CN102062887B - 达曼波带片 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种达曼波带片,其特征在于在传统的二元纯位相型(0,π)波带片结构相对于径向坐标的平方的每个周期中加入位相调制细节,从而在一定范围内可以产生轴向等强度的任意数目的焦斑分布。这种沿着光轴方向的多个等强度焦斑分布可以广泛应用于大景深成像系统(光学显微镜)、光镊和植入式隐形眼镜等。并且,这种达曼波带片是二元纯位相分布,从直观上来看,就是一系列同心圆环结构,易于加工和复制。因而,本发明提出的这种达曼波带片将在光学成像系统和生物医学等领域有着重要的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种衍射光学元件,特别是一种达曼波带片,与聚焦透镜配合使用,可以实现轴向多个等强度的焦斑分布。
背景技术
众所周知,菲涅尔波带片作为一种古老光学器件,它可以无需透镜而将电磁波聚焦为无穷多个焦点,因而也被称之为衍射透镜。在实际应用中,人们往往只用到它的第一个主焦点,这是因为其他的焦点随级次的增加强度快速衰减。事实上,对于二元波带片来说,其第一个主焦点的最大效率为40%左右(位相为π的时候)。近年来,人们提出了一种新型的波带片——分形波带片【G.Saavedra,W.D.Furlan,and J.A.Monsoriu,Opt.Lett.28,971-973(2003)】。这种波带片可以在传统波带片的焦点附近产生分形的焦斑分布,即对每一个主焦点来说,其附近都有产生一系列类似旁瓣的分形焦点。这样,对于只利用第一个主焦点的波带片来说,也就相当于是一种轴向的多焦点系统。显而易见,这种轴向多焦点系统的缺点是其强度不均匀分布。这在一些实际应用中,像用多焦点实现的大景深光学显微镜、植入式隐形眼镜以及可以并行捕获的光镊等领域,轴向多个的等强度焦斑分布是有强烈需求的。
我们知道,达曼光栅是通过在普通光栅中加入调制细节,从而调制不同衍射级次的能量分布。通过优化这些调制细节的位置,原则上可以实现任意强度在不同衍射级次之间的分布。而达曼光栅则是通过优化这些调制细节位置,来达到特定衍射级次上的强度均匀分布。利用达曼光栅可以轻易实现横向一维或二维光斑分布。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种达曼波带片,使之与聚焦透镜配合使用,可以实现轴向多个等强度的焦斑分布。
本发明的基本思想是基于达曼光栅的位相调制的原理,在传统的二元位相菲涅尔波带片相对于径向坐标的平方的每个周期内加入调制细节,从而实现轴向多个等强度焦斑。同时,轴向焦点之间的间距是可以任意调节的。因此,本发明提出一种达曼波带片,这种达曼波带片多焦点的实现,在大景深光学显微镜、植入式隐形眼镜以及可以并行捕获的光镊等领域有着潜在的应用价值和良好的应用前景。
这种达曼波带片其特征在于相比传统的菲涅尔波带片结构,除了相对于径向坐标平方的呈周期性分布的归一化半径之外,在每个周期中还有一系列的位相转折点,并且相邻区域位相(0,π)相间分布。
本发明的技术解决方案如下:
一种达曼波带片,其特点在于:该波带片是在菲涅尔波带片的每个等面积的环带中加入相同数目的等间隔的多个不同半径的位相调制环带后形成的多环带的波带片,所述的环带从第一个圆形区域为0位相开始,其它各个环带的位相从内到外依次呈π,0二值相间分布,并且所有的环带都呈中心重合的轴对称分布。
所述的达曼波带片具有不同数目的菲涅尔等面积的环带即周期,并可产生一定数量的等光强的轴向焦斑,不同轴向焦斑和不同周期所对应的达曼波带片的各环带的归一化半径的优化值从内到外依次如下:
轴向焦斑数为2,周期数为10,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.2236,0.3162,0.3873,0.4472,0.5000,0.5477,0.5916,0.6325,0.6708,0.7071,0.7416,0.7746,0.8062,0.8367,0.8660,0.8944,0.9220,0.9487,0.9747,1;
轴向焦斑数为2,周期数为20,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.1581,0.2236,0.2739,0.3162,0.3536,0.3873,0.4183,0.4472,0.4743,0.5000,0.5244,0.5477,0.5701,0.5916,0.6124,0.6325,0.6519,0.6708,0.6892,0.7071,0.7246,0.7416,0.7583,0.7746,0.7906,0.8062,0.8216,0.8367,0.8515,0.8660,0.8803,0.8944,0.9083,0.9220,0.9354,0.9487,0.9618,0.9747,0.9874,1;
轴向焦斑数为3,周期数为10,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.2712,0.3162,0.4166,0.4472,0.5230,0.5477,0.6112,0.6325,0.6881,0.7071,0.7573,0.7746,0.8207,0.8367,0.8795,0.8944,0.9346,0.9487,0.9867,1;
轴向焦斑数为3,周期数为15,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.2214,0.2582,0.3401,0.3651,0.4270,0.4472,0.4990,0.5164,0.5619,0.5774,0.6183,0.6325,0.6701,0.6831,0.7181,0.7303,0.7631,0.7746,0.8056,0.8165,0.8460,0.8563,0.8845,0.8944,0.9214,0.9309,0.9569,0.9661,0.9911,1;
轴向焦斑数为4,周期数为5,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.2100,0.2985,0.3162,0.3796,0.4349,0.4472,0.4941,0.5377,0.5477,0.5866,0.6238,0.6325,0.6664,0.6994,0.7071,0.7376,0.7675,0.7746,0.8026,0.8301,0.8367,0.8626,0.8883,0.8944,0.9188,0.9429,0.9487,0.9717,0.9945,1;
轴向焦斑数为4,周期数为10,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.1485,0.2111,0.2236,0.2684,0.3075,0.3162,0.3494,0.3802,0.3873,0.4148,0.4411,0.4472,0.4712,0.4945,0.5000,0.5216,0.5427,0.5477,0.5675,0.5870,0.5916,0.6100,0.6281,0.6325,0.6497,0.6668,0.6708,0.6871,0.7033,0.7071,0.7225,0.7379,0.7416,0.7563,0.7711,0.7746,0.7887,0.8028,0.8062,0.8198,0.8334,0.8367,0.8497,0.8629,0.8660,0.8787,0.8914,0.8944,0.9067,0.9190,0.9220,0.9338,0.9458,0.9487,0.9602,0.9719,0.9747,0.9859,0.9973,1;
轴向焦斑数为5,周期数为5,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.0879,0.2796,0.3621,0.4472,0.4558,0.5274,0.5754,0.6325,0.6385,0.6915,0.7288,0.7746,0.7796,0.8235,0.8550,0.8944,0.8987,0.9371,0.9649,1;
纵向焦斑数为5,周期数为10,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.0622,0.1977,0.2560,0.3162,0.3223,0.3729,0.4069,0.4472,0.4515,0.4890,0.5153,0.5477,0.5512,0.5823,0.6046,0.6325,0.6355,0.6626,0.6823,0.7071,0.7098,0.7342,0.7520,0.7746,0.7771,0.7994,0.8158,0.8367,0.8390,0.8597,0.8750,0.8944,0.8966,0.9160,0.9304,0.9487,0.9507,0.9691,0.9826,1。
本发明的技术效果:
实验表明本发明达曼波带片与聚焦透镜配合使用,在聚焦透镜的轴向光场分布上得到多个等强度轴向焦斑分布,这种多个等强度的轴向光斑分布可以广泛应用于大景深成像系统(光学显微镜)、光镊和植入式隐形眼镜等领域。
附图说明
图1是本发明达曼波带片的聚焦光路示意图。
图2是本发明达曼波带片的设计流程示意图。
图3是本发明典型的达曼波带片透过率函数:黑色部分代表0位相,白色部分代表π位相。
图4是本发明达曼波带片(10周期5焦点)透过率函数随径向坐标的变化情况;
图5是本发明达曼波带片(10周期5焦点)的轴向强度随z坐标的变化情况。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步说明,但不应以此限制本发明的保护范围。
一、理论设计
先请参阅图1,图1是本发明达曼波带片的聚焦光路示意图。如图1所示,是一个典型的加入了本发明达曼波带片之后的聚焦成像光路的示意图。从左到右依据编号依次是:均匀平面入射波001;达曼波带片100;消像差聚焦透镜300;透镜焦平面200。以聚焦透镜的焦点为圆心,建立柱坐标系,其中,光轴沿z轴方向,则其焦点附近的轴向光场分布可以表示为
u=2πNA2z/λ (2a)
v=2πNAρ/λ (2b)
其中,NA为聚焦透镜的数值孔径,ρ表示光场径向坐标,z表示光场轴向坐标。令ξ=(s2-0.5)/4π,则轴向光场可以表示为
其中,
根据式(3),聚焦光场的轴向光场可以表示为透过率函数的傅立叶变换。类似于达曼光栅的位相编码的方法,在所述的透过率函数相对于径向坐标的平方的每个周期内加入一系列位相转折点,即在传统的波带片的每个等面积的区域中加入相同数目的多个的不同半径的位相调制环。从数学本质上来看,这就等效为达曼光栅的在傅立叶变换面上的光场分布。因此,通过这种类似达曼光栅的位相调制就可以产生一系列的沿轴向等强度的焦斑。其中,第j级次焦斑的位置:
其对应的焦距为:
为了表征本发明达曼波带片的性能,我们定义了以下几个参数:焦斑间隔(Δf)、特征尺寸(M)、效率(η)和均匀性(unif)。其中,
焦斑间隔定义为任意两个相邻的焦斑之间的距离
Δf=2Npλ/NA2 (7)
特征尺寸定义为所有转折点相对达曼波带片的通光孔径归一化之后的最小间隔:
Δsmin=min{sn+1-sn} (8)
其中,n=0,1,…,Nall,且s0=0,sNall=1,而Nall=NpNs+1为达曼波带片所有转折点的总数,Np为相对于径向坐标的平方的周期数,Ns为每周期内的位相转折点数。
达曼波带片的效率则定义为
其中,m=0,1,…,M,而Im是第m个焦斑的峰值强度,M是总的焦斑数目。
而达曼波带片的均匀性就定义为
图2给出了达曼波带片的典型设计流程。首先,根据所设计的目标确定衍射光场的焦斑数目M和周期数Np,然后以效率和均匀性为目标函数,优化使式(9)达到最大,式(10)达到最小,即可得到了每个周期加入的位相调制转折点的具体数值,最终返回所设定的达曼波带片各环的归一化半径。其中,每个周期需加入的位相调制转折点数目Ns与焦斑数M之间的关系与达曼光栅完全一致,即当M为奇数时,Ns=N0;当M为偶数时,Ns=2N0+2,其中N0=2int{(M-1)/4}+2,而int为取整函数。事实上,位相调制转折点数目Ns与焦斑数M之间的并没有必然的联系,我们在优化的时候,只是以N0为基础,上下波动取N0±1以取不同的Ns,尽量达到目标函数最优。表1是通过优化使效率最大和均匀性最小得到的几种不同级次的达曼波带片的参数,包括归一化半径、效率、均匀性和特征尺寸。图3是一个典型的达曼波带片的透过率函数,其中黑色部分表示0位相,白色部分为π位相。
表1.不同级次、不同周期数的达曼波带片的设计参数
二、实施例
以下以工作波长633nm、NA=0.1的聚焦透镜为例,提出一种5个焦斑10个周期的达曼波带片的设计和制作的具体实施方案。
1×5达曼光栅一个周期内的优化的位相转折点为0.03863,0.39084,
0.65552。将这些位相转折点以ξ为单位直接加入到相对于ξ的一维二元位相(0,π)光栅即纯位相型菲涅尔波带片(位相延迟为π)中。然后,利用ξ∝s2的关系解算出这些位相转折点相对应的在归一化半径中的转折点位置,然后再加入周期,即可得到表1所示的10周期5焦斑的达曼波带片参数。
图4是所设计的10周期5焦斑达曼波带片的透过率函数。图5是对应的聚焦光场的理论模拟图。从中我们可以清楚看出,这种5焦点的达曼波带片可以产生沿着轴向的5个等强度的焦斑。
对于这种纯位相二元结构(0,π),可以采用成熟的光电子制备工艺光刻和湿法/干法刻蚀相结合的方法来加工。同时,由于其二元的纯位相结构,因而这种达曼波带片很适合于压印复制工艺来批量生产。本实施例中选用的基底为BK7玻璃,达曼波带片的工作波长选为633nm,其对应的折射率为1.515,则对应的刻蚀深度为615nm。
综上所述,本发明提出了一种达曼波带片,可以在透镜的聚焦后场实现沿轴向多个等强度的焦斑,并且在NA=0.1、工作波长633nm的情况下,以BK7玻璃基底为例提出了一种可行的加工制作的技术路线。这种可产生多个轴向等强度的焦点的达曼波带片在大景深光学显微镜、植入式隐形眼镜以及可以并行捕获的光镊等领域有着广泛的实用价值和良好应用前景。
Claims (1)
1.一种达曼波带片,其特征在于:该波带片是在菲涅尔波带片的每个等面积的环带中加入相同数目的等间隔的多个不同半径的位相调制环带后形成的多环带的波带片,所述的多环带从第一个圆形区域为0位相开始,其它各个环带的位相从内到外依次呈π,0二值相间分布,并且所述的多环带都呈中心重合的轴对称分布,具有不同数目的菲涅尔等面积的环带即周期,并可产生一定数量的等光强的轴向焦斑的达曼波带片的多环带的归一化半径的优化值从内到外依次如下:
轴向焦斑数为2,周期数为10,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.2236,0.3162,0.3873,0.4472, 0.5000,0.5477, 0.5916,0.6325,0.6708,0.7071,0.7416,0.7746,0.8062, 0.8367, 0.8660,0.8944,0.9220,0.9487,0.9747,1;
轴向焦斑数为2,周期数为20,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.1581,0.2236,0.2739,0.3162,0.3536,0.3873, 0.4183,0.4472,0.4743,0.5000,0.5244,0.5477,0.5701,0.5916, 0.6124,0.6325,0.6519,0.6708,0.6892,0.7071,0.7246,0.7416,0.7583,0.7746,0.7906,0.8062,0.8216,0.8367,0.8515, 0.8660,0.8803,0.8944,0.9083,0.9220,0.9354,0.9487,0.9618,0.9747,0.9874,1;
轴向焦斑数为3,周期数为10,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.2712,0.3162,0.4166,0.4472,0.5230,0.5477,0.6112,0.6325,0.6881,0.7071,0.7573,0.7746,0.8207, 0.8367,0.8795,0.8944,0.9346,0.9487,0.9867,1;
轴向焦斑数为3,周期数为15,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.2214,0.2582,0.3401,0.3651,0.4270,0.4472,0.4990,0.5164,0.5619,0.5774,0.6183,0.6325,0.6701,0.6831,0.7181,0.7303,0.7631,0.7746,0.8056,0.8165,0.8460,0.8563,0.8845,0.8944,0.9214,0.9309,0.9569,0.9661,0.9911,1;
轴向焦斑数为4,周期数为5,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.2100,0.2985,0.3162,0.3796,0.4349,0.4472,0.4941,0.5377,0.5477,0.5866,0.6238,0.6325,0.6664,0.6994,0.7071,0.7376,0.7675,0.7746,0.8026,0.8301,0.8367,0.8626,0.8883,0.8944,0.9188,0.9429,0.9487,0.9717,0.9945,1;
轴向焦斑数为4,周期数为10,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.1485,0.2111,0.2236,0.2684,0.3075,0.3162,0.3494,0.3802,0.3873,0.4148,0.4411,0.4472,0.4712,0.4945,0.5000,0.5216,0.5427,0.5477,0.5675,0.5870,0.5916,0.6100,0.6281,0.6325,0.6497,0.6668,0.6708,0.6871,0.7033,0.7071,0.7225,0.7379,0.7416,0.7563,0.7711,0.7746,0.7887,0.8028,0.8062,0.8198,0.8334,0.8367,0.8497,0.8629,0.8660,0.8787,0.8914,0.8944,0.9067,0.9190,0.9220,0.9338,0.9458,0.9487,0.9602,0.9719,0.9747,0.9859,0.9973,1;
轴向焦斑数为5,周期数为5,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.0879,0.2796,0.3621,0.4472,0.4558,0.5274,0.5754,0.6325,0.6385,0.6915,0.7288,0.7746,0.7796,0.8235,0.8550,0.8944,0.8987,0.9371,0.9649,1;
纵向焦斑数为5,周期数为10,对应的归一化半径依次为:0,0.0622,0.1977,0.2560,0.3162,0.3223,0.3729,0.4069,0.4472,0.4515,0.4890,0.5153,0.5477,0.5512,0.5823,0.6046,0.6325,0.6355,0.6626,0.6823,0.7071,0.7098,0.7342,0.7520,0.7746,0.7771,0.7994,0.8158,0.8367,0.8390,0.8597,0.8750,0.8944,0.8966,0.9160,0.9304,0.9487,0.9507,0.9691,0.9826,1。
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