CN102099301A - 处理工业废水的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
公开了包含有机分子的废物的处理方法,该有机分子在共轭不饱和键例如属于芳环的不饱和键上有吸电子基团。所述方法包括电化学还原步骤和同时或后续的氧化步骤,任选地该氧化步骤也为电化学性的。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及消除有机物质的电化学方法,特别是适用于工业废物的处理。
背景技术
有几类电化学处理方法被用于处理工业和市政废物:在最常见的应用中,除了用于消除微生物物质和用于破坏大多数有机物质的电氧化方法之外,产生活性氯、臭氧、过氧化物和其它活性自由基物质的方法也是已知的。在高有机物浓度的含水废物的情况下,电化学氧化处理在多数情况下是焚烧方法的唯一替代方法,由于含水级分蒸发有关的能量太高,并且在任何情况下都需要对气态排放物进行后续处理,因此焚烧方法的成本很高。然而,在工业过程排放物中通常存在众多的有机物质族,由于它们倾向于在阳极聚合形成会迅速导致阳极功能失活的致密、粘附且不导电的膜,因此不能对它们进行电化学氧化。最常见的不适于用阳极电氧化处理的物质的例子有存在共轭或芳香不饱和键的有机分子,在同时存在吸电子取代基时这些有机分子的聚合反应性会增强是众所周知的,例如所述吸电子取代基可在亲核取代反应中充当离去基团,启动与同种物质的其它分子之间的链式聚合过程。苯甲酸或三氟苯环上的氯化衍生物就是工业废物中所含物质的一种最典型的例子,对于这类衍生物目前并没有适合的消除策略,并且对其实施电氧化后会形成可能使工业使用的阳极失活的沥青(pitch)。这类化合物本身或者作为合成高度氟化的芳香化合物的中间体可用在制药工业、除草剂和染料的配制、螯合聚合物的合成或者液晶的制造中。
必须找到有效且廉价的有机物质消除方法的另一领域是从源自农业处理过程特别是除草剂的污染物质中恢复蓄水层。例如,吡啶羧酸衍生物族的系统除草剂(例如毒莠定,或者4-氨基-3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶羧酸)具有对土壤的粘附较差,并且会被浸出(leach)直到到达蓄水层的倾向。并且,为了消除这类作为相关合成过程的工业废物以及作为水体污染物的分子,必须找到有效且廉价的处理方法,因为当时并不存在对焚化方法的任何适合的替代方法,无论是化学型还是电化学型的。
发明内容
本发明的多个方面记载在所附的权利要求中。
在一实施方式中,本发明涉及包含有机物质的含水溶液的处理方法,所述有机物质的至少一个碳原子是具有吸电子取代基的任选芳香共轭不饱和键的位置,所述方法包括在电化学电池的阴极处的还原步骤,以及同时或后续的氧化步骤,该氧化步骤也可以是电化学性的。不局限本发明于具体的理论,通常认为所述电化学还原步骤倾向于精确地攻击那些吸电子取代基,使得所述的共轭不饱和键倾向于在氧化阶段中聚合;在芳香物质的情况下,从环中脱除吸电子取代基具有使待破坏的分子不稳定的作用,并且所述处理可通过氧化步骤来完结,所述氧化步骤可包括简单地将所述溶液暴露于空气。在其它情况下,可以在实现所述还原步骤的同一电池中或者在前者下游的第二电池中实施电化学阳极氧化处理。
在一实施方式中,所述还原和氧化步骤是同时的,并且在未分隔的(undivided)配备有适合的阴极和阳极的电池中进行。
在一实施方式中,所述氧化步骤在所述还原步骤之后进行,并且这两个步骤在同一未分隔的配备有适合的阴极和阳极的电池中进行,其中所述氧化步骤通过在还原步骤完成后提高电流密度来实现。
在一实施方式中,所述还原步骤在不高于1kA/m2的低电流密度下进行。
在一实施方式中,还原步骤在不高于1kA/m2的低电流密度下进行,随后在例如介于1到3kA/m2之间的更高电流密度下进行氧化步骤。事实上,测试表明在有限的电流密度例如0.6kA/m2下进行还原,使得在还原本身完成之前同时发生阳极聚合过程的可能最小。
根据待处理的物质本领域技术人员可以选择更适合的实施方式;所述的方法可应用于众多具有共轭不饱和键、任选芳香族不饱和键的有机分子;作为非限制性的例子,所述方法可应用于具有在芳环上带有至少一个吸电子取代基的苯基、吡啶、吡咯、噻吩环的物质。作为非限制性的例子,所述吸电子取代基可包括卤素或腈、硫氰酸酯、异硫氰酸酯、酰胺、硝酰基、羰基、羧基、磺氧基、甲磺酰基和乙酰基。
在一实施方式中,用于实施所述处理方法的电化学电池包括银、镍、钛或石墨的金属阴极或者陶瓷阴极,例如基于钛的低氧化物的阴极。
在一实施方式中,用于实施所述处理方法的电化学电池包括涂覆有贵金属氧化物如钌和/或铱氧化物的诸如钛的阀用金属(valve metal)阳极。
在一实施方式中,用于实施所述处理方法的电化学电池包括在阴极和阳极之间没有隔板的未分隔的反应腔,用于将待处理溶液进料到阴极和阳极之间的间隙内的装置,用于在阴极和阳极之间受控地施加直流电的装置。
所述阴极可配置为设有开口的结构,例如栅网或发泡片材的形式。这可具有主要在阴极的背面而非在阴极-阳极间隙内形成氢气(该过程的常见副产物)的优点,特别是在还原和氧化步骤同时进行的过程的情况下;通过这种方式,可以在阴极和阳极之间保持更小的(reduced)间隙,而不会过分地扰乱用于所述氧化步骤的阳极的性能。
在一实施方式中,所述用于施加直流电的装置是受控的或程控的,从而至少在所述还原步骤期间施加小于1kA/m2的电流密度,并且在后续的氧化步骤中施加任选的更高的电流密度,例如介于1到3kA/m2。
实施例1
对毒莠定(4-氨基-3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶羧酸,其结构式如以下所述)生产厂相应单元释放的两种工业废物进行取样。
将具有淤泥样外观和深橙色的200ml前一废物的样品,在常温和pH14的条件下取得,进料到第一未分隔的电化学电池中,该电池配备有银板作为所述阴极,并且配备有来自Industrie De Nora的阳极,该阳极由涂覆有基于钛和钽氧化物的保护层以及基于钽和铱氧化物的催化层的钛板构成。施加有限范围(对应于0.6kA/m2)的直流电,以启动毒莠定的阴极还原而不启动可见程度的毒莠定的阳极氧化;记录到3.5V的电池电压。在传输27Ah的电荷后,溶液的碱性降至pH 9;随后将所述溶液转移到第二未分隔的电化学电池中,该电池配备有钛发泡片材作为所述阴极,并且配备有来自Industrie De Nora的阳极,该阳极由涂覆有基于钛和钌氧化物的催化层的钛发泡片材构成。施加2kA/m2的直流电,电池电压为4V。在传输84.5Ah电荷后,所述溶液达到中性pH和非常浅的颜色,没有初始浑浊的痕迹。未观察到阳极表面的结垢。在测试结束时,总有机碳(TOC)测定得到了168ppm的数值,而初始检测的数值为1990ppm。根据记载的数据,消除所得处理后溶液中90%的TOC所需的能量消耗低于2.2kWh/l。
将具有淤泥样外观和淡黄色的200ml后一废物的样品,在常温和pH3的条件下取得,依次进料到上述的两个电化学电池中,并经受相同的还原和后续的氧化处理。还原同样在0.6kA/m2的电流密度下进行,电压3.5V。在传输27.6Ah的电荷后,溶液的酸性降至pH 6;在转移到第二电池中后,后续的氧化步骤2kA/m2下进行,电池电压为4V。在传输84.0Ah电荷后,所述溶液达到pH 8和澄清且透明的外观;同样在此情况下,未观察到阳极表面的结垢。在测试结束时,总有机碳(TOC)测定得到了22ppm的数值,而初始废物检测的数值为2310ppm。根据记载的数据,消除所得处理后溶液中99%的TOC所需的能量消耗低于2.2kWh/l。
实施例2
在所述第二未分隔的电化学电池中,对实施例1的两种废物进行同时的氧化和还原处理,该电池配备有钛发泡片材作为所述阴极,并且配备有来自Industrie De Nora的阳极,该阳极由涂覆有基于钛和钌氧化物的催化层的钛发泡片材构成。所选阳极类型使得甚至在非常有限的电流密度下,在所述面层(facing)阴极处预还原(pre-reduced)的唯一的物质上即可发生阳极反应。
随后,将pH为14的前一废物进料,施加0.6kA/m2的直流电,电池电压从初始的3.5V逐渐升高到4.5V。在传输了50Ah的电荷之后,溶液达到pH 8.5和颜色非常浅的澄清外观;在测试末尾,总有机碳(TOC)测量值为232ppm,而初始废物检测的数值为1990ppm。
随后,将pH为3的后一废物进料,施加0.6kA/m2的直流电,电池电压从初始的3.5V逐渐升高到4.5V。在传输了48Ah的电荷之后,溶液达到中性pH和澄清且无色外观;在测试末尾,总有机碳(TOC)测量值为54ppm,而初始废物检测的数值为2310ppm。
在上述两个测试中,均未观察到阳极表面的任何结垢。
对照实施例1
将200ml实施例1中的前一废物进料到管状电化学电池中,该电池配备有得自Industrie De Nora的阳极和同轴的不锈钢网阴极,所述阳极由涂覆有基于钛和钌氧化物的催化层的钛圆柱构成,且所述阴极的不锈钢网卷绕为表面积等于阳极表面积的50倍的多层。给所述电池供应直流电,阳极处的电流密度为2kA/m2,以实现毒莠定的直接氧化而没有明显的还原反应。在反应的前30分钟内溶液外观发生改变,在此期间电池电压从初始的4V升高到超过6.5V。因此,必须关闭并拆除所述电池;在测试的末尾,阳极表面覆盖有致密的褐色-橙色膜,该膜在不破坏催化层的情况下不可能被去除。
实施例3
对来自苯氟化衍生物生产厂的工业废物进行取样,该废物在80%的硫酸(sulphuric)溶液中包含了各种量的以下有机物质:
原始样品的总有机含量(TOC)为5610ppm。将200ml具有完全不透明外观和黑色颜色的样品进料到第一未分隔的电化学电池中,该电池配备有得自Atranova的基于未改性的钛低氧化物的陶瓷阴极,和等同于所述阴极但是涂覆有基于铱氧化物的催化层的阳极。施加有限程度(对应于0.6kA/m2)的直流电,以使得待处理物质发生阴极还原,而不会同时启动明显程度的阳极氧化过程;记录到6V的初始电池电压,在传输22Ah电荷的过程中逐渐降低到4V;随后电流密度升高到1.5kA/m2,电池电压为5V。在传输了22.75Ah电荷之后,溶液呈现出具有深黄色的透明外观。在测试的末尾,总有机碳(TOC)测定值为483ppm。未观察到阳极表面的结垢。
对照实施例2
将200ml实施例3的废物进料到相同的配备有电极的电池中。在电极之间施加1.5kA/m2的电流密度;初始为高于6.5V的电池电压迅速攀升直到使所述过程不能继续进行,强制它关闭。通过拆除电池,观察到阳极表面是如何被致密的黑色膜覆盖的,该膜在不破坏催化层的情况下不可能被去除。
上述说明不应当被视为对本发明的限制,在不脱离其范围的前提下本发明还可以采用不同的实施方式实施,并且所述范围仅由所附权利要求限定。
在本申请的整个说明书和权利要求书中,术语“包括”及其变体如“包含”和“含有”不意于排除其它要素或添加物的存在。
本说明书中包括对文献、行为、材料、装置、制品等等论述的目的只是提供本发明的背景。并没有暗示或表明这些事项中的任何或者全部事项构成现有技术基础的一部分,或者是本申请每一权利要求的优先权日前本发明相关领域中的公知技术。
Claims (13)
1.包含一种或多种有机物质的含水溶液的处理方法,所述有机物质的至少一个碳原子参与到任选芳香族共轭的不饱和键中,所述碳原子上具有吸电子取代基,所述方法包括电化学还原步骤,以及同时或后续的氧化步骤。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述氧化步骤是电化学氧化步骤。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述还原步骤在基于银、镍、石墨、钛金属或钛低氧化物的阴极上进行。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的方法,其中所述电化学氧化步骤在基于涂覆有贵金属氧化物的阀用金属的阳极上进行。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述吸电子取代基选自卤素、腈、硫氰酸酯、异硫氰酸酯、酰胺、硝酰基、羰基、羧基、磺氧基、甲磺酰基和乙酰基。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中待处理溶液中所含的所述有机物质选自吡啶羧酸、苯甲酸和次苄基三氟的卤化衍生物。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中至少所述电化学还原步骤在低于1kA/m2的电流密度下进行。
8.用于实施前述权利要求中任一项所述的处理方法的电化学电池,包括未分隔的反应腔,至少一个阴极和至少一个阳极,用于将一种待处理的包含一种或多种有机物质的含水溶液进料到所述阴极和所述阳极之间的装置,所述有机物质的至少一个碳原子参与到任选芳香族共轭的不饱和键中,所述碳原子上具有吸电子取代基,用于排出处理后溶液的装置,用于受控地施加直流电的装置。
9.根据权利要求8所述的电池,其中所述阴极基于银、镍、钛金属、石墨或钛的低氧化物,且所述阳极基于涂覆有贵金属氧化物的阀用金属。
10.根据权利要求9所述的电池,其中所述阀用金属是钛,且所述贵金属包括钌和/或铱。
11.根据权利要求8-10中任一项所述的电池,其中所述阴极为栅网或发泡片材的形式。
12.根据权利要求8-11中任一项所述的电池,其中所述用于受控地施加直流电的装置调整为至少在所述还原步骤期间施加小于1kA/m2的电流密度。
13.根据权利要求8-11中任一项所述的电池,其中所述用于受控地施加直流电的装置调整为在所述还原步骤期间施加小于1kA/m2的电流密度,且在后续的步骤中施加介于1-3kA/m2的电流密度。
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PCT/EP2009/058945 WO2010007038A1 (en) | 2008-07-15 | 2009-07-14 | Method for treating industrial wastewaters |
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CN106379965A (zh) * | 2016-11-21 | 2017-02-08 | 北京益清源环保科技有限公司 | 具有电催化去除噻吩功能的改性陶瓷粒子电极及制备方法 |
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DK3640218T3 (da) | 2022-01-17 |
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EA022654B1 (ru) | 2016-02-29 |
BRPI0916799B1 (pt) | 2020-02-18 |
WO2010007038A1 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
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ITMI20081282A1 (it) | 2010-01-16 |
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