CN102124102A - 优化电穿孔的方法 - Google Patents
优化电穿孔的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102124102A CN102124102A CN2009801328044A CN200980132804A CN102124102A CN 102124102 A CN102124102 A CN 102124102A CN 2009801328044 A CN2009801328044 A CN 2009801328044A CN 200980132804 A CN200980132804 A CN 200980132804A CN 102124102 A CN102124102 A CN 102124102A
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Abstract
本发明的实施方式涉及一种电穿孔技术,其能在高导电性缓冲液中递送高幅度的长电脉冲,并最大程度降低经历电穿孔对细胞的损伤。
Description
本申请要求2008年7月18日提交的美国临时申请序列号61/081,924的优先权,该份申请通过引用全文纳入本文。
发明背景
I.发明领域
本发明通常涉及将化学或生物试剂导入活细胞或细胞颗粒或脂囊泡的方法和设备。
II.相关领域描述
电穿孔过程-使用电场将胞外材料加载活细胞或细胞颗粒或脂囊泡-的效果在很大程度上受两个主要参数的控制:所应用电场(EF)脉冲的幅度和脉冲的持续时间。只要脉冲幅度高于某个阈值水平,增加脉冲幅度或脉冲持续时间一般会导致胞外分子更多积聚在细胞内。
所应用电场的阈值与细胞大小成反比,对于有核细胞通常在1-3kV/cm范围内,对于红细胞在2-4kV/cm范围内,对于血小板在5-7kV/cm范围内,对于细菌和酵母在7-10kV/cm范围内(Crawford和Chronos,1996)。
应用于细胞悬液的每一电脉冲能被表征为一定量的能量,该能量等于电极上的电压、通过缓冲液的电流和高压脉冲的持续时间的积。但是,所应用的电能仅小部分花费在改变脂膜和将细胞外材料移入细胞的有用功上。该能量不能直接测量。其余电能以在细胞周围介质产生热量的形式消散。微弱地加热细胞悬液的能量消散是应用电场的不可避免的结果,即使产热本身不会导致细胞通透。缓冲液的导电性越强,浪费在热量产生上的能量越多。所有生理介质都含有较大量的氯,钠和/或钾。这些离子的存在决定了介质的电导率,该电导率通常在15-20mS/cm范围内。
美国专利5,676,646公开了一种带有流动池的流式电穿孔设备,该流动池包含两个被非导电隔板(spacer)分隔的电极,该隔板限定流动通路。该流动池以及其它现有技术流动池的主要问题是电极的表面积不足在细胞被电穿孔时消散热量。因此,现有技术流动池在细胞被电穿孔时积累非常高的热量。这种热量的积累能导致细胞和细胞组分的损伤并降低电穿孔方法的效率。
缓冲液的加热限制了细胞悬液成功电穿孔的能量用量,因为相应的温度升高不准超过周围20-24度以上,否则细胞和/或生物材料可遭受永久损伤。
在电穿孔(EP)样本中,温度的增加还有另一影响。这与样品电导率增加相关,在简单的盐溶液中电导率的增加约为2%每摄氏度(℃)。所应用的电场导致电流穿过细胞或颗粒悬液,这导致温度上升,而温度上升转化为电导率的增加和从电源流出更大的电流,并如此继续下去。如果此正反馈过程不被打断(比如通过关闭脉冲),电流持续以雪崩样方式增加并导致电弧击穿(arcing)和样品损失。该影响主要在较高电场强度下(>2kV/cm)观察到。
同行评议的文献中已经证明且记载了能用电穿孔将生物活性试剂插入血小板,然后该试剂将在靶位点产生某种效应这一概念。在这些引用的研究中,用最大可容纳0.5ml细胞悬液的静态系统处理血小板。美国专利7,186,559公开了可允许以快速(数分钟)通量时间来处理数十或数百毫升含血小板的细胞悬液的方法和设备。
血小板电穿孔需要更强的电场,因此必须限制缓冲液电导率及脉冲幅度。另一方面,从文献(Authi等,1989;Hughes和Crawford 1989;Crawford和Chronos 1996)中熟知,血小板对其环境的生物化学变化极为敏感,在任何可能的时候都应该保持在生理条件下。此外,对血小板悬液应用电场相关的环境中生理-化学变化可调节血小板的生理状态、活化特性和生物学功能,从而影响传递临床效果的能力。为血小板操作和电穿孔开发的具有较高电导率和很短电脉冲的缓冲液已使用(Pfliegler等,1994)。
在某些情况下,诸如通过电穿孔将核酸加载原代或培养的细胞,需要使用长脉冲(>100微妙(us))(Wolf等,1994;Rols和Teissie 1998)来转运大的RNA或DNA分子跨过细胞膜。假定通过电穿孔将RNA加载入有核细胞这一观察结果可延续到血小板上,用RNA和任何其他带大电荷的分子加载血小板就必需使用长电脉冲。为获得此过程的最佳结果,使用者将必需在较长的时间间隔上将非常高的电压应用于高电导率介质。实际上,主要由于电弧击穿的风险,这三个条件是相互排斥的,不易一次全部优化。因此,需要一种简单且有效的方法以便电穿孔化学或生物试剂而不损伤细胞、脂质体或囊泡,从而超过它们产生临床效果的能力。
发明概述
本发明涉及包封化学或生物学试剂的方法和设备。本发明特别适用于血液和其他身体组织和液体中发现的细胞。本发明还包括非细胞衍生的脂囊泡、脂质体和其他基于脂质的药物递送系统。
本发明的实施方式包括电穿孔方法,该方法包括(a)决定电穿孔参数,从而在电脉冲期间,代表该次脉冲期间电穿孔介质中电导率增加的第一时间常数(t1)不小于代表电容器放电的第二时间常数(t2),其中脉冲持续时间既小于t1也小于t2;和(b)在所述电穿孔参数下对要电穿孔的样品应用一次或多次电脉冲。在某些方面,所述电穿孔参数包括缓冲液电导率、电源电容、电穿孔室几何形状和电场强度。在其他方面,电穿孔参数可包括下列一项或多项:缓冲液电导率可在0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、1、1.5至1、1.5、2、2.5、3Ohm/m之间,包括其间所有的值和范围;电源电容可在1、10、20、30、40、50、100、200、500到200、300、400、500、800、1000、5000、10,000、50,000、104、105、106μF之间,包括其间所有的值和范围;电穿孔室可有如下尺寸:其长度在0.1、1、10、50到20、40、80、100cm之间,包括其间所有数值和范围,其宽度在0.1、0.5、1、5到1、5、10cm之间,包括其间所有的值和范围,并且其间隙在0.001、0.01、0.1、1、5到0.1、1、5、10cm之间,包括其间所有的值和范围;电场可在0.1、1、2.5、5到2.5、5、10kV/cm之间,包括其间所有的值和范围。在其他方面,电脉冲至少为0.5、1、5、10、15、20、25、50、100、200、500微秒(μsec)或更长,包括其间所有的值和范围。电脉冲的幅度可以是0.25、0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10到5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15kV/cm,包括其间所有的值和范围。在另一方面,电脉冲的幅度可以是0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10、100、1000至10、100、1000、10000伏之间,包括其间所有的值和范围。在一方面,电脉冲幅度是5kV/cm。
在某些方面,样品包括活细胞、细胞颗粒或脂囊泡。在其他方面,所述细胞是血细胞或血小板,或其碎片或衍生物。所述活细胞、细胞颗粒或脂囊泡能加载有化学或生物学试剂。生物活性物质可以是核酸或小分子等。
本发明的某些实施方式涉及电穿孔的细胞、细胞颗粒、脂囊泡或采用描述的任何方法制备的其他产品。在某些方面,电穿孔的细胞、细胞颗粒、或脂囊泡是血小板。一群递送囊泡包括但不限于电穿孔的细胞、细胞颗粒、或脂囊泡,其加载效率可以是至少,至多,或大约50、60、70、80、90、95、99%,并包括其间所有的值和范围。
其他实施方式涉及配置成可实施本文所述方法的电穿孔设备。
进一步的实施方式涉及电穿孔方法,包括(a)决定电穿孔的参数,从而在电脉冲衰减期间,电穿孔介质中电导率的增加速率低于电压衰减速率;和(b)在所述电穿孔参数下对要电穿孔的样品应用一个或多个电脉冲。在某些方面,电压衰减速率是在1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10到4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12μs、ns、ms、或秒(s)之间,包括其间所有的值和范围。
本发明的实施方式包括配置成可实施所述任意方法的电穿孔设备。
本发明的进一步实施方式包括治疗患有或怀疑患有某种疾病或症状的患者的方法,所述方法包括给予缓解所述疾病或症状用量的所述任意方法的产品。在某些方面,所述疾病或症状与血小板功能或水平异常相关。在某些方面,所述方法的产品是药物递送载体,并且很多种已知药物可通过所述方法制备的加载有药物的颗粒来递送。疾病或症状可包括任何适合通过采用电穿孔方法制备(如加载)的脂质体颗粒、细胞颗粒或类似的递送载体来递送药物或制剂的疾病或症状。此类疾病或症状的实施例包括但不限于血小板减少症、高歇氏病、再生障碍性贫血、同种免疫失调、溶血性尿毒性综合征、伯-苏综合症,格兰兹曼氏血小板机能不全、斯各特综合症(Scott′s syndrome)、冯·威利布兰德病、海-普二氏综合症或血友病。
本发明的进一步实施方式包括治疗患有或怀疑患有某种疾病或症状的对象的方法,该方法给予包含在用所述方法制备的颗粒内的有效量药物、生物或其他生物活性分子。在某些方面所述疾病是传染性疾病,包括但不限于细菌、真菌、寄生虫或病毒感染。在进一步的方面,细菌感染是分支杆菌感染。在还要进一步的方面,病毒感染是逆转录病毒感染,包括但不限于HIV感染。在其他方面,所述疾病是炎性疾病、癌症或血管闭合性疾病。
在本申请通篇中,指代电穿孔靶标、或递送药物或治疗剂的载体的术语“细胞”或“递送载体”包括生物学意义上的人或动物细胞。血小板可描述为“细胞衍生颗粒”。
单词“一个”或“一种”与权利要求和/或说明书中的术语“包括”连用时,是指“一个”,但还表示“一个或多个”,“至少一个”,以及“一或多于一个”。
预计本文所讨论的所有实施方式可用本发明的任何方法和组合物实现,反之亦然。另外,本方明的组合物和试剂盒可用于实现本发明的方法。
在本申请通篇中,术语“大约”用以表示某数值包括用来确定该数值的装置或方法的标准误差。
在权利要求中所用的术语“或”表示“和/或”,除非明确地指出只表示二者选一,或二者是相互排斥的,尽管说明书支持只是二者选一和“和/或”的定义。
本说明书和权利要求中使用的词语“包含”(及任何形式的“包含”),“有”(及任何形式的“有”),“包括”(及任何形式的“包括”),或“含有”(及任何形式的“含有”)是包含性或开放式的,并不排除额外的,未列举的元件或方法步骤。
本发明其他的目的、特征和优点通过以下详述可以清楚。但是应当理解的是,详述和特定实施例在说明本发明的特定实施方式的同时,只是提供说明,因为本领域技术人员从该详述可以清楚地理解本发明构思和范围内的各种改变和改进。
附图说明
以下附图构成本说明书的一部分,用于进一步证明本发明的某些方面。通过参考这些附图的一个或多个并结合本文所提供的特定实施方式的详述可以更好地理解本发明。
图1.在同一个室,在不同场强及短(左列)与长(右列)时间量程下,模拟电流增加的结果。
图2.电容降低到100μF,可应用4kV/cm的长脉冲。
图3.电容降到10μF,可应用8kV/cm的较短脉冲。
图4.以1ms的持续时间和1秒间隔,将0.5kV/cm的电场在2个连续脉冲中应用于导电性介质。在各脉冲开始时电导率有温和的短期增加。
图5.1ms的持续时间和1秒间隔,将1kV/cm的电场在4个连续脉冲中应用于导电性介质。在各脉冲期间及各后续脉冲中,电导率都显著增加。
图6.1ms的持续时间和1秒间隔,将1.5kV/cm的电场在4个连续脉冲中应用于导电性介质。在各脉冲期间及各后续脉冲中,电导率都显著增加。脉冲2-4开始时的电导率数值大约和其之前脉冲结束时的电导率数值相同。这说明脉冲间的间隔期间缓冲液冷却速率缓慢。
图7.1ms的持续时间和1秒间隔,将2kV/cm的电场在4个连续脉冲中应用于导电性介质。在该场强下,各脉冲期间的样品电导率迅速增加并超过了其起始值的200%。电弧击穿出现在第3和第4个脉冲期间。
图8.用Allstars阴性对照siRNA(恰根公司(Qiagen,Inc.))加载血小板。siRNA储存液加入血小板悬液中至1μM终浓度,样品被分成“共温育”和“电穿孔”样品,后者通过在MaxCyte系统上应用电脉冲进行处理。电源电容设置为20μF,场强为5kV/cm。
图9.血小板按照图8所述制备,并通过电穿孔加载Alexa-488(英杰公司(Invitrogen))。
发明详述
本发明的某些实施方式涉及电穿孔技术,该技术能在高电导率缓冲液中递送高幅度的长电脉冲,并最大程度降低电弧或热激导致的损伤。
I.电穿孔
电穿孔过程通常包括穿过含细胞或囊泡的液体细胞悬液中应用电场脉冲而在细胞膜或囊泡上形成孔洞。在穿孔过程中,细胞常悬浮在液体介质中,之后经历电场脉冲。所述介质可以是电解质,非电解质,或电解质和非电解质的混合物。应用到悬液的电场强度以及脉冲的长度(电场应用到细胞悬液上的时间)可根据细胞类型而有所变化。为了在细胞外膜上形成孔洞,所应用电场的时间长度和电压必须在足够长的时间内产生跨细胞膜的固定电势从而形成孔洞。
应用超过某阈值水平的跨细胞质膜的电压可在细胞膜上形成孔洞。如果恰当选择所应用电场的强度和/或暴露于该电场的时间,通过电脉冲形成的孔洞在短时间后重新密闭,在这期间细胞外的化合物就有机会进入细胞。然而,活细胞过分暴露于电场可导致凋亡和/或坏死-即导致细胞死亡的过程。
通常,电穿孔过程作为将某种物质导入细胞或囊泡的方法,例如用分子探针、可改变细胞功能的药物或若干DNA片段,或各种形式的RNA,诸如mRNA、siRNA或微小RNA加载细胞或囊泡,其经常用于转化细菌、酵母、植物原生质体、培养的细胞和其他细胞或囊泡。该过程对于导入化学或生物学试剂也非常有效,所述化学或生物学试剂可特异性干扰组织培养细胞或原代细胞,特别是哺乳动物细胞的分子通路。比如,电穿孔可用在生产敲除小鼠的方法,以及肿瘤治疗、基因疗法和细胞的疗法中。
在电穿孔过程中,电流流过导电性介质并导致其加热,随后使其电导率增加。不作恰当控制,该电导率的增加会导致甚至更多来自电源的电流通过,并可能导致电弧击穿和样品损失。这种影响通常在较高场强下(>2kV/cm)观测到。然而,例如电穿孔血小板需要较强的电场,因而,要么可限制缓冲液的电导率,要么可限制脉冲幅度。多个电穿孔仪器将预充电至所需电压的电容器的电压脉冲递送至样品。在脉冲期间,电容器上的电压降低,该降低可视作样品电导率增加的补偿。
多个电穿孔仪器将预充电至所需电压的电容器的电压脉冲递送至样品。电容器是电力/电子设备,可在一对导体间(称作“板”)的电场中储存能量。在电容器中储存能量的过程是熟知的“充电”,并涉及积累在各板上幅度相等,但极性相反的电荷。电容器由被电介质分开的两个导电电极,或板组成。电容器作为能量储存设备用在电路和电子电路中。
对于两板间显示的给定电势差或电压(V),电容器的电容(C)是储存在各板上的电荷量(Q)的量度:C=Q/V。在SI单位中,当因在两板间施加1伏特的电势差而储存有1库伦电荷时,电容器所带电容为1法拉。由于法拉是很大的单位,电容值通常以微法拉(μF),纳法拉(nF)或皮法拉(pF)表示。
相对于样品电导率增加,电容器电压降低的补偿情况分析如下:
通过缓冲液的电流表示为:
方程1:
其中I(t)是电流[A],U(t)是电压[V],R(t)是电阻[Ohm],∑(t)是电导[S]。
电导变化表示为:
方程2:
其中A是电极表面积(cm2),λ是电极间的距离[cm],σ(t)是电导率[mS/cm]。
电导率的变化表示为:
方程3:σ(t)=σ0(1+0.02(T(t)-T0))
其中σ0是在时间为0(T0)时的电导率[S],T(t)是缓冲液的温度[K]。
温度增加可表示为:
方程4:
其中v是缓冲液的体积(cm3),κ是缓冲液的热容量[J/(cm3K)],Q(t)是热能[J]。
热量生成可表示为
方程5:
结合方程1到方程3可得:
方程6:
将方程5代入方程4可得:
方程7:
方程6和方程9这一方程组可能无法求得解析解,而只能计算出数值解(图1)。所述方程也可分析如下:
案例1:恒定电压。如果电源有很大的电容或直流电电池,应用于样品的电压在脉冲过程中几乎是恒定的。
于是,方程6对时间求导可得:
方程8:
将方程7代入方程8可得::
方程9:
在稳压条件下dU(t)/dt=0,U(t)=U0。将这些公式代入方程9可得::
方程10:
解方程得:
方程11:
方程12:
方程13:
电流因电导率增加而指数性增加,所述电导率增加主要取决于所应用的电场强度。
案例2:补偿。如果电导率增加的时间常数τ1与电容器放电的时间常数τ2相匹配,在短脉冲期间(当脉冲的持续时间小于各时间常数时),两个过程可能彼此补偿。电容器的放电可被描述为:
方程14:
其中C是电容[F]。
该指数过程的时间常数可以根据初始电导率和电容表示。
方程15:
补偿条件τ1=τ2变为
方程16:
方程16中的5个变量可通过其它参数来表示(例如,室容积与电极间隙的比值V/λ可用于代替电极表面积A),而不改变上述过程的机制和避免电弧击穿方法。
例如,其使用了为血小板操作和电穿孔开发的具有较高电导率缓冲液和非常短的电脉冲;为给血小板加载RNA和任意的其他大电荷分子,可能必须使用长电脉冲。为了达到该过程的最佳结果,使用者可能必须使用非常高的电压,以较长时间间隔应用于高导电性介质。这三个条件并不容易同时达到。该问题的解决方案是公开的电穿孔方法,即能在高电导率缓冲液中递送高幅度的长电脉冲,并最大程度降低电弧或热击对细胞或囊泡造成损伤的机会。在本发明中,在电穿孔的脉冲期间,电容器上的电压降低,该降低可视作样品电导率增加的补偿。
通常可对齐五个变量以在处理室中获得恒定的或减少的电流。这些变量一起限定了通过缓冲液的电流因电容器放电而减少和/或因缓冲液电导率变化而增加有多快。通常,处理室的尺寸(A和λ)是预定的并且场强(E)是由电穿孔方案决定。这样造成电导率和电容是最易于操纵的变量,其中由于硬件的最大电流率(current rating)导致电导率存在上限,电容是最灵活的变量。通常优化变量以在处理室中获得恒定电流。在本发明中,可调节任意变量以获得所需的补偿效果。
利用加利福尼亚州沃尔夫拉姆研究公司(Wolfram Research,CA)dMathematicaTM软件产生的图1数据作为两个微分方程组的数值解。
编码例.指定水的热容量k[J/(K mL),容器幅度w[cm],容器高度h[cm],容器间隙g[cm],电容c[F],脉冲电压u0[V],缓冲液初始电导率S0[S/cm],脉冲幅度tmax[s],y为温度[K]:
k=4.18;w=0.5;h=0.5;g=0.2;
c=0.00001;u0=1600;S0=0.018;tmax=0.0002;
solution=NDSolve[
{u,Y},{t,0,tmax}];
Plot[Evaluate[-c dt u[t]/.solution],{t,0,tmax},
PlotRange→{0,150},AxesLabel→{Time,s,Current,A},PlotLabel→a kV cm-1]
Solution:解;plot:图;evaluate:评估;range:范围;axes:轴;label:标记;time:时间;current:电流,
图1显示了在同一个室,在不同场强和短(左列)与长(右列)时间量程下,模拟电流增加的结果。电容量降至100μF可应用4kV/cm的长脉冲(图2),电容量降到10μF可应用8kV/cm的短脉冲(图3)。
II.电穿孔靶标
用于电穿孔的靶标包括衍生于多种生物或来源的多种细胞类型或细胞颗粒。在一些实施方式中,所述靶标可是有核或无核细胞或颗粒。本发明的细胞或细胞颗粒可是原代细胞或细胞系,或衍生于原代细胞或细胞系的颗粒。例如,靶标可是原核细胞、酵母细胞、昆虫细胞、哺乳动物细胞、啮齿动物细胞、仓鼠细胞、灵长类动物细胞、人细胞、鸟细胞、植物细胞或它们的部分/片段。在某些方面,本发明涉及将化学或生物学试剂导入多种类型活细胞或细胞颗粒或合成囊泡或脂质体的组合物、方法和设备。更具体地,本发明涉及将化学或生物学试剂导入细胞或细胞颗粒的方法和设备。这些电穿孔靶标可用作药物递送系统(“智能脂质体”),以靶向感染、转移瘤或其他病理性损伤部位-特别如果药物不在递送载体中时具有毒性。
如果患者群感染了病毒并可能出现病毒血症,电穿孔靶标可是同种异体的,而不是自身的或合成的,以避免使患者病症恶化。同种异体细胞或材料可从标准来源(医疗服务机构)获取。可用病史及血检筛查供体的传染性疾病。
A.电穿孔靶标生产/收集
本文所述的组合物可用于治疗性应用。它们皆从收集的样品中分离以获得治疗剂量。本文所述组合物的治疗性应用的例子是在适当的缓冲液中以所需浓度配制治疗性试剂,并用诸如MaxCyte系统的系统加工该制剂。如果所配制药物和电穿孔靶标被无菌注入带有一个或多个适当开口的容器,可在常规实验室环境下(不需要灌装车间样的受控环境)流过封闭的无菌系统。该过程可2到3小时内完成。该系统的性能变量实时生成,并可辅助质量控制(QC)操作。
通常,加载药物的靶标的生产可在中心设施或在护理地点完成。如果使用中心设施(或数个区域性设施),该载有药物的靶标的稳定性是一个重要因素。具有至少数天的稳定性可支持顾客定制的操作。在护理地点系统中,配制的药物可供应给需要治疗的地点。靶标或递送载体可在所述地点获取,并且最后的生产步骤可由技术人员使用详细的标准操作程序(SOPs)在处理设施中完成。这类似于输液产品在现场的最后制备。在这种情况下,最终产品的稳定性并不重要。
B.治疗性应用
本发明还包括使用电穿孔的实体或靶标(如细胞、脂质体、血小板或其衍生物)作为递送载体用于递送治疗剂的方法。用本文所述方法产生的活性试剂制剂通常具有持续的效果和较低的毒性,从而允许低频次给予并可提高治疗指数。通过首先制备载有至少一种治疗剂的血小板、细胞、脂质体或其片段递送治疗剂,如依照本文所述方法获得的。
在本发明的某些实施方式中,物质或药物可导入递送载体(如电穿孔靶标)。该递送载体也可用生物活性化合物加载。适当的生物活性化合物的例子包括但不限于:稳定剂、示踪物、荧光标签及其他成像物质,诸如放射性标记、冷冻保护剂、核酸和生物活性材料。特别适合于导入血小板的生物活性物质包括但不限于:止血剂效应物、伤口愈合因子、抗癌药剂、细胞因子和药物。适合的生物活性材料也包括治疗和预防试剂。生物活性材料的例子包括但不限于:蛋白和肽(合成的、天然的及模拟物),寡核苷酸(反义的、核糖体等)、核酸(例如,抑制性RNA、siRNA、miRNA、表达载体等)、病毒载体、血液治疗剂、抗肿瘤药、抗炎药、抗真菌药、抗病毒药、抗菌药、血栓调节剂、免疫调节剂等等。
可通过递送载体引入血栓溶解物质,例如可将组织纤溶酶原激活物、尿激酶或链激酶等引入一群递送载体。加利福尼亚州,南旧金山的基因泰克公司(Genentech Corporation)以为商标出售组织纤溶酶原激活物。然后可将这些载有血栓溶解物质的递送载体引入患有阻塞血管的血栓的患者。因为所述递送载体含有活性血栓溶解酶,血栓随即可被溶解。血栓溶解物质可通过多种方法引入所述递送载体,其中本发明方法是最优选的方法。
需要知晓的是,其他的药物可引入所述递送载体或其他细胞以便向受损组织递送。这些药物包括但不限于:平滑肌抑制剂、抗感染试剂(如抗生素、抗真菌试剂、抗细菌试剂、抗病毒试剂)、化疗/抗肿瘤试剂等。
在一实施方式中,所述药物是抗感染药。抗感染药是以起抗感染作用,诸如细菌感染、分支杆菌感染、真菌感染、病毒感染或原生动物感染的药剂。本发明所涵盖的抗感染药包括但不限于氨基糖苷类(如链霉素、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、阿米卡星、奈替米星、卡那霉素等),四环素类(如氯四环素、氧四环素、甲烯土霉素、脱氧土霉素、二甲胺四环素等),磺胺类药(如磺胺、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基异唑(sulfamethaoxazole)、磺胺异唑(sulfisoxazole)、乙酰磺胺等等),对氨基苯甲酸,二氨基嘧啶(如甲氧苄氨嘧啶,常用与磺胺甲基异唑、吡嗪酰胺等结合使用),喹诺酮类(如萘啶酸、西诺沙星、环丙沙星和诺氟沙星等),青霉素类(如青霉素G、青霉素V、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、巴氨西林、羧苄青霉素、卡茚西林、替卡西林、阿洛西林、美洛西林、哌拉西林等),青霉素酶耐受青霉素(如,甲氧西林、苯唑青霉素、邻氯青霉素、双氯青霉素、奈夫西林等),第一代头孢菌素(如头孢羟氨苄、头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢噻吩、头孢匹林、头孢唑啉等),第二代头孢菌素(如头孢克罗、头孢孟多、头孢尼西、头孢西丁、头孢替坦、头孢呋辛、头孢呋辛酯、头孢美唑、头孢丙烯、氯碳头孢、头孢雷特等),第三代头孢菌素(如头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、头孢唑肟、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢克肟、头孢泊肟、头孢布烯等),其他β-内酰胺类(如亚胺培南、美罗培南、氨曲南、克拉维酸、舒巴坦、他唑巴坦等),β-内酰胺酶抑制剂(如克拉维酸),氯霉素(chlorampheriicol),大环内酯类(如红霉素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素等),林可霉素,克林霉素,壮观霉素,多粘菌素B,多粘霉素(如多粘菌素A、B、C、D、E1(粘菌素A)、E2、粘菌素B或C等)粘菌素,万古霉素,杆菌肽,异烟肼,利福平,乙胺丁醇,乙硫异烟胺,氨基水杨酸,环丝氨酸,卷曲霉素,砜类(如氨苯砜、阿地矾钠等),氯法齐明,沙利度胺,或任意其他可被脂质包封的抗菌试剂。
在某些方面,抗菌药包括抗分歧杆菌药,包括但不限于:异烟肼、利福平、链霉素、利福布丁、乙胺丁醇、吡嗪酰胺、乙硫异烟胺、氨基水杨酸和环丝氨酸。
抗感染药可包括抗真菌试剂,包括但不限于:多烯类抗真菌药物(如两性霉素B,制霉菌素,纳他霉素等),氟胞嘧啶,咪唑类(例如,N-噻康唑,克霉唑,益康唑,酮康唑等),三唑(例如,伊曲康唑,氟康唑,等等),灰黄霉素,特康唑,布康唑环吡酮,环吡酮胺,卤普罗近,托萘酯,萘替芬,特比萘芬,或任意其他可以被脂质包封或形成复合物的抗真菌药。讨论和实施例主要针对阿米卡星,但本申请的范围并不打算限于该抗感染药。可使用药物组合。
在某些方面,抗感染药包括抗病毒药物,包括但不限于:如阿昔洛韦,泛昔洛韦,膦甲酸钠,更昔洛韦,阿昔洛韦,疱疹净,索立夫定,三氟尿苷,万乃洛韦和阿糖腺苷等抗疱疹病毒剂;抗逆转录病毒剂,如利托那韦,去羟肌苷,司他夫定,扎西他宾,泰诺福韦和齐多夫定;以及其他抗病毒剂,诸如但不限于:金刚烷胺,α-干扰素,利巴韦林和金刚乙胺。
适合作为本发明的药物制剂中使用的抗感染药也包括药学上可接受的加成盐及药物复合物。在该化合物可能有一个或多个手性中心的情况下,除非指明,本发明包括每个独特的外消旋化合物,以及每个独特的非外消旋化合物。
在某些方面,活性试剂是抗肿瘤药物。目前,大约有二十类公认的、已被批准的抗肿瘤药物。上述分类或基于个别药物共同的结构,或基于药物共同的作用机制而概括。根据分类,一些广为人知的商业批准(或正在积极研发中的)抗肿瘤药剂部分列举如下:
基于结构的分类包括5-氟尿嘧啶--5-FU,氟脱氧尿苷,呋氟尿嘧啶,5′-脱氧氟尿苷,UTF,S-1卡培他滨;嘧啶核苷--脱氧胞苷,阿糖胞苷,5-氮杂胞嘧啶,吉西他滨,5-氮杂胞嘧啶-阿拉伯糖苷;嘌呤--6-巯基嘌呤,硫鸟嘌呤,硫唑嘌呤,别嘌呤醇,克拉屈滨,氟达拉滨,喷司他丁,2-氯腺苷;铂类似物--顺铂,卡铂,奥沙利铂,四铂,铂-DACH,奥马铂,CI-973,JM-216;蒽环类/蒽醌--阿霉素,柔红霉素,表阿霉素,伊达比星,米托蒽醌;表鬼臼毒素--依托泊苷,替尼泊苷;喜树碱-伊立替康,拓扑替康,9-氨基喜树碱,10,11-亚甲喜树碱,9-硝基喜树碱,TAS 103,7-(4-甲基-哌嗪-亚甲基)-10,11-亚乙基(ethylene)二氧基-20(S)-喜树碱,7-(2-N-异丙胺)乙基)-20(S)-喜树碱;激素及激素类似物--己烯雌酚,他莫昔芬,托瑞米芬,雷替曲塞(Tolmudex),诺拉曲特(Thymitaq),氟他胺,比卡鲁胺,非那雄胺,雌二醇,曲沃昔芬,屈洛昔芬,醋酸甲羟孕酮,醋酸甲地孕酮,氨鲁米特,睾内酯等;酶、蛋白质和抗体--天冬酰胺酶,白介素,干扰素,亮丙瑞林,培门冬酶等;长春花生物碱--长春新碱,长春花碱,长春瑞滨,长春地辛;紫杉醇类化合物-紫杉醇,多烯紫杉醇。
基于机制的分类包括激素拮抗剂--阿那曲唑;叶酸拮抗剂--甲氨蝶呤,氨基蝶呤,三甲曲沙,甲氧苄氨嘧啶,吡曲克辛(Pyritrexim),乙胺嘧啶,依达曲沙,MDAM;抗微管剂--紫杉醇类和长春花生物碱类;烷化剂(经典与非经典的)--氮芥(双氯乙基甲胺,苯丁酸氮芥,美法仑,尿嘧啶芥末),氧氮杂磷环类(Oxazaphosphorines)(异环磷酰胺,环磷酰胺,培磷酰胺,氯乙环磷酰胺),烷基磺酸酯类(白消安),亚硝基脲类(卡氮芥,罗氮芥,链脲菌素),噻替哌,达卡巴嗪等;抗代谢物类--嘌呤类,嘧啶类和核苷类,上面已列出的;抗生素--蒽环类/蒽醌类,博莱霉素,更生霉素,丝裂霉素,普卡霉素,喷司他丁,链脲菌素;拓扑异构酶抑制剂--喜树碱(拓扑异构酶I),鬼臼乙叉甙,m-AMSA,玫瑰树碱(TopoII);抗病毒药物--齐多夫定,扎西他宾,吉西他滨,地达诺新等;其他细胞毒性药物--siRNA,miRNA,羟基脲,米托坦,融合毒素,PZA,苔藓虫素,维甲酸类,丁酸及其衍生物,戊聚糖,烟曲霉素等。
抗血管生成的药物可以掺入血小板。抗血管生成的药物包括但不限于AGM-1470(TNP-470)或其受体之一的拮抗剂,MetAP-2;生长因子拮抗剂或生长因子(包括VEGF或bFGF)的抗体;生长因子受体拮抗剂或生长因子受体抗体;金属蛋白酶抑制剂,包括TIMP,巴马司他(BB-94)和马立马司他;酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,包括染料木素和SU5416;整联蛋白拮抗剂,包括拮抗剂alphaVbeta3/5或整联蛋白的抗体;类视黄醇类,包括视黄酸或合成视黄醇芬维A胺;类固醇类11α-表氢考的松(epihydrocortisol),可托多松(corteloxone),四氢可的松和17α-羟孕酮;蛋白激酶抑制剂,包括星形孢菌素和MDL 27032;维生素D衍生物,包括22-氧杂-1α及25-二羟基维生素D3;花生四烯酸抑制剂,包括消炎痛和舒林酸;四环素衍生物,包括米诺环素;沙利度胺,沙利度胺类似物和衍生物;2-甲氧基雌二醇;肿瘤坏死因子-α,干扰素-γ可诱导蛋白-10(IP-10);白介素1和白介素12;干扰素α,β,γ;血管抑素蛋白质或纤维蛋白溶酶原片段;内皮抑制素蛋白或胶原蛋白18片段;增殖蛋白相关蛋白;B组链球菌毒素;CM101;CAI;肌钙蛋白I;角鲨胺;一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂,包括L-NAME;血小板反应蛋白;渥曼青霉素,阿米洛利,安体舒通,熊脱氧胆酸,蟾蜍灵;苏拉明;塔克加兰钠(tecogalan sodium);亚油酸;卡托普利;伊索拉定;FR-118487;三萜烯;栗树精胺;白血病抑制因子;熏草菌素A;血小板因子-4;除莠霉素A;二氨基蒽醌(diaminoantraquinone);紫杉酚;金精三羧酸;DS-4152,戊聚糖聚亚硫酸盐(polysulphite);根赤壳菌素;人催乳素片段;制表霉素;埃波纳霉素(eponemycin);鲨鱼软骨;鱼精蛋白;路易萨宁(Louisianin)A,C和D;血小板活化因子(PAF)拮抗剂WEB 2086;金诺芬;抗坏血酸醚;以及硫酸多糖D 4152。
使用本发明的方法和制剂,用核酸制剂靶向的基因包括但不限于那些其表达与不需要的表型性状相关的基因。因此,与癌症,类风湿性关节炎和病毒相关的基因可以作为靶标。与癌症相关基因包括癌基因(如K-ras,c-myc,bcr/abl,c-myb,c-fms,c-fos和cerb-B),生长因子基因(如编码表皮生长因子及其受体的基因,成纤维细胞生长因子结合蛋白基因),基质金属蛋白酶的基因(如编码MMP-9的基因),黏附分子基因(如编码VLA-6整联蛋白的基因),肿瘤抑制基因(如bcl-2和bcl-X1),血管生成基因,以及转移基因。与类风湿性关节炎有关的基因包括,例如,编码基质分解素的基因和编码肿瘤坏死因子的基因。病毒基因包括人类乳头状瘤病毒基因(与如子宫颈癌相关),乙型和丙型肝炎基因,巨细胞病毒(CMV)基因(与如视网膜炎相关)。许多与这些或其他疾病相关的基因也可能成为靶标。在某些实施方式中,核酸可以靶向编码c-myc,VEGF,CD4,CCR5,gag,MDM2,Apex,Ku70,或ErbB2的mRNA。
调控基因的方法包括给予siRNA,miRNA以及其他抑制性核酸;给予编码治疗性核酸、蛋白或多肽的核酸。在另一方面,本发明提供了制备和/或给予对象一定剂量的治疗性抑制性寡核苷酸或核酸(反义核酸,核酶,siRNA,dsRNA)分子的方法,其中给予的核酸抑制诸如转录或翻译等生物学过程。本发明提供了利用采用所述方法制备的核酸递送载体将一种或多种治疗性核酸分子给予对象以给该对象带来治疗效果的方法。本文所用的“治疗性核酸分子”或“治疗性核酸”是任何核酸(如DNA,RNA,非天然核酸及其类似物如肽核酸,及其化学轭合物),其作为核酸或表达的核酸或多肽赋予对象治疗效果。对象优选哺乳动物,如小鼠,更优选人。
可采用各种方法将所述试剂,包括溶解血栓的物质引入递送载体,其中最优选的方法是本发明所述的设备和/或方法。
本发明的任何组合物的剂量会根据患者的症状,年龄及体重,要治疗或预防的疾病的性质和严重程度,给药途径,以及所述组合物的形式而有所不同。任何所述制剂可以单剂量或分多次剂量给予。根据本领域技术人员已知的技术或本文的教导不难确定本发明组合物的剂量。
在某些实施方式中,所述化合物的剂量一般在大约每kg体重0.001,0.01,1,5,10pg/ng/mg到大约0.1,1,5,10pg/ng/mg/g的范围内,包括其间所有的值和范围。
本发明也包括治疗需要治疗性试剂的患者的方法,所述方法包括给予该患者有效量的含治疗剂的血小板。
许多疾病状态或状况与血小板功能或水平异常相关。这些疾病或状况包括但不限于:血小板减少症(例如,特发性血小板减少性紫癜,血栓性血小板减少性紫癜,药物性血小板减少症,肝素诱导的血小板减少症(HIT),高歇氏病,再生障碍性贫血,胎儿同种免疫血小板减少症,HELLP综合征,溶血性尿毒综合症,化疗,登革热,α-δ血小板储存池缺乏症(αδSPD),血小板增多症(例如,良性原发血小板增多症),伯-苏综合征,格兰兹曼氏血小板机能不全,斯各特综合征,冯·威利布兰德病,海-普二氏综合征,环氧酶活性降低(诱发的或先天的),存储池缺陷(storage pool defect)(先天或后天),血友病,动脉粥样硬化,冠心病,心肌梗死,脑血管疾病,中风,CVA(脑血管意外),周围动脉闭塞性疾病(PAOD),血管疾病,或癌症(例如,抗血管生成物质的递送)。
III.代表性电穿孔装置的说明
电穿孔是通过电穿孔仪(产生电流并使之通过细胞溶液的器具)完成的。将溶液吸到玻璃或塑料容器中,该容器通常在两侧有两个铝电极。例如,对于细菌电穿孔,通常采用约50微升的悬液。在电穿孔之前混合要转化的质粒。将混合物吸到容器中,在电穿孔仪上设置电压(经常使用几百伏的电压)并将容器插入电穿孔仪。电穿孔后,立即将1毫升的液体培养基添加到(在容器或在离心管中的)菌液中,并将该管在该细菌的最佳温度下温育一个小时或以上,然后将菌液铺于琼脂平板上。
在一实施方式中,可与本发明联用的流式电穿孔装置由以下组成:仪器(电子模块(电源箱和塔)),计算机(与电子模块进行通信,并实时实际运行程序和管理程序相关的数据);监测器(显示图形用户界面[GUI]并允许用户交互),和一次性装置或处理室(细胞悬液在该组件中进行流式电穿孔)。
在某些实施方式中,本发明采用流式电穿孔以克服静态或分批次的电穿孔方法相关的可被电穿孔的细胞数量,细胞可被电穿孔的时间和细胞悬液的体积的局限性。使用这种方法,细胞悬液通过容纳于流动池(优选一次性的)中的平行棒状电极。需要知晓的是,本发明中可使用不同构型的流动池。流动期间,细胞被施以预定特征的电脉冲。然后感兴趣的分子随着浓度梯度和/或电梯度扩散入细胞。本发明任选能给细胞施以一定强度范围的电场。一般来说,本发明中可使用的电场强度约为5kV/cm;优选约为5kV/cm到7kV/cm。
该过程起始于将流动池与盛有溶液和细胞悬液的容器相连,容器中有必需的液体和样品。流动池咬合入放置位,并通过闭合绞接面板固定。通过下达所需指令,引发溶液(盐水)和细胞悬液引入电穿孔系统,电穿孔系统控制泵和夹管阀的操作。当细胞经过电极之间的流动通路时,被施以选定电压、持续时间和频率的电脉冲。产品和废液被收集在指定容器中。
用户将所需电压及其它参数输入本发明的流式电穿孔系统。如上所述,任选有一定范围设置可用。电脑向塔中的电极通信,以将电容器组合充电至所需电压。然后由适合的开关操控电压,再将电压递送到流动通路以产生电场(所述开关提供交替的脉冲或脉冲串(burst),以最大程度降低长时间暴露于电场带来的电极损耗)。根据持续时间和频率参数组,由操作者或如本发明方法确定的将电压递送入本发明流式电穿孔系统。流式电穿孔系统实施例的细节记载于美国专利7,186,559,该专利通过引用全文纳入本文。
电穿孔参数可采用本文所述程序和方法确定。本发明的各方面可用于静态及流式电穿孔系统。在确定最佳电穿孔参数时应考虑电穿孔室的尺寸。
电穿孔领域充满了离体转染生物细胞或囊泡的方法。例如,Meserol的美国专利号5,720,921公开了一种设计成连续流式室的电穿孔室,其中囊泡转移到该室、电穿孔并在应用电穿孔脉冲后流出。其他的流式室包括美国专利5,612,207和6,623,964,以及美国专利公布2001/0001064,以上每个专利通过引用全文纳入本文。
其他电穿孔室也已公开,其中没有使用携带囊泡的介质的连续流,但电穿孔室装置包括不同元件。例如,美国专利4,906,576公开了除别的元件以外,具有磁性核心的(电穿孔)室。美国专利6,897,069公开了一种具有可拆卸电极的电穿孔样品室。其他(电穿孔)室是处理少量样品的容器样式。还有其他(电穿孔)室,例如WO04/083,379公开的,提供了更大的容积。
电穿孔室的电极可包含两个或更多个“板”电极。电极板可包含任何有用的生物相容和导电材料,包括钛和金。板的宽度通常可大于相对电极间的距离或间隙,甚至更优选大于两倍间隙距离。电极板可由本发明确定的电脉冲寻址。电极可包含1到100个阴极及1到100个阳极的阵列,常是偶数个阳极和阴极,从而形成数对阳性电极和阴性电极。
阴极和阳极电极可置于容器内部相对侧,分开的距离在0.4cm和1cm之间。
根据室的大小,每对所述的阳极和阴极可被负载电阻(以欧姆为单位)通电。
IV.实施例
下面包括的实施例用于进一步阐明本发明的各方面。本领域技术人员应当理解的是,在下面的实施例中所述的技术代表了发明人发现的能成功实施本发明的技术和/或组合物,因此可认为构成其优选的实施方式。但是,鉴于本发明内容,本领域技术人员可对公开的具体实施方式作出多种修改,能得到类似的结果而不偏离本发明的构思和范围。
实施例1
高电压脉冲相关的电导率变化
以1ms的持续时间和1秒间隔,将0.5kV/cm电场在2个连续脉冲中应用于导电性介质(图4)。各脉冲开始时电导率有温和的短期增加。
以1ms的持续时间和1秒间隔,将1kV/cm电场在4个连续脉冲中应用于导电性介质(图5)。各脉冲期间及随后的各脉冲中,电导率都显著增加。
以1ms的持续时间和1秒间隔,将1.5kV/cm电场在4个连续脉冲中应用于导电性介质(图6)。各脉冲期间及随后的各脉冲中,电导率都显著增加。
脉冲2-4开始时的电导率数值大约和其之前脉冲结束时的电导率数值相同。这表明了上述脉冲间的间隔期间缓冲液冷却速率缓慢。
以1ms的持续时间和1秒间隔,将2kV/cm电场在4个连续脉冲中应用于导电性介质(图7)。在该场强下,各脉冲期间的样品电导率迅速增加并超过了其起始值的200%。电弧击穿出现在第3和第4个脉冲期间。
实施例2
血小板制备及处理
血小板分离:血小板从PRP分离:先用0.3M柠檬酸将pH值调至6.5--40mL PRP+400μl柠檬酸,再以500g离心15分钟。
血小板清洗:在洗涤缓冲液中清洗两轮。洗涤缓冲液:36mM柠檬酸、90mM NaCl、10mM EDTA以及5mM葡萄糖,pH6.5。每次清洗之前加入PGE(1μM终浓度)或PGI(0.05μg/mL终浓度)。
EP用血小板的制备:在清洗后,血小板重悬于1体积MaxCyte EP缓冲液(+2mM EGTA)+1体积的300mM牛磺酸(+2mM EGTA)。血小板数调至600K/μL。
血小板重封:将EP或非EP的血小板悬液转移到37℃水浴中,持续30分钟。
血小板清洗以去除加载的化合物:向盛有150μL血小板悬液的样品管中每管加入1mL Tyrode缓冲液(135mM NaCl、4mM KCl、6mM NaHCO3、0.5mM NaH2PO4、1mM葡萄糖、10mM HEPES,pH 6.5),然后以500g离心10分钟。用1mL pH 6.5的Tyrode缓冲液(不含Ca++和Mg++)清洗两轮。
EP后分析:在清洗后,将各血小板试样重悬于300μL PBS,并用FACS分析。
核酸加载入血小板
血小板.血小板获自田纳西州孟菲斯的生命科学服务公司(Lifeblood Biological Services)。血小板按上述分离、清洗和制备以供电穿孔。
装载血小板.血小板用恰根公司(Qiagen,Inc.)的AllStars阴性对照siRNA装载。将siRNA储存溶液加入血小板悬液至1μM的终浓度,样品分为“共温育”样品和“电穿孔”样品,后者在MaxCyte系统上应用电脉冲处理。电源的电容设置为20μF,场强为5kV/cm。
电穿孔后,血小板悬液按上述进行重封和清洗。结果描述于图8中。
实施例3
小分子加载入血小板
血小板按前述制备,并按上述通过电穿孔用Alexa-488(英杰公司(Invitrogen,Inc.))加载。结果描述于图9中。
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鉴于本文内容,可制备和实施本文公开并要求保护的所有组合物和/或方法而无需过多实验。虽然根据优选实施方式描述了本发明的组合物和方法,本领域技术人员明白:可对本文所述组合物和/或方法以及所述方法的步骤或步骤顺序进行改变而不背离本发明的概念、构思和范围。更具体而言,应该明白:可以用化学和生理学上相关的某些试剂替换本文所述的试剂而仍得到相似结果。本领域技术人员显而易见的所有这些类似的替换和改变均认为落入所附权利要求限定的本发明构思、范围和概念之内。
参考资料
以下参考资料专门通过引用纳入本文,其程度为补充本文所列那些的示例性程序或其它细节。
美国专利号5,676,646
美国专利号7,186,559
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Claims (36)
1.一种电穿孔方法,包括:
(a)决定电穿孔参数,从而在电脉冲期间,代表该次脉冲期间电穿孔介质的电导率增加的第一时间常数(t1)不小于代表电容器放电的第二时间常数(t2),其中脉冲持续时间既小于t1也小于t2;并且
(b)在所述电穿孔参数下对要电穿孔的样品应用一次或多次电脉冲。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述电穿孔参数包括:缓冲液电导率、电源电容、电穿孔室几何形状和电场强度。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述缓冲液电导率在0到3Ohm/m之间。
4.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述电源电容在1到106μF之间。
5.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述电穿孔室尺寸为:长度在0.1到100cm之间,宽度在0.1到10cm之间,和在0.001到10cm之间的间隙。
6.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述电场在0.01和10kV/cm之间。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述电脉冲至少是1微秒。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述电脉冲的幅度在0.001到10,000伏特之间。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述样品包括活细胞、细胞颗粒或脂囊泡。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞为血细胞。
11.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法还包括用化学或生物学试剂加载细胞。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,所述生物学活性物质是核酸或小分子。
13.采用权利要求1所述方法制备的电穿孔的细胞、细胞颗粒或脂囊泡。
14.如权利要求13所述的电穿孔的细胞、细胞颗粒或脂囊泡,其特征在于,所述细胞颗粒为血小板。
15.一群电穿孔的细胞、细胞颗粒或脂囊泡,所述细胞、细胞颗粒或脂囊泡具有至少为50、60、70、80或90%的加载效率。
16.一种电穿孔设备,所述设备配置成实施权利要求1所述的方法。
17.一种电穿孔方法,包括:
(a)决定电穿孔参数,从而在电脉冲衰减期间,电穿孔介质中电导率的增加速率低于电压衰减速率;和
(b)在所述电穿孔参数下对要电穿孔的样品应用一个或多个电脉冲。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于,所述电穿孔参数包括:缓冲液电导率,电源电容量,电穿孔室几何形状和电场强度。
19.如权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于,所述电压衰减率是10μs到10s。
20.如权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于,所述样品包括活细胞、细胞颗粒或脂囊泡。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞是血细胞。
22.如权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法还包括用化学或生物学试剂加载细胞。
23.如权利要求22所述的方法,其特征在于,所述生物学活性物质是核酸或小分子。
24.采用权利要求17所述的方法制备的电穿孔的细胞。
25.一群电穿孔的细胞、细胞颗粒或脂囊泡,所述细胞、细胞颗粒或脂囊泡具有至少为50、60、70、80或90%的加载效率。
26.一种电穿孔设备,所述设备配置成实施权利要求17所述的方法。
27.一种用有效量的药物、生物学或其他生物活性分子治疗患有或怀疑患有疾病或病症的对象的方法,所述药物、生物学或其他生物活性分子包含在权利要求13、权利要求15、权利要求24或权利要求25所述颗粒中。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述疾病是传染性疾病。
29.如权利要求28所述的方法,其特征在于,所述传染性疾病是细菌、真菌、寄生虫或病毒感染。
30.如权利要求29所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细菌感染是分支杆菌感染。
31.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述病毒感染是逆转录病毒感染。
32.如权利要求31所述的方法,其特征在于,所述逆转录病毒感染是HIV感染。
33.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述疾病是炎性疾病。
34.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述疾病是癌症。
35.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述疾病是血管闭塞性疾病。
36.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,治疗功效因药物递送障碍而受限和/或治疗毒性是剂量限制性的。
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CN113260697A (zh) * | 2018-12-20 | 2021-08-13 | 国立大学法人丰桥技术科学大学 | 电穿孔装置以及外来物质导入细胞的制造方法 |
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