CN102247820B - 一种纤维状重金属离子吸附剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种纤维状重金属离子吸附剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种纤维状金属离子吸附剂及其制备方法和应用。本发明以羟基磷灰石和海藻酸钠为原料,采用湿法纺丝法,不同纺丝工艺制备吸附剂;该吸附剂对镉离子有较高的吸附能力,最高能达到258.62mg/g且海藻酸钠无毒、可降解、具有良好的生物相容性,可以解决了吸附材料吸附重金属离子后不易处理的问题。此吸附剂溶液纺丝,成本低廉,简单易行,而且在实际应用中容易制备、节能减排,因此本发明的纤维状重金属离子吸附剂在水质净化领域有着较好的发展前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种金属离子吸附剂,具体是一种纤维状金属离子吸附剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
随着人们的生活水平提高,人们对环保的意思正在加强,众所周知,全球性的环境污染正在日益地破坏着地球生物圈几亿年来形成的生态平衡,并对人类自身的生存环境构成威胁。废水治理问题已成为当今科研工作的重中之重。废水中含有重金属、染料、有机物等各种污染物,其中重金属离子作为对人类健康、动植物生长、水源土壤的主要危害源,受到更为急切地关注,例如曾轰动一时的世界重大污染事件“水俣病”、“骨痛病”就是由于汞污染和镉污染造成的。废水中重金属的来源有采矿选矿、冶金、电镀、化工、染料、墨水制造、陶瓷、合金、涂料、照相、玻璃、造纸、制革、制药、纺织、核技术、肥料、氯碱制造、炼油等。全世界每年从工业和农业生产过程中排放的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Se、V、Zn等有毒金属已达到400万吨,而且废水排放的形式主要为离子状态。就我国电镀废水而言,据不完全统计,全国电镀厂点约1万家,每年排出的电镀废水约40亿立方米。1999年,全国工业和城市生活废水排放总量为401亿立方米,其中工业废水排放量197亿立方米。由此可见,电镀废水的排放量约占废水总排放量的10%,占工业废水排放量的20%。因此,去除废水中的重金属离子,从废水中回收金属,消除废水放射性,回收贵重金属,从海水中富集和提取有用金属等都有很重要的社会和生态意义,是环境保护的重要课题。重金属离子的处理方法主要包括离子树脂交换法、电解法、反渗透法、电渗析法、蒸发浓缩法、吸附法、化学法。其中,吸附法因在对于低浓度重金属离子废水具有很好的去除效率、能够有效回收废水中微量重金属等特殊优点,因此是一种重要处理重金属离子的方法。
目前已研制的吸附型纤维主要有:
1.中孔活性碳纤维:中孔型活性碳纤维的制造方法主要有以下几种:1)在纺丝液中加入具有致孔功能的高聚物。2)在纺丝液中加入固体致孔剂,在共聚树脂中加入一定量的微细炭黑或石墨粉,混合均匀后纺丝,所制纤维经预氧化、碳化和活化可制得中孔丰富的活性碳纤维。3)在纺丝液中加入有机金属络合物,在树脂或沥青中加入一定量的金属化合物,在碳化过程中金属的催化石墨化有利于中孔的生成。4)在热处理过程中用碱、碱土金属等化学物质扩孔。
2.聚丙烯腈吸附纤维:用活性炭与丙烯腈一亚甲基丁二酸共聚体共混以二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂纺制成了聚丙烯腈吸附纤维。
3.壳聚糖与聚乙烯醇共混纤维:将壳聚糖溶液和聚乙烯醇溶液按一定比例混合后纺丝,具有良好的去除重金属离子的能力。
4.腈氯纶吸附纤维:采用无机活性炭与丙烯腈-偏氯乙烯共聚体共混,以二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂纺制了腈氯纶吸附纤维,并用水合肼控制预交联过程,通过碱性水解制得羧酸钠型离子交换吸附纤维,着重考察了该纤维在染料亚甲基蓝和重金属Pb2+在混合共存条件下对亚甲基蓝和铅离子共吸附行为。
5.通过化学改性、接枝共聚、共混、共聚物成纤功能化等方法制备的含有羧基、磺酸基、氨基、羟基、吡啶基、偕胺肟基等官能团的聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯腈、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、纤维素纤维、粘胶纤维、聚氯乙烯/聚丙烯腈、聚乙烯/聚苯乙烯等吸附纤维。
碳纤维能够吸附许多化学物质,对金属离子的吸附量仅为30~40mg/g,废水处理费用较昂贵。其他吸附纤维以吸附镉离子为例,吸附能力大致范围为2.56~38mg/g。总结以往的报导,羟基磷灰石吸附性能比较稳定、吸附能力较强,镉离子吸附量达53mg/g,而且具有来源广泛、价格便宜、可以同时对多种金属离子进行吸附、对环境无污染等特点,因而成为了去除金属离子的可工业化生产和应用的吸附剂优选之一。然而不得不重视的一个问题是羟基磷灰石颗粒状的形态和不可承担负荷的机械特点限制了其在实际废水处理中的应用。已公布的关于羟基磷灰石吸附重金属离子的研究报导主要集中于羟基磷灰石本身对于各种重金属离子的吸附性能。本项目通过利用海藻酸钠无毒、可生物降解、生物相容性好,羟基磷灰石与海藻酸钠共混采用湿法纺丝法制备具有重金属离子吸附功能的一种海藻酸钠/羟基磷灰石复合纤维状的重金属离子吸附剂,可进一步增加吸附剂的吸附性能并解决此吸附剂吸附重金属离子后不易处理的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种便宜易得,成本低,去除效果好又具有环境安全性的海藻酸钠/羟基磷灰石复合纤维状的重金属离子吸附剂及其制备方法。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案予以实现:
一种纤维状重金属离子吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于:
①重金属吸附剂纺丝液的制备:在60℃条件下,按照羟基磷灰石与海藻酸钠的质量比是1∶1~9,将海藻酸钠加入到质量分数为3%~6.21%的羟基磷灰石水悬浮液中,制得重金属吸附剂纺丝液;
②重金属离子吸附剂的制备:经过湿法纺丝,第一凝固浴是质量分数为3%~15%CaCl2水溶液,第一凝固浴温度为15℃~60℃,纺丝头牵伸比为1∶0~2,,再经过第二凝固浴,第二次凝固浴为水或质量分数为5%的CaCl2水溶液浸泡12h,制得本发明的重金属离子吸附剂;
一种纤维状重金属离子吸附剂,其特征在于是由上述方法制得;
本发明所述的纤维状重金属离子吸附剂,可以用作吸附镉离子。
本发明的有益效果在于:本发明采用湿法纺丝法,不同纺丝工艺,通过纺丝机制成一种纤维状的重金属离子吸附剂,该吸附剂对镉离子(Cd2+)有较高的吸附能力,吸附镉离子量最高能达到258.62mg/g,且海藻酸钠无毒、可降解、具有良好的生物相容性,可以解决了吸附材料吸附重金属离子后不易处理的问题。此吸附剂溶液纺丝,成本低廉,简单易行,而且在实际应用中容易制备、节能减排,因此本发明的纤维状重金属离子吸附剂在水质净化领域有着较好的发展前景。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步说明。
实例1
将0.66克羟基磷灰石与50克水在探头式超声波分散仪的作用下分散3min,使二者均匀混合。再在上述步骤60℃条件下,添加1.545克海藻酸钠,经磁力搅拌,配制成具有高粘度的、混合均匀的海藻酸钠/羟基磷灰石混合纺丝液,第一凝固浴为溶质质量分数是5%氯化钙水溶液、第一凝固浴温度为30℃,纺丝头牵伸比为1∶1,第二浴凝固浴为纯水溶液浸泡12h,水洗5min,自然晾干,其单纤维强力仪测得强力值为1.97CN/dtex,经过原子分光光度仪镉离子吸附量达到253.95mg/g。
实例2
将0.66克羟基磷灰石与50克水在探头式超声波分散仪的作用下分散3min,使二者均匀混合。再在上述步骤60℃条件下,添加海藻酸钠,经磁力搅拌,配制成具有高粘度的、混合均匀的海藻酸钠/羟基磷灰石混合纺丝液,海藻酸钠质量是所述的溶剂水质量的3.09%,第一凝固浴为溶质质量分数是10%氯化钙水溶液、第一凝固浴温度为45℃,纺丝头牵伸比为1∶1.5,第二凝固浴为质量分数是5%的氯化钙水溶液浸泡12h,水洗5min,自然晾干,其单纤维强力仪测得强力值为1.20CN/dtex,经过原子分光光度仪镉离子吸附量达到242.62mg/g。
实例3
将0.66克羟基磷灰石与50克水在探头式超声波分散仪的作用下分散3min,使二者均匀混合。再在上述步骤60℃条件下,添加1.545克海藻酸钠,经磁力搅拌,配制成具有高粘度的、混合均匀的海藻酸钠/羟基磷灰石混合纺丝液,第一凝固浴为溶质质量分数是15%氯化钙水溶液、第一凝固浴温度为60℃,纺丝头牵伸比为1∶2,第二凝固浴为质量分数是5%的氯化钙水溶液浸泡12h,水洗12h,自然晾干,其单纤维强力仪测得强力值为1.04CN/dtex,经过原子分光光度仪镉离子吸附量达到236.44mg/g。
实例4
将0.895克羟基磷灰石与50克水在探头式超声波分散仪的作用下分散3min,使二者均匀混合。再在上述步骤60℃条件下,添加2.805克海藻酸钠,经磁力搅拌,配制成具有高粘度的、混合均匀的海藻酸钠/羟基磷灰石混合纺丝液,第一凝固浴为溶质质量分数是3%氯化钙水溶液、第一凝固浴温度为30℃,纺丝头牵伸比为1∶1.5,第二凝固浴为质量分数是5%的氯化钙水溶液浸泡12h,水洗12h,自然晾干,其单纤维强力仪测得强力值为0.91CN/dtex,经过原子分光光度仪镉离子吸附量达到255.69mg/g。
实例5
将1.37克羟基磷灰石与50克水在探头式超声波分散仪的作用下分散3min,使二者均匀混合。再在上述步骤60℃条件下,添加3.19克海藻酸钠,经磁力搅拌,配制成具有高粘度的、混合均匀的海藻酸钠/羟基磷灰石混合纺丝液,第一凝固浴为溶质质量分数是3%氯化钙水溶液、第一凝固浴温度为60℃,纺丝头牵伸比为1∶1,第二凝固浴为质量分数是5%的氯化钙水溶液浸泡12h,水洗5min,自然晾干,其单纤维强力仪测得强力值为0.98CN/dtex,经过原子分光光度仪镉离子吸附量达到258.62mg/g。
实例6
将1.545克羟基磷灰石与50克水在探头式超声波分散仪的作用下分散3min,使二者均匀混合。再在上述步骤60℃条件下,添加1.545克海藻酸钠,经磁力搅拌,配制成具有高粘度的、混合均匀的海藻酸钠/羟基磷灰石混合纺丝液,第一凝固浴为溶质质量分数是3%氯化钙水溶液、第一凝固浴温度为15℃,纺丝头牵伸比为1∶0,第二凝固浴为质量分数是5%的氯化钙水溶液浸泡12h,水洗5min,自然晾干,其单纤维强力仪测得强力值为0.49CN/dtex,经过原子分光光度仪镉离子吸附量达到223.08mg/g。
实例7
将0.66克的羟基磷灰石与50克水在探头式超声波分散仪的作用下分散3min,使二者均匀混合。再在上述步骤60℃条件下,添加1.545克的海藻酸钠,经磁力搅拌,配制成具有高粘度的、混合均匀的海藻酸钠/羟基磷灰石混合纺丝液,第一凝固浴为溶质质量分数是3%氯化钙水溶液、第一凝固浴温度为15℃,纺丝头牵伸比为1∶0,第二凝固浴为质量分数是5%的氯化钙水溶液浸泡12h,水洗5min,自然晾干,其单纤维强力仪测得强力值为0.85CN/dtex,经过原子分光光度仪镉离子吸附量达到159.50mg/g。
实例8
将0.17克的羟基磷灰石与50克的水在探头式超声波分散仪的作用下分散3min,使二者均匀混合。再在上述步骤60℃条件下,添加1.545克海藻酸钠,经磁力搅拌,配制成具有高粘度的、混合均匀的海藻酸钠/羟基磷灰石混合纺丝液,第一凝固浴为溶质质量分数是3%氯化钙水溶液、第一凝固浴温度为15℃,纺丝头牵伸比为1∶0,第二凝固浴为质量分数是5%的氯化钙水溶液浸泡12h,水洗5min,自然晾干,其单纤维强力仪测得强力值为0.81CN/dtex,经过原子分光光度仪镉离子吸附量达到122.51mg/g。
Claims (3)
1.一种纤维状重金属离子吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
①重金属吸附剂纺丝液的制备:在60℃条件下,按照羟基磷灰石与海藻酸钠的质量比为1∶1~9,将海藻酸钠加入到质量分数为3%~6.21%的羟基磷灰石水悬浮液中,制得重金属吸附剂纺丝液;
②重金属离子吸附剂的制备:经过湿法纺丝,第一凝固浴是质量分数为3%~15%CaCl2水溶液,第一凝固浴温度为15℃~60℃,纺丝头牵伸比为1∶0~2,第二次凝固浴为水或质量分数为5%的CaCl2水溶液浸泡12h,制得重金属离子吸附剂。
2.一种纤维状重金属离子吸附剂,其特征在于是由权利要求1所述方法制备得到。
3.如权利要求1所述方法制得的纤维状重金属离子吸附剂,用作吸附镉离子。
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