CN102052203B - 内燃发动机中排气再循环的方法和装置 - Google Patents

内燃发动机中排气再循环的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN102052203B
CN102052203B CN201010536990.2A CN201010536990A CN102052203B CN 102052203 B CN102052203 B CN 102052203B CN 201010536990 A CN201010536990 A CN 201010536990A CN 102052203 B CN102052203 B CN 102052203B
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CN102052203A (zh
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Y·雅各布
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
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    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
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    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/0025—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
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    • F02D41/146—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an NOx content or concentration
    • F02D41/1461—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an NOx content or concentration of the exhaust gases emitted by the engine
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    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
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    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
    • F02M26/06—Low pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust downstream of the turbocharger turbine and reintroduced into the intake system upstream of the compressor
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    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/14—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system
    • F02M26/15—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system in relation to engine exhaust purifying apparatus
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    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/35—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with means for cleaning or treating the recirculated gases, e.g. catalysts, condensate traps, particle filters or heaters
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    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2340/00—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
    • F01N2340/02—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses characterised by the distance of the apparatus to the engine, or the distance between two exhaust treating apparatuses
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    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/14—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system
    • F02M26/16—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system with EGR valves located at or near the connection to the exhaust system
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    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/17—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the intake system
    • F02M26/21—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the intake system with EGR valves located at or near the connection to the intake system
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    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

一种用于具有排气涡轮增压器(2)的内燃发动机(1)中排气再循环的方法，其中排气涡轮增压器(2)的涡轮(4)下游的要被再循环的排气通过冷凝分离器(10)，并且已经净化了冷凝物的要被再循环的排气被提供到涡轮增压器的压缩机(3)，该方法的特征在于压缩机(3)下游的冷凝物被提供到内燃发动机(1)的进气口(5)。这样，防止了对压缩机的损坏，并且可以同时实现排气中NOx含量的减少。本发明还涉及内燃发动机中排气再循环的装置。

Description

内燃发动机中排气再循环的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明涉及内燃发动机中排气再循环的方法和装置。
背景技术
为了提高效率和对周围环境的适应性，排气再循环的方法和装置长期被用于内燃发动机中。特别是在柴油发动机中，已知排气再循环用于减少微粒和氮氧化物的排放。
在具有涡轮增压器的内燃发动机中，根据一种已知的方法能够从涡轮增压器的涡轮的上游抽取排气，并将排气提供给涡轮增压器的压缩机的下游的发动机的充气，特别是一般连接在所述压缩机下游的增压空气冷却器的下游。对于这种类型的排气再循环，排气回路处于发动机的高压和高温区，从而在那不会产生排气冷凝物。然而，这种高压排气再循环有一些严重的缺点，例如在柴油发动机的情况下具有相对高的微粒排放。
根据另一种方法，从涡轮增压器的涡轮的下游抽取排气，并将排气提供给涡轮增压器的压缩机的上游的吸入的充气。然而，对于这种低压排气再循环，由于再循环的排气冷却形成了冷凝物，其中冷凝物主要包含水但也包括有害的混合物，如硝酸、硫酸或亚硫酸。此外，冷凝物包括主要来自发动机微粒排放的微粒形式的固体物质。如果要被再循环的排气从特别包括微粒过滤器的排气后处理系统的下游分出，可以减小冷凝物的微粒含量。然而，即使在这种情况下，冷凝物还包含残余的微粒和来自排气系统的可能由于例如磨损或化学的或机械的影响已经从微粒过滤器或从排气后处理系统的其它组件和气流穿过的管路分离的微粒。下面，后述的微粒同样包含在表述“冷凝物”中，尽管它们至少部分具有与燃烧室中由于冷凝产生或直接产生的液体的或固体的排气的构成不同的来源和/或不同的成分。
如果夹带在排气的液滴或微粒形式中的冷凝物由于在压缩机上游的发生与充气的混合而进入压缩机，那么由于所述压缩机叶片非常高的速度，液滴和微粒都可能损坏压缩机的叶片。
因此在DE102005023958A1中提出再循环的排气通过冷凝分离器调节，并且排气的腐蚀性成分由此从排气流中去除。为了冷凝物的去除，提供热过程，由于热过程，包含在冷凝物中的酸被转化为无害的气体和水，并被添加到要被再循环的排气的分支下游的排气的主流中，并通过排气尾管排放到空气中。冷凝物热去除发生在多级装置中，其中通过加热元件，在高达450℃的温度下，有害的物质被蒸发并通过化学反应被分解。这与相对高水平的技术成本相关。此外，在所需加热体的不充分加热情况下，不能够防止有害的酸排放到环境中。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种用于内燃发动机中排气再循环的方法和装置，其中上述缺点不会发生。
所述目的通过根据本发明原理的设备和装置实现。
根据本发明，在具有排气涡轮增压器的内燃发动机中，排气的部分气流从涡轮增压器的涡轮的下游分出。所述排气的部分气流通过冷凝分离器并被提供给涡轮增压器的压缩机上游的吸入的充气。通过冷凝分离器从排气获取的冷凝物被供给涡轮增压器的压缩机下游的内燃发动机的进气口，即吸入的空气与再循环的排气的混合物。
通过所述措施，可实现再循环的排气基本上不受冷凝的液滴的影响，并且因此降低了甚至防止了损坏压缩机叶片的风险。由于包含在排气中的微粒经常作为冷凝物滴的冷凝核，因此微粒经常包含在冷凝物滴中并且因此同时在冷凝分离器中分离。然而，由于已知的冷凝分离器的操作模式，甚至与冷凝物滴没有关联的微粒也被分离了。这样，通过这种方式达到本发明的目的。此外冷凝物到发动机的充气的供给实现氮氧化物排放的减少。
根据本发明的一个优选实施例，在冷凝分离器中被分离的冷凝物被供给过滤器以分离固体物质。固体物质可以通过这种方法从冷凝物中去除。因此，供给到发动机的进气口的冷凝物几乎只包含液体成分，特别是水和水溶性有机化合物。这实现管路和用于处理冷凝物的任何其它部件(如泵、喷嘴)没有堵塞风险的供给，并允许发动机的排气质量的进一步改善。
在固体物质过滤器中从液体冷凝物中去除的固体物质可以通过冲洗过滤器或更换过滤器衬垫从所述固体物质过滤器中去除。然而，有可能将过滤器本身设计为可更换的。可能为冲洗或更换指定的预先定义的间隔，或者更新过滤器的间隔可能取决于操作参数或其它，例如取决于包含在排气中或收集在过滤器中的固体物质的数量。
根据本发明的进一步优选的实施例，液体冷凝物特别地直接喷射到发动机的空气供给中。这样，确保了包含在液体冷凝物中的化合物的均匀分布和好的反应能力，这可能使排气质量的进一步改善。
更优选的是液体冷凝物收集在箱体中并作为操作参数的函数被喷射。例如，这些操作参数可能涉及发动机，特别是负载和温度条件，也涉及排气的质量和成分。这样，可以实现仅当液体冷凝物在燃烧中可以被最佳利用时喷射液体冷凝物。
特别优选的是喷射量被控制为供给到发动机的空气/排气混合物的露点的函数。这样，特别可能防止过量的冷凝物量存在于供给到发动机的空气中。
如果液体冷凝物的喷射被调节为排气成分的函数，特别是氮氧化物(NOx)的含量的函数，也非常有利。出于此目的，特别可能提供传感器装置用来测量排气中现有的氮氧化物的含量和提供控制装置用来调节冷凝物喷射。这样，有可能以简单的方式得到特别有效的NOx排放的减少。
根据本发明的一个优选实施例，再循环的排气的比例和/或吸入的空气与压缩机下游供给的排气之间的混合比是可调的。出于此目的，可调整的或自动或手动可致动的阀可以设在相应的分支处。这样，最佳排气再循环率作为操作条件的函数可以随时设置。
还优选的是，在排气系统中设置一个或多个排气后处理系统，其中排气后处理系统可能在多种情况下包含一个或多个氧化催化转化器和/或微粒过滤器和/或氮氧化合物过滤器和/或SCR(选择性催化还原)催化转化器。特别的是，如果设有第一排气后处理系统，从其下游分出要再循环的排气，会很有利。第一排气后处理系统特别包括减少要被再循环的排气的微粒含量的微粒过滤器。沿着传到排气尾管的主排气流，可设置进一步的排气后处理系统，其用来提供排气质量的进一步改善。
根据本发明，具有涡轮增压器的内燃发动机中的排气再循环的装置包含至少一个排气再循环管路和冷凝分离器，排气再循环管路从涡轮下游的主排气管路分出并连入涡轮增压器的压缩机上游的发动机的进气口，冷凝分离器用于将冷凝物从再循环的排气中分离出来，冷凝分离器被设置在排气再循环管路上。根据本发明还提供了冷凝管路，分离的冷凝物通过冷凝管路被馈送入压缩机下游的内燃发动机的充气进气口。这样，可能在排气再循环中防止包含在再循环的排气中的冷凝物损坏涡轮增压器的压缩机。
附图说明
下面将基于附图通过实例更详细地介绍本发明，其中：
图1显示了根据本发明的用于具有涡轮增压器的内燃发动机中排气再循环的装置示意图。
参考编号列表
1        内燃发动机
2        排气涡轮增压器
3        压缩机
4        涡轮
5        进气口
6，6’   排气管路
7，7’   排气后处理系统
8，8’   排气再循环管路
9，9’   阀
10       冷凝分离器
11       进气管路
12       冷凝管路
13       过滤器
14，14’，14”    液体管路
15    箱体
16    泵
17    喷射装置
18    消声器
具体实施方式
根据图1，内燃发动机1，特别是柴油发动机，设置有具有压缩机3和涡轮4的排气涡轮增压器2。内燃发动机1的排气流通过涡轮4并由此驱动涡轮4。涡轮4驱动压缩机3，压缩机3通过进气口5将压缩的充气提供给内燃发动机1。自涡轮增压器2的涡轮4，排气通过排气管路6进入第一排气后处理系统7，第一排气后处理系统可能包含例如氧化催化转化器、微粒过滤器、氮氧化物过滤器和/或SCR催化转化器。在第一排气后处理系统7的下游，排气再循环管路8从排气管路6’分支出，通过排气再循环管路8，排气的预定部分或可以通过阀9调节的部分被传递到特别设计作为干燥器的冷凝分离器10中。被净化了冷凝物或被干燥了的排气通过排气再循环管路8’导入进气管路11，其中再循环的排气与进气混合并在入口侧被供给涡轮增压器2的压缩机3。阀9’可以被设置在排气再循环管路8’到进气管路11中的开口点处以调整吸入的空气与再循环的排气的混合比例。
被冷凝分离器10从要被再循环的排气中分离的冷凝物包括液相和固相，特别是微粒。液相和固相的混合物通过冷凝管路12被传递到过滤器13，过滤器13从混合物中去除固相。剩下的液相通过液体管路14供给箱体15。液体冷凝物可以用泵16通过管路14’、14”从箱体15输送出并通过喷射装置17(例如喷油嘴)在进气口5提供给内燃发动机1的充气。为了有利于喷射的测量，传感器装置(未显示)有可能被设置在进气口5中，其中传感器装置允许露点的确定，从而泵16和喷射装置17和/或阀9、9’可以一直以最佳方式被控制装置(未显示)致动。
设置在排气系统的进一步进程中的是另一个排气后处理系统7’，其可以包含氧气催化转化器、微粒过滤器、氮氧化合物过滤器和/或SCR催化转化器，并且在将被再循环的排气的分支下游的剩余排气穿过排气后处理系统7’。最后，净化的剩余排气通过排气尾管箱或消声器18传导并被排放到大气中。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于具有排气涡轮增压器(2)的内燃发动机(1)中排气再循环的方法，所述排气涡轮增压器(2)的涡轮(4)的下游的要被再循环的排气通过冷凝分离器(10)，已经净化了冷凝物的要被再循环的排气被提供到所述涡轮增压器的压缩机(3)，
其中
所述压缩机(3)下游的冷凝物被提供到所述内燃发动机(1)的进气口(5)，
所述冷凝物被喷射到所述进气口；以及
供给到所述进气口的冷凝物的量作为所述排气中NOx含量的函数被调节。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中在所述冷凝分离器(10)中被分离的所述冷凝物被提供给过滤器(13)以用于固体物质的分离。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中在所述过滤器(13)中被从所述冷凝物中分离的所述固体物质可以通过更换过滤器衬垫和/或通过冲洗从所述过滤器(13)中去除。
4.根据前述权利要求中的一项所述的方法，其中所述冷凝物被收集在箱体(15)中并作为操作参数的函数被提供到所述进气口(5)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中被提供到所述进气口(5)的冷凝物的量作为供给到所述内燃发动机(1)的空气/排气混合物的露点的函数被控制。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中要被再循环的排气量和/或吸入的空气与再循环的排气的混合比例可以通过至少一个阀(9，9’)被控制。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述排气涡轮增压器(2)的涡轮(4)下游的和所述冷凝分离器(10)上游的要被再循环的排气通过第一排气后处理系统(7)。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中要被再循环的排气的分支下游的剩余气体通过排气后处理系统(7’)。
9.一种用于具有排气涡轮增压器(2)的内燃发动机(1)中排气再循环的装置，其中所述排气涡轮增压器(2)具有压缩机(3)和涡轮(4)，所述装置包含排气再循环管路(8，8’)，所述排气再循环管路(8，8’)用于将从所述涡轮(4)的下游抽取的排气再循环进入所述压缩机(3)的进气管路(11)，并且冷凝分离器(10)被设置在所述排气再循环管路(8，8’)上，其中设置管路(12，14，14’，14”)用于经由泵和喷射装置将冷凝物提供给所述压缩机(3)下游的所述内燃发动机(1)的进气口(5)；以及
用于调节所述冷凝物喷射的控制装置。
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