CN101965785B - Method for remediating cadmium-contaminated soil by using Sweden energy willow No.2 - Google Patents
Method for remediating cadmium-contaminated soil by using Sweden energy willow No.2 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for remediating cadmium-contaminated soil by using Sweden energy willow No.2, which comprises: cutting one-year-old twigs with a diameter between 1.5 to 2.0 centimeters of Sweden energy willow Salix dascladus by 18 to 20 centimeters, and storing the twigs cut off as cuttingwood in a sand bed; and taking the cuttingwood out before sticking, immersing the cuttingwood in solution of GGR rooting powder, and sticking at a 0.5 to 0.75 meter plant distance and 0.5 to 1 meter row distance, wherein the cuttingwood is inserted into the cadmium-contaminated soil with 3 to 5 centimeters exposed from the ground in sticking, and 3 to 5 years is a growth period. In a cadmium-stressed environment, the Sweden energy willow No.2 growth vigorously, the biomass liveweight can reach 7.4 to 10.9t/hm<2>/year, the soil purification rate can reach 0.3 to 1.2 percent/year, and the annual purification rate is 4 to 7 times that of hyper-herbaceous accumulators.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to environmental protection technical field, relate to a kind of method of utilizing No. 2 (Salixdascladus) cadmium pollution soil repairs of Sweden energy willow.
Background technology
Along with the quick growth of global population, the continuous expansion and the fast development of urbanization of commercial production scale, heavy metal pollution of soil is more and more serious.According to statistics, China's industrial triwaste pollution cultivated area 266.7 ten thousand hm in 1980
2, be increased to 666.7 ten thousand hm in 1988
2, be increased to 1,000 ten thousand hm in 1992
2At present, the whole nation cultivated area that suffers to pollute in various degree is near 2,000 ten thousand hm
2, account for 1/5 of cultivated area.China surpasses 1,000 ten thousand t because of the grain drop in production that heavy metal pollution causes every year, and contaminated by heavy metals grain is 1,200 ten thousand t nearly.According to the investigation in recent years of Ministry of Agriculture's environmental monitoring system, in 320 emphasis contaminated areas in the very fast area of economic developments such as 24 provinces of China (city) outskirts of a town, sewage irrigation district, industrial and mineral, polluting the land for growing field crops crop acreage that exceeds standard is 60.6 ten thousand hm
2, account for 20% of the investigation gross area.Wherein the crop acreage that exceeds standard of content of beary metal accounts for pollutant more than 80% of crop acreage that exceeds standard.
In heavy-metal contaminated soil, more general with cadmium pollution, nearly 10,000,000 hm of national contaminated area
2Be present in the cadmium ion in the contaminated soil, have extremely strong biogenic migration property, can pass through grain, fruits and vegetables entering human foods chain, directly harm humans is healthy.The people absorbs excessive cadmium can cause albuminuria, amino acid and glycosuria, influences the absorption metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, increases the pathology of kidney and bone, causes that anaemia, hypertension, neuralgia, sclerotin are soft, illnesss such as ephritis and dyssecretosis.Cadmium is at the human body depot action, bright being 10～30 years of hiding." itai-itai " is exactly because long-term drinking receives the running water or the surface water of cadmium pollution, or the edible water that the receives cadmium pollution paddy of irrigating, the result that the cadmium that causes is accumulated in vivo.Therefore, the needs of building good ecological environment being not only in the improvement of Cadmium Pollution in Soils, also is the task of top priority of safeguarding human health.
Cadmium pollution soil is purified engineering measure and the biological control measures of adopting more to carry out.Engineering measure mainly is through in contaminated soil, applies inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, again with modes such as irrigation, drip washing, the inorganic salts that generate is got rid of soil.Adopt engineering measure, not only workload is big, and cost is high, and the soil liquid that contains heavy metal that generates, and does not break away from environment, also can cause secondary pollution, can not fundamentally solve the heavy metal pollution problem of soil.Purifying contaminated soil effective method the most is biological cleaning, is exactly that root system of plant through anti-heavy metal absorbs, and the heavy metal in the soil is absorbed the back through metabolism, is enriched in self organ, no longer returns soil, thus reduction heavy metal in soil content.
The soil of research plant purification at present has two types of plants, i.e. herbaceous plant and xylophyta.It is very capable that some herbaceous plant absorbs heavy metal, but herbaceous plant is dead or divide dry branches and fallen leaves, can heavy metal be turned back to soil again.And the general organ that forms of xylophyta is a timber, can be used for building, furniture, papermaking etc., makes the heavy metal of contaminated soil thoroughly leave soil, breaks away from food chain, can not cause secondary pollution.Hinesly etc. (1982) think plant to the absorption difference of cadmium by Gene Handling, genotype is occupied an leading position in the absorption of plant to cadmium.The root system oxide is different, and the ferriferous oxide glued membrane quantity of its root table deposit there are differences, and this species diversity directly has influence on enrichment, absorption and the transportation of root table ferriferous oxide glued membrane to cadmium.Simultaneously, the different differences that also cause plant cadmium to be absorbed transportation of plant transpiration speed, root system activity, root system surrounding environment and root exudates etc.
Sallow has caused relevant scholar's research to the enrichment of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and people begin through means such as hybridization, clones, has filtered out some heavy metal resistances and accumulation ability stronger kind relatively.Sweden energy willow is the fast growing variety that Sweden agriculture university and Seed Group Co. cultivate through hybridization, successively introduces a fine variety plantation in Europe and North America mainly as energy-source plant; External report once, energy willow growth is fast, and in the per 3 year period of felling in turn, per hectare can be gathered in the crops about 25 tons of dries (Heller et al., 2003; Matthews, 2001).The nineties in 20th century, Sweden just begins to utilize energy willow that municipal wastewater, rubbish leachate and sanitary sewage are administered, and builds energy osiery in municipal drainage ditch, refuse landfill etc., makes the sewage of discharge reach sanitary standard (Zhang Wenhui etc., 2006).The correlative study that Zhang Wenhui etc. carry out in recent years proves; Energy willow has absorption, tolerance heavy metal ability; Can the soil cadmium content greater than the serious pollution soil of 200mg/kg on the growth (Xue builds Zhang Wenhui forever; Plant research, in July, 2008, different energy sources willow clone is to the resistance research of Cadmium Pollution in Soils).
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention solves is to provide a kind of method of utilizing No. 2 cadmium pollution soil repairs of Sweden energy willow, through cultivation energy willow on cadmium pollution soil, reaches the permanent reparation to cadmium pollution soil.
The present invention realizes through following technical scheme:
A kind of method of utilizing No. 2 cadmium pollution soil repairs of Sweden energy willow may further comprise the steps:
1) choose Sweden energy willow No. 2 (Salix dascladus), clip length is 18～20cm, and diameter is the living branch in 1 year of 1.5～2.0cm as inserting fringe, and clip is inserted behind the fringe cuttage immediately or will be inserted fringe and bury with sandy soil and keep in Dark Place 2～60 days;
2) will insert fringe before the cuttage and take out, the bottom is whittled into 40～45 ° horse ear shape inclined-plane, will insert the fringe bottom then and immerse among two gills-GGR rooting powder solution, the immersion time is 1～1.5h;
3) be 0.5～0.75m by spacing in the rows, line-spacing is that the density of 0.5～1m is carried out cuttage, will insert the soil that fringe inserts cadmium pollution during cuttage, and above ground portion exposes 1.5～2cm;
4) irrigate with clean water immediately after cuttage is accomplished, irrigate the back covered with plastic film;
When the spray height of 5) on inserting fringe, sprouting reaches 10～15cm, bud picking, 2～3 of the sprays that reservation is sprouted on each slotting fringe;
6) get into that the seedling growth after date in time waters, uprooting weed, and collect fallen leaves in annual autumn;
7) be a growth cycle with 3～5 years, stem on the copping keeps and cuts down stake height 3～5cm; Cut down stake and can continue to sprout branch in spring next year, bud picking in time behind the sprouting branch, and keep 2～3 of sprays, the growth cycle of a beginning new round.
Described slotting fringe is buried when keeping in Dark Place with sandy soil, and the humidity of sandy soil is 60%～70%, and storage temperature is 4～6 ℃, burying depth 4～5cm.
The length on described horse ear shape inclined-plane is 3～5cm.
Described pair of gill-GGR rooting powder solution is that two gills-GGRABT root-inducing powder and water mixed configuration are formed.
Content＜the 200mg/kg of cadmium in the soil of described cadmium pollution.
The processing that acts as a fuel of the fallen leaves of described collection, the stem of felling acts as a fuel, timber, fibrous material are handled, to break away from soil environment.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial technical effects:
The present invention is through cultivating No. 2 Salixdascladu s of clonal Sweden energy willow with restoring cadmium polluted soil on by the soil of cadmium pollution; With 3 years as a growth cycle, under cadmium was coerced environment, energy willow growth was vigorous; Year, productivity was big, and a year biomass can reach 7.4～10.9t/hm
2Energy willow soil year, purifying rate can reach 0.3%～1.2%, was 4～7 times of generally ultra enrichment herbaceous plant (like Indian mustard, cogongrass etc.).Cadmium mainly is enriched in parts such as root, stem, leaf after being absorbed by energy willow, aerial part (stem, leaf) accounts for 63%～72% of total enriching quantity.Cadmium is present in the plant with chelating attitude form, has stable chemical characteristic, and the energy willow leaf of results can be used for papermaking; Stem can be used for papermaking, braiding, and biomass energy, fiberboard, construction material etc., the cadmium of absorption is fixed in paper, the building materials, has broken away from soil environment and food chain, can not cause secondary pollution to environment.
Sweden's energy willow clone is obvious to the enrichment of cadmium ion, and the cadmium pollution soil of soil cadmium concentration＜200mg/kg is had repair, and best planting density can be selected spacing in the rows 0.5～0.75m for use, line-spacing 0.5～1m; Seeding row spacing (density) confirms that because of seriously polluted degree soil pollution is serious more, and density is big more.Under the identical situation of soil cadmium concentration, cutting density is big more, and the biomass of accumulating on the unit are is big more, and strong more to the adsorption capacity of cadmium, the soil sanitation rate is high more.Under the planting density same case, along with the increase of soil cadmium concentration, the ability willow biomass accumulation of unit are is on a declining curve, and the cadmium concentration of enrichment is increase trend in the plant, and the soil sanitation rate descends.
No. 2 Salix dascladus of Sweden energy willow are the living xylophyta of speed; Annual stem biomass is high; Can be used as industrial fuel, generate electricity or produce industrial alcohol, plantation energy willow not only can purify the cadmium in the soil in the cadmium pollution district, also biomass energy can be provided; Also improved ecological environment, this restoration of the ecosystem to cadmium pollution soil has great importance.
And the tree-like grace of No. 2 Salix dascladus of Sweden energy willow, have certain ornamental plantation and be worth, when purifying soil; The effect of also play greening, beautifying the environment; Be fit to municipal pollution soil, refuse landfill, cadmium pollution regional cultures such as dirty irrigated area.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with concrete embodiment and No. 2 Salix dascladus of Sweden energy willow to the front and back of the reparation of Cadmium Pollution in Soils to recently the present invention being done detailed explanation, said is to explanation of the present invention rather than qualification.
Embodiment 1
Utilize the method for No. 2 cadmium pollution soil repairs of Sweden energy willow, may further comprise the steps:
1) in spring, the diameter of choosing No. 2 Salix dascladus of Sweden energy willow is the living branch in 1 year of 1.5～2.0cm, is cut into length 18～20cm as inserting fringe; To insert fringe then buries with sandy soil and keeps in Dark Place; The humidity of sandy soil is 60～70%, and burying depth 4～5cm, storage temperature are 4～6 ℃; Holding time confirms that because of cutting slotting fringe time and land for growing field crops cutting time the general husky the sands are running out of hiding was in 60 days;
Perhaps cuttage immediately behind the slotting fringe of clip, but to guarantee to insert not dehydration of fringe.
2) carry out cuttage in 3～April; To insert fringe before the cuttage takes out; It is that 3～5cm, inclination angle are 40～45 ° horse ear shape inclined-plane that the bottom is whittled into length, and will insert fringe bottom concentration then is that the immersion time is 1～1.5h among two gills-GGR rooting powder solution of 100～150ppm; Described pair of gill-GGR rooting powder solution is: with two gills-GGR root-inducing powder (being purchased acquisition) and water mixed configuration, concentration is 100～150ppm;
Before cuttage, carrying out base portion is soaked, is in order to stimulate by exogenous hormone, to promote the plugged ear adventitious root to sprout, improving cuttage survival rate.
3) be 0.5～0.75m by spacing in the rows, line-spacing is that the density of 0.5～1m is carried out cuttage, will insert the soil that fringe all inserts cadmium pollution during cuttage, and above ground portion exposes 1.5～2cm (comprising 1～2 bud).
4) irrigate with little water immediately after cuttage is accomplished, irrigation water is irrigated the back covered with plastic film and is prevented water evaporates from clean, pollution-free water source.
When the spray of 5) on inserting fringe, sprouting reaches 10～15cm, bud picking in time, each slotting fringe keeps the sprouting branch of 2～3 stalwartnesses, erases other sprouting branch;
The benefit of doing like this is to sprout the competition of branch to nutrient on the same plugged ear in order to reduce, and promotes healthy and strong growth of sprouting branch.
6) get into that the seedling growth after date waters timely, uprooting weed, and collect fallen leaves in annual autumn; In the time after reaching in 1 year, (soil moisture content is lower than at 7% o'clock) need pour water during except that undue arid, do not need other special managements.
7) be a cycle in growth period with 3～5 years, after finishing growth period, copping top stem keeps and cuts down stake height 3～5cm; Cut down stake and can continue to sprout branch in spring next year, the cycle in growth period of a beginning new round.The second verticillate macrocyclic speed of growth and biomass accumulation obviously are superior to first growth cycle.
The annual fallen leaves of collecting, and the stem after felling can directly be used for biomass energy (combustion power generation), produce alcohol (wood-fibred fermentation preparing alcohol), papermaking, furniture manufacturing etc., take cadmium out of contaminated soil like this.
Design concrete No. 2 cadmium pollution soil repair contrast experiments of energy willow below, the repair ability of this method to cadmium pollution soil be described:
[experimental design]
The different soil sanitation pond of soil cadmium concentration is set, and (spacing in the rows * line-spacing is each concentration: 0.5m * 0.5m according to 3 density; 0.75m * 0.75m; 0.75m * 1.0m) detect the reparation detergent power of Sweden energy willow No. 2 respectively, the soil cadmium concentration be set to 200mg/kg, 100mg/kg, three gradient concentrations of 50mg/kg.Measure the soil cadmium content after Sweden's energy willow 2 cuttages, as initial soil cadmium content.With 3 years as a growth cycle, annual collect all energy willow leaf sheets in each pond, measure its biomass and blade cadmium content; Gather in the crops stem after 3 years, measure energy willow stem cadmium content; Measure the soil cadmium content simultaneously, soil cadmium concentration and original cadmium concentration ratio are the soil sanitation rate after 3 years, estimate the effect of energy willow to soil remediation with this.
[concrete experimentation]
Build in the soil sanitation pond: set up volume and be long 3m, wide 3m, 9 in 1m soil sanitation pond deeply.Excavate heatable adobe sleeping platform on the face of land, wall and bottom surface equating and with double-layer plastic cloth (0.5mm igelite cloth), sealing, the pond outer rim adds with brick and exceeds ground 10cm, to prevent the perhaps infiltration of running off of water, soil (comprising cadmium).
Contain the cadmium soil treating: using the cadmium that adds different amounts on the soil of common farmland.Each pond soil (about 8m
3) apply urea 1kg, phosphate fertilizer 1.5kg, soil weight 1.1g/cm3, the heavy 8.8t of every pond soil; With CdCl
22.5H
2O is made into the aqueous solution and sprays application in the soil by the designing requirement of different cadmium concentrations, makes the soil cadmium content respectively near 200mg/kg, 100mg/kg, and 50mg/kg stirs up and down 3 times, fully mixing.
Inserting fringe prepares: choose No. 2 Salix dascladus of Sweden energy willow, and 1 year living branch, rugosity 1.5～2.0cm is cut into length 18～20cm and inserts fringe, and husky the Tibetan kept in Dark Place.
Cuttage: will insert fringe before the cuttage and take out, the bottom is whittled into 40～45 ° of horse ear shape inclined-planes, will insert the fringe base portion and immerse respectively among two gills-GGR solution, and concentration is 100～150ppm, after 1 hour, takes out, and gets final product cuttage.
Carry out cuttage at late March, will insert fringe during cuttage and all insert soil, ground is exposed 1～2 bud and is as the criterion; Cuttage is in the clarifier-tank of soil, and cutting density is pressed (spacing in the rows * line-spacing) 0.5m * 0.5m, 0.75 * 0.75m respectively; 0.75 * 1m, the cuttage simultaneously of each density is 200mg/kg in the soil cadmium concentration, 100mg/kg; In three clarifier-tanks of 50mg/kg, use 9 soil sanitation ponds altogether.
Irrigation, overlay film: irritate thoroughly with clean water immediately after inserting, irrigation water does not overflow clarifier-tank.Covered with plastic film prevents water evaporates.
Annual get into fallen leaves after, with No. 2 litters of energy willow, comprise the deadwood, the fallen leaves that fall to the ground, collect, deposit after air-dry.After finishing 3 year growth period, tap energy willow aerial part stem, keep and cut down stake height 3-5cm; The stem cadmium content is measured and is used the inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry.Measure each pond soil cadmium content simultaneously.
[index determining]
Soil sample: after the cuttage and after felling 3 year growth period, two sub-samplings.During sampling, the diagonal along the soil sanitation pond is provided with three sampling points, following 3 layers of soil sampling during each sampling point divides upward, and after fully mixing, the soil cadmium content mean value of three sampling points contains cadmium concentration as the actual soil before this soil sanitation pond purification, after the purification respectively.
Biomass is measured: according to containing cadmium concentration and cutting density to soil sanitation pond numbering, and to deadwood, the fallen leaves of collecting, and last aerial stem of plant stem portion.
The mensuration of cadmium concentration: adopt HNO
3-HClO
4The nitrated sample of method (Bhargava Raghupati, 1998), (New Hampshire USA) measures its content for ICP-AES, LEEMAN LABS INC. to use inductively coupled plasma atomic emission at last.
[experimental result]
Through the reparation to the variable concentrations cadmium pollution soil concrete reparation result is explained that wherein table 1 is slight cadmium pollution soil below, table 2 is the moderate cadmium pollution soil, and table 3 is the severe cadmium pollution soil
Table 1 pair slight cadmium pollution soil (Cd concentration 50.316mg/kg) is repaired
Table 2. pair moderate cadmium pollution soil (Cd concentration 100.25mg/kg) is repaired
Table 3. pair severe cadmium pollution soil (Cd concentration 200.14mg/kg) is repaired
From table 1, can find out in 2,3, adopt different cutting densities, to light, in, severe cadmium pollution soil repairing effect is different.Under the identical situation of soil cadmium concentration, cutting density is big more, and the biomass of accumulating on the unit are is big more, and strong more to the adsorption capacity of cadmium, the soil sanitation rate is high more.Under the planting density same case, along with the increase of soil cadmium concentration, No. 2 biomass accumulations of the energy willow of unit are are on a declining curve, and the cadmium concentration of enrichment is increase trend in the plant, and the soil sanitation rate descends.
No. 2 cadmium ions to absorbing of Sweden energy willow mainly are enriched in parts such as root, stem, leaf, and aerial part (stem, leaf) accounts for 63%～72% of total enriching quantity.Wherein, at slight cadmium pollution soil (soil cadmium content 50.31mg/kg), can No. 2 annual ground biomass of willow be up to 1.09kg/m
2, the minimum 0.36kg/m that reaches
2, year purify that soil is most effective to reach 1.2%, minimum is 0.43%; At moderate cadmium pollution soil (soil cadmium content 100.25mg/kg), can No. 2 annual ground biomass of willow be up to 0.91kg/m
2, the minimum 0.31kg/m that reaches
2, year purifying rate maximum 0.5%, minimum 0.2%; At severe cadmium pollution soil (soil cadmium content 200.14mg/kg), can No. 2 annual ground biomass of willow can reach 0.74kg/m
2, the minimum 0.25kg/m that reaches
2Year purifying rate maximum 0.3%, minimum 0.1%.Can willow the biggest year purifying rate of No. 2 cadmium pollution soils be 4.6 times of ultra enrichment herbaceous plant Indian mustard (year purifying rate 0.26%) (Zhang Chunhua, mao bright, Zhou Pei; Deng. hyperaccumulative plant and non-hyperaccumulative plant absorb the otherness research of accumulation heavy metal, Shanghai Communications University's journal, 2009 06 phases; The 592-600 page or leaf), be 7 times of (Shi Xiaodong, Wang Xiao of cogongrass (year purifying rate 0.17%); Chen Jiangang. carbonic hydroammonium absorbs the influence of heavy metal to cogongrass and Fischer grass; The Anhui agricultural sciences, 2009 16 phases, 7648-7649 page or leaf).
Sweden energy willow No. 2 has certain enrichment effect to cadmium, and the soil of cadmium pollution is had repair.When cadmium concentration was low, its enrichment effect was stronger, but when cadmium concentration is higher, its enrichment effect weakens, this possibly be cadmium concentration when higher its toxic action that receives bigger, the absorption that has influenced cadmium is transported.Sweden energy willow is for No. 2 the living xylophyta of speed, and annual stem biomass is high, can be used as industrial fuel, generates electricity or produce industrial alcohol, and the residue after the utilization can carry out cadmium and reclaim or focus on.If plantation can not only can purify the cadmium in the soil by willow in the cadmium pollution district, also biomass energy can be provided, also improved ecological environment, this restoration of the ecosystem to cadmium pollution soil has great importance.
Claims (1)
1. a method of utilizing No. 2 cadmium pollution soil repairs of Sweden energy willow is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
1) choose Sweden energy willow No. 2 (Salix dascladus), clip length is 18～20cm, and diameter is the living branch in 1 year of 1.5～2.0cm as inserting fringe, and clip is inserted behind the fringe cuttage immediately or will be inserted fringe and bury with sandy soil and keep in Dark Place 2～60 days;
2) will insert fringe before the cuttage and take out, the bottom is whittled into 40～45 ° horse ear shape inclined-plane, will insert the fringe bottom then and immerse among two gills-GGR rooting powder solution, the immersion time is 1～1.5h;
3) be 0.5～0.75m by spacing in the rows, line-spacing is that the density of 0.5～1m is carried out cuttage, will insert the soil that fringe inserts cadmium pollution during cuttage, and above ground portion exposes 1.5～2cm; In the soil of described cadmium pollution the content of cadmium greater than 50mg/kg less than 200mg/kg;
4) irrigate with clean water immediately after cuttage is accomplished, irrigate the back covered with plastic film;
When the spray height of 5) on inserting fringe, sprouting reaches 10～15cm, bud picking, 2～3 of the sprays that reservation is sprouted on each slotting fringe;
6) get into that the seedling growth after date in time waters, uprooting weed, and collect fallen leaves in annual autumn;
7) be a growth cycle with 3～5 years, stem on the copping keeps and cuts down stake height 3～5cm; Cut down stake and can continue to sprout branch in spring next year, bud picking in time behind the sprouting branch, and keep 2～3 of sprays, the growth cycle of a beginning new round;
Described slotting fringe is buried when keeping in Dark Place with sandy soil, and the humidity of sandy soil is 60%～70%, and storage temperature is 4～6 ℃, burying depth 4～5cm;
The length on described horse ear shape inclined-plane is 3～5cm;
Described pair of gill-GGR rooting powder solution is that two gills-GGR root-inducing powder and water mixed configuration are formed;
The processing that acts as a fuel of the fallen leaves of described collection, the stem of felling acts as a fuel, timber, fibrous material are handled, to break away from soil environment.
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| CN102941220A (en) * | 2012-12-05 | 2013-02-27 | 四川农业大学 | Application of leucaena glauca in reparation of soil polluted by heavy metal cadmium |
| CN106938274A (en) * | 2017-05-11 | 2017-07-11 | 南京大学 | Application of the willow 785 in mild or moderate cadmium pollution soil is repaired |
| CN110508612B (en) * | 2019-09-02 | 2021-03-26 | 江苏省地质调查研究院 | Method for removing residual cadmium in farmland |
| CN114029323A (en) * | 2021-10-29 | 2022-02-11 | 南京大学 | Application of salix cheilophila J885 in treatment of cadmium-polluted soil |
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