CN101914516A - 一种固定甲醛分解途径关键酶及辅因子的方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种固定甲醛分解途径关键酶及辅因子的方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种固定甲醛分解途径关键酶及辅因子的方法。将甲醛分解途径中的两个关键酶及辅因子NAD固定在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶内部,制备成固定化酶,可用于分解和吸收气体甲醛。
Description
技术领域:
本发明属于酶工程技术领域,具体涉及一种用酶法治理甲醛污染的方法,将两种具有催化活性和热稳定性的酶蛋白——GSH-非依赖型甲醛脱氢酶(PADH)和甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)固定在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶内部,制备成固定化酶,可用于分解和吸收气体甲醛。
背景技术:
许多建筑装饰材料如人造板、胶粘剂、涂料、壁纸、家具等都能释放甲醛,使甲醛变成室内空气污染的主要气体之一。甲醛由于存在板材内部,挥发期可长达3~15年,装修后一两年内难以完全挥发掉。高浓度的甲醛对神经系统、免疫系统、肺和肝脏等都有毒害作用,长期接触甲醛的人,容易引起鼻腔、口腔、皮肤和消化道的癌症,还可能导致白血病。针对甲醛的危害性,目前对于室内甲醛污染的治理方法有:污染源的控制、通风控制、物理吸附法、净化处理法等,这些方法尽管在一定程度上有清除甲醛的作用,但都存在成本高、装置复杂、产生二次污染、治标不治本等特点。目前的一些研究说明可用植物来治理气体甲醛污染,这是一种简单、有效、自然、环保的方法。但由于植物的正常生长需要光照,因此用植物来治理气体甲醛污染的方法可能只适用于有光照的环境,对于没有光照的黑暗环境如柜子、抽屉等无法使用。
微生物在长期进化过程中,已经形成了很多应对甲醛毒害和代谢甲醛的机制,微生物代谢甲醛的机制有同化和异化作用两类机制,甲醛的同化作用可通过核酮糖单磷酸途径、核酮糖二磷酸途径、丝氨酸途径进行,最终将甲醛同化成细胞的组成成份;甲醛的异化作用通过依赖不同辅因子的氧化途径进行,最终被甲醛分解成CO2。在甲醛异化途径中涉及的关键酶种类较少,且所涉及的酶结构较为简单、甲醛的分解产物是无毒的CO2,因此将甲醛分解途径的关键酶固定后可以用来治理甲醛污染,用酶法来治理甲醛污染不仅具有经济、环保、不产生二次污染等优点,还可以克服用植物治理甲醛污染方面的不足,酶被固定化后仍然保持有生物活性,很适合在没有光照的环境里使用。
由于酶的特殊理化性质,在催化过程中往往是以游离酶形式作用于底物。因为酶在水溶液中放置时间长后极容易失活,所以利用水溶性酶来治理室内甲醛污染不切实际且在应用上也会有很大的局限性。将分解甲醛的关键酶固定在载体基质上制备成固定化酶,固定化酶既能保持酶的催化活性又能提高酶分子结构的稳定性,因而可克服游离酶的一些不足之处,可更好的应用于甲醛污染治理,是一种较为实际可行的方法。上世纪70年代以来,酶固定化技术发展迅猛,开发了很多固定酶的方法,目前关于酶的固定化方法主要有吸附法、共价结合法、交联法和包埋法四种。
吸附法是最早出现的较为简单的酶固定化方法,主要是利用离子键、物理吸附等作用,将酶固定在纤维素、琼脂糖等多糖或多孔玻璃、离子交换树脂等载体上。该法工艺简便、条件温和,但对酶的吸附力弱,在不适pH、高盐浓度、高底物浓度以及高温条件下酶容易从载体上脱落,并污染催化反应产物,因此在实际应用中受到限制。
共价结合法是指将酶共价结合到载体上,主要是通过一些酶的功能基团如氨基、羧基、酚基、疏基、羟基、咪唑基、吲哚基共价结合到载体上。尽管利用该方法可使酶与载体牢固结合,但由于共价反应较为激烈,酶活力损失较大,制备的固定化酶回收率及活性较低、工艺复杂。
交联法是指将游离酶的氨基酸残基与双功能试剂(如戊二醛)或多功能试剂(如苯-2-异氰-4-异琉氰)反应而被固定化。利用该法可得到酶蛋白单位浓度较高的固定化酶,但反应条件剧烈,酶活回收率低,主要应用在酶膜和免疫分子膜的制备中。
包埋法是将酶定位于聚合物材料的格子或微胶囊结构中,从而实现酶的固定,而底物仍能渗入格子或微囊内与酶相接触。此法较为简便,酶分子仅仅是被包埋起来,本身不参与化学结合反应,反应条件温和,生物活性破坏少,酶活力回收率较高。但由于存在扩散等限制问题,因此对大分子底物不适用,主要方式包括微囊包埋法和凝胶包埋法两种。
微囊包埋法是以物理方法将酶包埋于半透性聚合体膜内,形成直径为1-100μm的微囊,只有底物和产物分子能以自由扩散的方式通过半透膜。常以乙基纤维素、聚乙烯等作为微囊材料,一些双功能基团试剂如戊二醛、鞣酸等可增加酶的稳定性。
凝胶包埋法是指将酶包埋在交联的不溶性凝胶空隙中的方法。将酶和单聚物混合,加入引发剂促使单聚物聚合,从而制成凝胶固定化酶。其中交联聚丙烯酰胺凝胶包埋法是首先被采用的包埋技术,由于利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶包埋法对酶蛋白进行固定,能够很好的保存酶活性。已经有多种酶如胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、β一淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶都通过此法得到了固定,近年来,又有人使用天然材料如藻酸盐和卡拉胶进行包埋固定化研究。
来自恶臭假单胞菌的甲醛脱氢酶(formaldehyde dehydrogenase,EC1.2.1.46,PADH)是目前发现的一种不依赖谷光甘肽(GSH)的甲醛氧化酶。与GSH依赖的甲醛脱氢酶不同,在有辅因子NAD+存在时PADH可以直接把游离甲醛直接氧化生成甲酸(Ando等,J.Biochem,1979,85:1165-1172)。甲酸脱氢酶(formate dehydrogenase,EC 1.2.1.2,FDH)可以把甲酸氧化最终生成CO2(Labrou和Rigden,Biochem.J.2001,354:455-463),但是迄今为止,国内外还没有研究开发利用酶来治理甲醛污染的方法。
发明内容:
本发明的目的是提供一种简便的方法快速固定PADH和FDH及辅因子NAD+,酶被固定后气体甲醛仍然能与酶蛋白相互作用,固定化的酶可以应用于气体甲醛污染的治理,将甲醛最终分解为无毒的CO2,固定化反应过程简单,成本较低,易重复使用。
为了实现本发明的上述目的,本发明提供了如下的技术方案:
一种固定甲醛分解途径关键酶及其辅因子的方法,将甲醛分解途径中的两个关键酶及辅因子NAD固定在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶内部,制备成固定化酶,可用于分解和吸收甲醛。
上述方法中两个关键酶是两种具有催化活性和热稳定性的酶蛋白——GSH-非依赖型甲醛脱氢酶(PADH)和甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)。
上述方法中固定化酶的制备是在12%的聚丙烯酰胺基质溶液中,加入PADH重组蛋白和FDH重组蛋白及足够量的辅因子NAD+,室温下缓慢搅拌;搅拌后使酶蛋白、辅因子与丙烯酰胺载体基质均匀混合,再加入适量10%过硫酸胺APS和TEMED使丙烯酰胺单体完全交联成聚合物,将混合液迅速灌入制胶器内,室温下放置3-4h,使之彻底凝固。
把上述方法中制备好的固定化酶凝胶切成胶条,置入吸收和分解甲醛的装置内,可用于分解和吸收气体甲醛。
附图说明:
图1 测定固定化酶吸收甲醛的装置;
图2 固定化酶对气体甲醛的吸收曲线。
具体实施方式:
下面结合附图,用本发明的实施例来进一步说明本发明的实质性内容,但并不以此来限定本发明。
实施例1:
PADH的重组蛋白和FDH的重组蛋白及其辅因子NAD的固定化:
在30ml的反应体系中加入如下溶液:30%丙烯酰胺12ml,1.5mol/L(pH7.5)磷酸钾缓冲液7.8ml,无菌水7.9ml,PADH重组蛋白1.5mg、FDH重组蛋白2.25mg,100mmol/L辅因子NAD+2ml,室温下缓慢搅拌20min使酶蛋白、辅因子与丙烯酰胺载体基质均匀混合后,加入10%过硫酸铵(APS)0.3ml,TEMED 0.012ml,缓慢搅拌2min使丙烯酰胺单体完全交联成聚丙烯酰胺后,将混合液迅速灌入已经装好的制胶器内,室温下放置3-4h,使聚丙烯酰胺彻底凝固,小心剥开凝胶,用干净的手术刀将其切成长5cm、宽1cm、厚0.5cm左右的胶条,置入6ml空层析柱内。同时也制备一块不加酶蛋白的胶,切成相同大小的胶条后置入相同的空层析柱内,作为测定固定化酶吸收气体甲醛效果分析的负对照,空柱下端用盖子封口,上端用一密闭不透气的胶塞封口,胶塞可插入针头,以便注入气体甲醛(图1A)。
实施例2:
固定化酶对甲醛的吸收效果分析:
用注射器在装有固定化酶胶条的层析管和对照管(空白管)上端同时注入6ml气体甲醛,管的出口连接手持式甲醛测定仪(图1B),测得管内气体甲醛起始浓度为0.47ppm,每隔1h对管内剩余甲醛浓度进行测定。以管内剩余甲醛浓度为纵坐标,以测定时间为横坐标作甲醛吸收曲线如图2所示。结果说明与空白管相比,固定化酶对甲醛确实具有吸收效果,尤其在起始的3h内甲醛下降速度较快,由最初的0.47ppm下降到0.32ppm,注入的气体甲醛有32%被吸收,在5h-10h内甲醛浓度下降幅度开始变缓,最终管内甲醛剩余浓度为0.28ppm,气体甲醛经过固定化酶作用之后浓度下降了40%。相比之下空白管甲醛浓度则几乎没有太大变化,10h之后浓度仍为0.43ppm。这些结果显示酶蛋白经过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶固定之后仍具有酶活性,表明选用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶作为基质不仅能同时固定两种酶及其辅因子NAD+,而且能够保留酶的活性,可用于分解气体甲醛。
Claims (4)
1.一种固定甲醛分解途径关键酶及辅因子的方法,将甲醛分解途径中的两个关键酶及辅因子NAD固定在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶内部,制备成固定化酶,可用于分解和吸收甲醛。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于两个关键酶是两种具有催化活性和GSH-非依赖型甲醛脱氢酶(PADH)和甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于固定化酶的制备方法是在12%的聚丙烯酰胺基质溶液中,加入PADH重组蛋白和FDH重组蛋白及足够量的辅因子NAD+,室温下缓慢搅拌;搅拌后使酶蛋白、辅因子与丙烯酰胺载体基质均匀混合,再加入适量10%过硫酸胺APS和TEMED使丙烯酰胺单体完全交联成聚合物,将混合液迅速灌入制胶器内,室温下放置3-4h,使之彻底凝固。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于分解和吸收气体甲醛可选用含有固定化酶的凝胶,将其切成胶条,置入吸收和分解甲醛的装置上。
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