行了大量研究。这种工艺的缺点是,这种轴承层的造价昂贵,并且由于该工艺需要使用真空溅射设备,因此基本上为小批量工艺。
最近,已经对由塑料聚合物材料基质构成的轴承覆盖层进行了研究。
一些研究者已经在常规的金属轴承合金衬垫之上提供了塑料聚合物轴承层,作为所谓的“磨合”层(bedding-in layer),该层旨在随着时间的推移而磨耗,从而留下所述常规的金属轴承衬垫作为长期的运转或滑动表面。这种聚合物磨合层具有相对高含量的填料材料,该填料材料通常包括自润滑材料,例如石墨、二硫化钼等。高填充量的弱质材料也会使该轴承层的强度和耐磨性劣化,该轴承层相对较快地磨耗以实现磨合层的功能。由于该层的目的在于相对较快地磨耗,因此其通常很薄,约为5μm以下。
与本申请具有共同所有权人的专利文献WO 2004/113749公开了一种塑料聚合物基轴承层,当该轴承层沉积在具有金属轴承材料层的轴承上时,其具有优选为10μm至30μm的常规覆盖层的厚度,其覆盖的目的在于延长轴承的寿命。此外,当该文献所描述的材料以优选为40μm至70μm的厚度直接沉积在结实的背衬层之上时,该材料还可以构成唯一的轴承层。所述塑料聚合物基覆盖材料包含:聚酰亚胺/酰胺基质或改性环氧树脂基质;以及选自以下物质的填料:15体积%至30体积%的金属粉末、1体积%至15体积%的氟聚合物、0.5体积%至20体积%的陶瓷粉和2体积%至15体积%的二氧化硅。基于这种配方的塑料聚合物覆盖层表现出高的耐磨性和抗疲劳强度,然而,相对较高的填料含量往往会使覆盖层相对较硬,从而使其在吸收和消除润滑油中循环的碎屑颗粒所产生的不利影响这方面的能力较差,因此污物包埋性可能会低于预期,这会导致轴承表面和/或轴颈表面被划伤。
本发明旨在提供一种塑料聚合物基覆盖材料,该塑料聚合物基覆盖材料减轻了已知的聚合物基轴承材料的一些缺点。
根据本发明的第一方面,提供了一种塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其含有聚酰亚胺/酰胺塑料聚合物材料基质,并且在所述基质中遍布有:金属粉末,为5体积%至小于15体积%;氟聚合物,为1体积%至15体积%;除附带的杂质之外余量为聚酰亚胺/酰胺树脂。
在WO 2004/113749中,聚酰亚胺/酰胺树脂基质还含有乙烯基树脂添加剂,从而提高所得轴承层的顺应性。我们已经发现,现已不需要这种乙烯基添加剂,这是因为,与早期材料相比,目前的塑料聚合物轴承材料中填料材料的量已大大降低,所以该塑料聚合物轴承材料具有足够的顺应性。此外,早期材料中的乙烯基添加剂往往会削弱聚酰亚胺/酰胺基质的强度。因此,目前的新型塑料聚合物基轴承材料的重要优点在于,与我们早期的聚合物轴承材料相比,目前的材料含有显著更高比例的本身强度更高的材料。
我们现已发现,聚酰亚胺/酰胺树脂基质自身是一种强度很高的材料,并且当轴承处于发动机工作环境中时,该基质可以经受作用于其上的化学侵蚀、机械应力和热应力,向该基质中加入添加剂的目的在于改善聚酰亚胺/酰胺基质材料的表面滑动性能。
在本发明的塑料聚合物轴承材料的优选实施方案中,金属粉末的含量可以在11体积%至14体积%的范围内,并且典型地为12.5体积%。
金属粉末可以选自:铝、铝合金、铜、铜合金、银、钨、不锈钢等。然而出乎意料的是,虽然我们早期的材料显示铝和钨的金属粉末混合物得到了最佳性能,但我们现已发现,纯的铝粉末自己就能得到最佳结果。
粒度为约1μm至5μm,优选为2μm至3μm的片状片晶(flakeplatelet)形式的铝粉末是最合适形式的金属粉末添加剂。粉末的片状性质通常导致这样的结果:由于这些片的平面通常取向为与轴承表面平行,因此金属粉末的最大面积暴露于配合的心轴轴颈。这种取向是由以下更详细描述的沉积轴承材料的制备方法而导致的。
铝粉末片晶片状形态的另一个优点在于,由于每个单独颗粒的表面积相对较大,使得颗粒更牢固地粘附于基质,由此防止在发动机运转时,铝颗粒从基质脱离。
在不希望被任何特定的理论所束缚的情况下,据信,本发明轴承材料的良好耐磨性可能是由于在铝薄片的表面上形成了氧化铝薄膜。据信,氧化铝提供非常细的研磨剂,该研磨剂往往会磨光配合的心轴轴颈表面上的机加工粗糙部位,使得心轴轴颈表面自身对聚合物基轴承材料产生更少的磨耗作用,从而降低其磨损率。
在本发明的塑料聚合物基材料的优选实施方案中,所述氟聚合物的含量可以优选在2体积%至8体积%的范围内。
所述氟聚合物添加剂可以优选由聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)组成,因为PTFE在降低轴承材料的摩擦系数和提高自润滑性方面,是最有效的氟聚合物。然而,如有需要,可以使用(例如)在轴承领域内公知的其它氟聚合物,例如氟化乙烯-丙烯(FEP)。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供了一种制备塑料聚合物基轴承材料的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:在溶剂中制备聚酰亚胺/酰胺塑料树脂材料与金属粉末添加剂和氟聚合物的混合物,其中金属粉末添加剂为5体积%至小于15体积%的金属粉末,氟聚合物为1体积%至15体积%,余量包含聚酰亚胺/酰胺树脂;将该混合物涂敷于基底上;进行处理以除去所述溶剂;以及,进行处理以固化(consolidate)所述聚酰亚胺/酰胺基质。
需要指出的是,在上述组合物中,所述聚酰亚胺/酰胺树脂、金属粉末和氟聚合物的含量为除去溶剂之后,留在最终材料中的含量。
理想的是,所述溶剂型混合物具有合适的粘度,使得将该溶剂型混合物涂敷于基底上的涂敷工艺能够导致所述塑料聚合物轴承材料的最终厚度为所需的厚度,而不需要将其机加工至所需最终壁厚。然而,如有需要,可以对所述塑料聚合物材料进行机加工。
当金属轴承材料层直接位于所述塑料聚合物层之下时,该聚合物层的合适的最终厚度可以在4μm至40μm之间。优选厚度可以为4μm至15μm。而更优选厚度可以为4μm至10μm。
基底可以包括包含(例如)结实的背衬材料(例如钢或青铜)的复合材料,所述结实的背衬材料还具有(例如)与其粘附的金属轴承材料层(例如铝基或铜基轴承合金)。此外,所述基底可以为任何所需的形式,例如基本完成的半圆柱形的半轴承或者扁平带材(flatstrip),该扁平带材例如可以在涂敷步骤之后被制成轴承。
可供选择的另一种方式是,基底可以只包括结实的背衬材料层,而塑料聚合物轴承材料沉积在该结实的背衬材料层上。在这种只使用结实的背衬层而没有中间金属轴承材料层的情况下,与将塑料聚合物轴承材料沉积在金属轴承材料层上的情况相比,前者可以沉积更厚的本发明塑料聚合物轴承材料层。
当塑料聚合物层直接沉积在结实的背衬层上时,其厚度可以被规定为40μm至100μm,优选为40μm至70μm。然而,当结实的背衬层为青铜材料(其本身就可以是合适的轴承材料)时,该塑料聚合物层可以比这些值更薄。
所述塑料聚合物混合物还可以包含硅烷材料添加剂。已经发现,硅烷材料可以提高聚酰亚胺/酰胺基质的稳定性,还发现硅烷材料可以提高聚酰亚胺/酰胺树脂材料对基底的粘附性。合适的硅烷材料可以为γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷,并且其可以按3体积%至6体积%的量加入所述混合物。
合适的可供选择的硅烷材料可以包括双-(γ-三甲氧基硅丙基)胺。
合适的溶剂可以包括n-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮二甲苯,并且可以按多种比例使用,从而使得用于涂敷到基底上的混合物达到特定希望的粘度。
将塑料聚合物轴承材料沉积到基底上的合适的方法可以为喷涂法。也可以通过在基底上喷涂多个独立的层来控制层厚。
根据本发明的第三方面,提供了一种其上具有本发明第一方面所述塑料聚合物轴承材料层的滑动轴承。
根据本发明的第四方面,提供了利用本发明第二方面所述方法制备的滑动轴承。
为了更全面地理解本发明,下面将仅以示例的方式结合以下附图来说明实施例,其中:
图1示出了具有本发明的塑料聚合物基覆盖材料作为运转滑动表面的滑动轴承的一部分沿厚度方向的截面示意图。
图1显示出滑动轴承的一部分的截面,其包括结实的背衬1(例如钢)、包含铜基合金或铝基合金的轴承衬垫层2、以及本发明的塑料聚合物基覆盖层3。
制作两个本发明轴承的实施例,它们具有以下塑料聚合物基覆盖涂层:
实施例1
青铜基底上的聚合物涂层
实施例2
铝基底上的聚合物涂层
切割双金属圈并利用冲压工具制成半圆形坯件,从而将测试轴承制备成标准生产线的钢/衬垫材料坯件。之后,沿所述半圆形坯件的所有边缘对其进行机加工,从而获得具有或不具有倒角的平滑加工表面。之后利用标准方法将这些工件镗削至所需壁厚。为了制备涂敷用镗削表面,将这些工件除油,之后采用标准喷砂法,利用AI2O3细砂粒(360)对其进行喷砂。利用气喷净法除去所有残留的砂粒。之后遮盖这些工件以进行喷涂。之后利用标准手动气动喷枪进行喷涂。在每层之间进行闪蒸过程以除去溶剂,从而形成多层的涂层。在达到最终的涂层厚度之后,在190℃下,使所述涂层最终固化30分钟。工件一旦冷却,则在测试之前不需要对其进一步加工。
在本说明书的整个说明书和权利要求书中,词语“包括”和“包含”以及该词语的变型(例如“含有”和“具有”)是指“包括但不限于”,并非旨在(并且不会)排除其他部分、添加剂、组分、整数或步骤。
在本说明书的整个说明书和权利要求中,除非上下文另外指明,否则单数形式涵盖复数形式。特别是,在使用不定冠词时,除非上下文另外指明,否则应当认为本说明书涵盖复数和单数。
与本发明的特定方面、实施方案或实施例一同描述的性质、整数、特征、化合物、化学部分或基团应当被理解为适用于本文所述的任何其他方面、实施方案或实施例,除非与之不相容。
Claims (20)
1.一种塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其包含聚酰亚胺/酰胺塑料聚合物材料基质,并且在所述基质中遍布有:金属粉末,为5体积%至小于15体积%;氟聚合物,为1体积%至15体积%;除附带的杂质之外余量为聚酰亚胺/酰胺树脂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其中,所述金属粉末的含量在11体积%至14体积%的范围内。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其中,所述金属粉末的含量约为12.5体积%。
4.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其中,所述金属粉末选自包括以下物质的组:铝、铝合金、铜、铜合金、银、钨、不锈钢。
5.根据权利要求4所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其中,所述金属粉末为铝。
6.根据权利要求5所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其中,所述铝粉末具有粒度约为1μm至5μm的片状片晶形式的颗粒。
7.根据权利要求6所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其中,所述粒度为2μm至3μm。
8.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其中,所述氟聚合物的含量在2体积%至8体积%的范围内。
9.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其中,所述氟聚合物选自包括PTFE和FEP的组。
10.根据前述权利要求中任意一项所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其中,所述材料还包含3体积%至6体积%范围内的硅烷。
11.根据权利要求10所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料,其中,所述硅烷材料选自包括γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷和双-(γ-三甲氧基硅丙基)胺的组。
12.一种制备塑料聚合物基轴承材料的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
在溶剂中制备聚酰亚胺/酰胺塑料树脂材料与金属粉末添加剂和氟聚合物的混合物,其中所述金属粉末添加剂为5体积%至小于15体积%的金属粉末,所述氟聚合物为1体积%至15体积%,余量包含所述聚酰亚胺/酰胺树脂;
将所述混合物涂敷于基底上;
进行处理以除去所述溶剂;以及,
进行处理以固化所述聚酰亚胺/酰胺基质。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,该方法还包括以下步骤:控制所述溶剂型混合物的粘度,以在固化之后获得具有所需最终厚度的塑料聚合物轴承材料。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的方法,其中,所述溶剂为n-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮二甲苯。
15.根据权利要求12至14中任意一项所述的方法,其中,将所述混合物涂敷于基底上的方法为喷涂法。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,在所述基底上喷涂多个独立的层。
17.一种滑动轴承,其上具有根据权利要求1至11中任意一项所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料的层。
18.一种实质上如参照所附说明书和附图所述的塑料聚合物基轴承材料。
19.一种实质上如参照所附说明书和附图所述的制备塑料聚合物基轴承材料的方法。
20.一种实质上如参照所附说明书和附图所述的其上具有塑料聚合物基轴承材料层的滑动轴承。
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JPS63125821A (ja) * | 1986-11-14 | 1988-05-30 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 摺動部材 |
DE19545425A1 (de) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-06-12 | Glyco Metall Werke | Zweischicht-Gleitlagerwerkstoff |
US6305847B1 (en) * | 1998-12-22 | 2001-10-23 | Daido Metal Company Ltd. | Sliding bearing |
JP4021607B2 (ja) * | 2000-08-15 | 2007-12-12 | 大豊工業株式会社 | すべり軸受 |
JP2003184855A (ja) * | 2001-12-17 | 2003-07-03 | Daido Metal Co Ltd | 船舶エンジン用のクロスヘッド軸受 |
DE10324892A1 (de) * | 2003-06-02 | 2005-01-05 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerbasierter Werkstoff |
GB0314372D0 (en) * | 2003-06-20 | 2003-07-23 | Dana Corp | Bearings |
AT503986B1 (de) * | 2006-08-02 | 2008-05-15 | Miba Gleitlager Gmbh | Laufschicht für ein lagerelement |
JP2008240785A (ja) * | 2007-03-26 | 2008-10-09 | Daido Metal Co Ltd | 摺動部材 |
GB2465852A (en) * | 2008-12-08 | 2010-06-09 | Mahle Engine Systems Uk Ltd | Plastics polymer-based bearing material |
-
2008
- 2008-12-08 GB GB0822346A patent/GB2465852A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2009
- 2009-12-07 WO PCT/EP2009/008719 patent/WO2010066396A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-12-07 BR BRPI0922557-9A patent/BRPI0922557B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2009-12-07 CN CN200980154002.3A patent/CN102272470B/zh active Active
- 2009-12-07 JP JP2011539941A patent/JP2012511128A/ja active Pending
- 2009-12-07 KR KR1020117015368A patent/KR101580345B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-12-07 EP EP13003442.4A patent/EP2708578B1/en active Active
- 2009-12-07 US US12/998,827 patent/US20110317955A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-12-07 EP EP09799520.3A patent/EP2370703B1/en active Active
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104603483B (zh) * | 2012-06-13 | 2017-03-08 | 马勒金属立夫有限公司 | 用于内燃机的轴承 |
CN105378309A (zh) * | 2013-08-19 | 2016-03-02 | 马勒国际有限公司 | 滑动发动机部件 |
CN105378309B (zh) * | 2013-08-19 | 2018-11-02 | 马勒国际有限公司 | 滑动发动机部件 |
US10190631B2 (en) | 2013-08-19 | 2019-01-29 | Mahle International Gmbh | Sliding engine component |
CN113685441A (zh) * | 2013-12-31 | 2021-11-23 | 美国圣戈班性能塑料公司 | 具有聚酰亚胺基质的复合轴承 |
CN113685441B (zh) * | 2013-12-31 | 2023-08-15 | 美国圣戈班性能塑料公司 | 具有聚酰亚胺基质的复合轴承 |
CN106459477A (zh) * | 2014-07-17 | 2017-02-22 | 马勒国际有限公司 | 滑动发动机部件 |
CN108167334A (zh) * | 2016-12-07 | 2018-06-15 | 斯凯孚公司 | 轴承部件和用于提高轴承部件的抵抗性的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2370703B1 (en) | 2013-08-28 |
EP2708578B1 (en) | 2017-08-02 |
JP2012511128A (ja) | 2012-05-17 |
CN102272470B (zh) | 2014-12-10 |
BRPI0922557B1 (pt) | 2020-09-24 |
US20110317955A1 (en) | 2011-12-29 |
GB2465852A (en) | 2010-06-09 |
EP2370703A1 (en) | 2011-10-05 |
KR20110100259A (ko) | 2011-09-09 |
EP2708578A1 (en) | 2014-03-19 |
KR101580345B1 (ko) | 2015-12-28 |
GB0822346D0 (en) | 2009-01-14 |
WO2010066396A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
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