CN101880184A - Application of mixed greensward matrix containing wheat stalks in aspect of promoting growth of Festuca elata - Google Patents
Application of mixed greensward matrix containing wheat stalks in aspect of promoting growth of Festuca elata Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to application of a mixed greensward matrix containing wheat stalks in the aspect of promoting the growth of Festuca elata. The germination rate, the growth length, the net photosynthesis yield of single plant and the dry/fresh rate of the mixed greensward matrix as well as the indexes, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, and the like in cytochrome are measured and compared, and the result indicates that the matching of crushed matters of the wheat stalks and the tiny household garbage is beneficial to the growth of Festuca elata, all the indexes are remarkable and higher than those of a matched group, wherein the proportions of 28+2, 27+3 and 26+4 are relatively better. With the proportion, the performance of the matrix can be improved, certain nutrition effectiveness can be achieved, and a greensward matrix and the root of a plant on a greensward can have a better binding effect.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to environmental protection technical field, relate to reasonable, the safe handling method of producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life.A kind of compounded turf matrix (containing wheat stalk) that mixes assembly say so more specifically in the application that promotes aspect the lawn plant growth of Festuca elata.
Background technology
In recent years, along with growth in the living standard, the recycling of domestic refuse has become the focus in the most promising field and research in the environment protection with utilizing problem again.Along with improving constantly of people's living standard, the quantity of domestic refuse also increases accordingly, therefore caused that a large amount of rubbish is irrational to be stacked in the edge in city and can to take a large amount of land resources, not only be unfavorable for the attractive in appearance of city but also HUMAN HEALTH is brought extremely adverse influence.
Domestic refuse is applied to the plantation of turfgrass, and the space that both having helped beautifies the environment depends on us for existence improves, and can reach the purpose of the recovery and the utilization of domestic refuse again.Simultaneously, domestic refuse is applied to the plantation on lawn, but can also save out a large amount of anthropogenic soils, agroecosystem is bought go to pot.But domestic refuse has the shortcoming of himself, and the growth on lawn is had its adverse influence.By carrying out assembly, can weaken the influence of rubbish itself to grass with other materials.In addition, because assembly matrix has water retention, can reduce the total water amount, reach water-saving purpose.And have certain nutrient, can self provide nutritive substance.Under northern China arid, semiarid weather, the growth of lawn plant has very big realistic meaning.Therefore, which kind of selects for use join material and rubbish carries out assembly, which kind of ratio to carry out assembly, the relation of domestic refuse between the situation of the growth of the application of lawn matrix and lawn plant had crucial meaning according to.
At present, producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life has certain report as the research that matrix is used for turf establishment.In addition, the thick compost of undressed domestic waste is used existing report in the drought resisting of lawn, but poor effect does not tackle the problem at its root.From existing research, research for garbage compost in the past focuses mostly in the integral body utilization of thick compost, if extensive like this way prolonged application in the growth of soil or plant, not only can be destroyed the microenvironment of soil, and also be disadvantageous for improving efficiency of resource.If consumer garbage compost is handled the different particle diameter of formation through pulverizer, thereby remove the too much objectionable impurities of accumulation in some particle diameter of compost, be left the compost particle that plant-growth provides nutrient and improves soil physico-chemical property, treated compost is used for the lawn resisting drought saving water, can bring into play organic matter and the abundant advantage of nutritive element in the specific particle of compost, regulate the physical structure of soil, reach the optimization soil physico-chemical property, the effect of improving the soil.
In view of the foregoing, the inventor carried out utilize garbage waste material carry out the ecological engineering of environment that carpet turf produces research (growth parameter(s) of consumer garbage compost and garden mould matrix turf planting system compares for Zhao Shulan, many upright peaces etc. ecological magazine, 2008,27; With the consumer garbage compost is the waste lapping turf planting research of matrix. northwest Botany Gazette, 2007,27).These studies show that: consumer garbage compost is from the angle of plant-growth nutritional needs, can satisfy the requirement of plant-growth, but maximum problem is: the garbage compost quality is loose, this makes matrix be difficult to combine with the lawn plant root system, and such result also makes this technology obtain to use in practice, that is to say that this technical bottleneck can't break through, just mean that this good idea just will lay aside and neglect forever.And in order to solve this key issue, the inventor has launched to utilize beanstalk again, and the research that utilizes linden and birch blended sawdust wood chip etc. and producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life assembly lawn matrix, purpose so that the matrix of garbage compost assembly can combine with the lawn plant root system well.These results of study show: 1. when utilizing beanstalk and producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life assembly lawn matrix, the lawn plant early growth period has performance { Lian Fei preferably, Zhao Shulan, many upright peaces, producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life (sieving) and the compound ecology response of beanstalk as lawn matrix and lawn plant with 200 mesh sieves, agricultural environment science journal, 2007,26) }, but the lawn plant growth later stage, when needing lawn plant to set up heavy root system, root growth is suppressed, this phenomenon analogue also once occurred, as the restraining effect of plant residue to certain class plant in other researchs, its mechanism complexity, this may be relevant with allelopathy, and in addition, the consumer garbage compost matrix that 200 mesh sieves sieve still has the as easy as rolling off a log imagination that splits away off from the root system of plant; And this result of study is finally indicating, utilizes the technological line of crop material and producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life (sieving with 200 mesh sieves) assembly lawn matrix may be difficult to work.2. (domestic refuse is produced carpet turf ecological engineering of environment matrix apolegamy research for many upright peaces, Zhao Shulan ought to utilize linden and birch blended sawdust wood chip and producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life (sieving with 200 mesh sieves) assembly lawn matrix.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000,11); Also occurred with the result of " when utilizing beanstalk and producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life assembly lawn matrix " appearance similar, its mechanism is unknown, and this result of study equally also shows, utilizes the blended sawdust wood chip etc. and the way of producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life (sieving with 200 mesh sieves) assembly lawn matrix may be difficult to work.
In a word, above-mentioned series of studies result gives us a conclusion: solve the loose problem of garbage compost quality if can not find, also just can't solve the difficult problem that combines with the lawn plant root system of matrix; If can not find the material of joining of suitable garbage compost lawn matrix equally, the performance of matrix also can't be improved.The utilisation technology of garbage compost in the mechanism of lawn also just can't obtain to use in practice.As if in a word, because above-mentioned when utilizing beanstalk and producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life assembly compounded turf matrix, effect is not good, and it is impracticable having provided and having utilized the road of stalk assembly garbage compost compounded turf matrix.
Summary of the invention
At this situation, the present invention is the basis of the brand-new ecological engineering of environment that combines with afforestation project with refuse treatment engineering, has important significance for theories and actual application value.The present invention is intended to find out best proportioning, for the life spam application provides material in compounded turf matrix.The invention discloses following technical scheme for achieving the above object:
Contain the application of mixed greensward matrix aspect the promotion growth of Festuca elata of wheat stalk; Wherein the blended compounded turf matrix is that the crushed material and the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish of wheat stalk are 1 with ratio of weight and number: the 5-14 assembly.
The little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish of the present invention is meant: garbage compost is removed foreign material dry to constant weight under 105 ℃ of conditions, sieve out the compost of 1700nm particle diameter, then 1700nm particle diameter compost is pulverized down at 24000 rev/mins, prepared the little fertilizer of particle diameter 300nm rubbish.
Application of the present invention, growth of Festuca elata wherein refer to the variation of plant height, net photosynthesis amount.
The present invention further discloses the application of compounded turf matrix aspect promotion lawn plant tall fescue seed percentage of germination that mixes assembly; Wherein the blended compounded turf matrix is that the crushed material and the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish of wheat stalk are assembly in 1: 9 with ratio of weight and number.
The present invention further discloses the application of mixed greensward matrix aspect raising garbage compost and lawn plant root system cohesiveness that contains wheat stalk; Wherein the blended compounded turf matrix is that the crushed material and the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish of wheat stalk are 1 with ratio of weight and number: the 4-5.5 assembly.
Of the present invention discovering: the domestic refuse of will becoming thoroughly decomposed is carried out conventional processing, dries to constant weight under 105 ℃ of conditions then, sieves out the compost of 1700nm particle diameter.1700nm particle diameter compost is pulverized down at 24000 rev/mins, and the time is respectively 3min, to prepare the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish of particle diameter.Utilize fine producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life particle diameter to add the growth that a certain amount of wheat stalk can promote lawn plant (Festuca Arundinacea), illustrate that this joins material and can improve the water retention property of matrix and have certain nutrition effectiveness.It is of the present invention that method is as follows down:
1. method of production
1.1 material
Grass seeds: select one of the common grass seeds of northern China Festuca Arundinacea (Festuca Arundinacea) matrix for use: the domestic refuse of becoming thoroughly decomposed more than 4 years of selecting the little shallow lake of Beichen District, Tianjin destructor plant.Join material: wheat stalk is taken near the Jinghai county.
1.2 experimental technique
1.2.1 matrix assembly
At first, sieve, filter, the rubbish bulk that screens out is smashed the multiple sieve in back, the composition in the rubbish is utilized effectively with hammer with 200 purpose sieves with 200 mesh sieves with carrying out drying to constant weight more than 8 hours after the soil block crushing bigger in the rubbish.Test used compost and remove foreign material such as wherein each class wood, plastics, glass, metal earlier, under 105 ℃ of conditions, dry then, sieve out the compost of 1700nm particle diameter to constant weight.1700nm particle diameter compost is pulverized down at 24000 rev/mins, and the time is respectively 3min, preparing the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish of particle diameter, and with S4800 field emission scanning electron microscope (S4800, JAPAN) fine producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life particle size analysis.
Obtain the little fertile particle of 300nm rubbish of particle diameter at last.And pulverize completely putting into pulverizer after the wheat-straw oven dry, pulverize the back as joining material.With matrix with join material and in diameter is the culture dish of 10cm, carry out assembly with 30g+0g, 29+1,28+2,27+3,26+4,25+5,24+6, uniform mixing respectively, be that control group (CK) is studied with the untreated compost of 30g.Triturating repeats 3 times, to guarantee its accuracy.
1.2.2 sowing
100 seeds are sprinkling upon in each assembly matrix uniformly, are placed on the biological culture platform and cultivate, natural ventilation, unification is quantitatively watered, till finishing to experiment.Measure temperature, humidity every day, temperature is 18.5～28 ℃, and relative humidity is 23～66%.Cradle after about 28 days.
1.3 data determination
1.3.1 germination rate
Measure it sprout number every day from the seed germination.Measure germination rate when cradling once more.Germination rate=(sprouting number/seed number) * 100% is the germination rate of this ratio with three average germination rates of multiple.
1.3.2 plant height
Adopting white line decide to choose after the certain altitude (10mm) that the strain method treats seed growth growth three strains preferably decide strain and carries out the height measurement and once measure for the last time when cradling every measurement on the 3rd.The center line average of this three strain is the center line average in this culture dish.
1.3.3 pigment concentration
Growing cradles behind 30 fates, at first carries out weighing, measures gross weight, chooses 0.1g afterwards and carries out chlorophyllous extraction as sample with the fresh weight method, carries out the mensuration of cytopigment concentration again with 7220 type spectrophotometers.Because chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid have maximum absorption at 663nm, 645nm and 440nm respectively.
According to the Lambert-Beer law:
C
a＝12.7A
663-2.69A
645
C
b＝22.9A
645-4.68A
645
C
k＝4.7A
440-0.27(C
a+C
b)
Can draw the content (mg/l) of cytopigment.Then multiply by 25*10 with gained concentration
-3/ 0.1 can get desired concn c (mg/g).With three multiple average color cellulose contents is the pigment content of this ratio.
1.3.4 fresh and dried ratio
The aluminium that remaining Festuca Arundinacea is put into correspondence markings closes under 105 ℃ of conditions about 8 hours of oven dry can be to constant weight.Weighing is carried out in taking-up after treating constant weight, can draw its fresh and dried ratio:
Fresh and dried ratio=(dry weight/fresh weight) * 100%
1.3.5 per day individual plant net photosynthesis amount
After the mensuration of chlorophyll concentration, the careless sample of remainder is dried.Strain number and fresh and dried ratio, Cao gross dry weight as can be known according to the residue grass.Gross dry weight=fresh and dried than the total fresh weight of *.Total strain number according to grass can get again: the mitogenetic general material quantity of individual plant net photosynthesis amount=overground part/total strain number.
Can get per day net photosynthesis amount by the individual plant net photosynthesis amount and the ratio on growth date.
Be the mitogenetic general material quantity of per day net photosynthesis amount=overground part/(* growth fate is counted in total strain).(the growth fate is for beginning to sprout the fate to cradling certainly).With three average per day net photosynthesis amounts of multiple is the per day net photosynthesis amount of this ratio.
1.4 the viscosifying power of the matrix of turf and lawn plant root system is measured
After treating that index determining finishes, proceed the cultivation management of turf, and normal feedwater, behind cutification, carry out the mensuration of the viscosifying power of the matrix of turf and lawn plant root system again.
The viscosifying power of the matrix of its turf and lawn plant root system can represent that its formula is with caking ability (%):
C＝(M2/M1)×100％
C is a caking ability in the last examination, and its value is big more, and the matrix of expression turf and the viscosifying power of lawn plant root system are just strong more; Weight when M1 represents the turf peeling; M2 throws on 3 meters high carrier vehicles after representing the turf peeling, by carrier vehicle turf is thrown ground again, the be scattered weight of turf after the matrix of turf.
2 development results analyses
2.1 the analysis of seed germination rate
Seed germination is the basic prerequisite of plant-growth, and whether matrix is suitable for plant-growth at first just should show whether whether this matrix can make the seed germination of plant, reach bigger germination rate.This test at first shows the influence (see Table 1) of different substrates to germination rate
The average germination rate (%) of table 1 different substrates
| ??ck | ??29+1 | ??28+2 | ??27+3 | ??26+4 | ??25+5 | ??24+6 |
| ??48.00a | ??69.67a | ??83.33b | ??72.00a | ??78.00b | ??47.33a | ??29.33a |
(carrying out the F check) in 0.05,0.01 level
As can be seen from the table above, in four in the substratum, when sprouting reaches steady state: at wheat stalk is to join under the situation of material, and its germination rate situation is the poorest grow best of plant growth state in control group as can be known in 27+3.It is carried out variance analysis there were significant differences (p＜0.01) showing thus that joining material adds and too much can have a strong impact on ventilation property, cause rate of emergence relatively poor.
2.2 the analysis of plant height
Whether assembly matrix is fit to the growth of plant, also will see the situation that plant grows on this matrix, and plant height then is the important indicator of vegetation growth state.With wheat stalk for joining material: 26+4＞25+5=27+3＞24+6＞28+2＞29+1＞ck.Wherein ck, 29+1,28+2,27+3,25+5,24+6 grew 29,26+4 growth 30 days.Through check have that utmost point significant difference (P＞0.01) adds join the material amount and plant height is normal distribution substantially, illustrate that joining material can prevent the too fast evaporation of moisture by water conservation, have nutrition again, help the growth adding of Festuca Arundinacea too much certain influence can be arranged the ventilation property of matrix.
2.3 the analysis of pigment content in the plant
Pigment in the Festuca Arundinacea mainly comprises Chlorophylls and Carotenoids, and wherein chlorophyll has important effect to its photosynthesis.Being coenzyme essential in the photophosphorylation, is one of important indicator of determining vegetation growth state.Below be the concrete content of Festuca Arundinacea in different assembly matrix (see Table 2, table 3).
Chlorophyllous average content in table 2 different substrates (mg/g FW)
| Chlorophyll | ??ck | ??29+1 | ??28+2 | ??27+3 | ??26+4 | ??25+5 | ??24+6 |
| ??a | ??0.75a | ??0.87a | ??1.11b | ??0.86a | ??0.93b | ??0.87a | ??0.93b |
| ??b | ??0.35a | ??0.36a | ??0.45b | ??0.35a | ??0.36a | ??0.35a | ??0.35a |
Content of carotenoid in table 3 different substrates (mg/g FW)
| ??ck | ??29+1 | ??28+2 | ??27+3 | ??26+4 | ??25+5 | ??24+6 |
| ??0.14 | ??0.16 | ??0.21 | ??0.16 | ??0.19 | ??0.17 | ??0.18 |
We can significantly find out from top form: with wheat stalk is to join material through the content of check chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b utmost point evident difference (P＞0.01) to be arranged, wherein best with 28+2, content of carotenoid no significant difference (P＜0.05)
2.4 net photosynthesis quantitative analysis (0.0001g/ strain)
Per day net photosynthesis amount has reflected it is how much organic that Festuca Arundinacea is produced every day, reflected the utilization of plant for moisture indirectly, is the important indicator of vegetation growth state.With wheat stalk for joining material: wherein, per day individual plant net photosynthesis amount is a maximum in the proportioning with 26+4, and control group is minimum.Examine no significant difference (P＜0.05) though show that this water-retentivity of joining material is stronger, its permeability wretched insufficiency also can influence the net photosynthesis amount.
Individual plant net photosynthesis amount is all apparently higher than control group under the situation of joining the material wheat stalk that adds more (24+6,25+5,26+4) to show the net photosynthesis amount, and growth of Festuca elata got comparatively vigorous after therefrom material was joined in adding as can be seen.
2.5 the viscosifying power analysis of the matrix of turf and lawn plant root system
By following table as can be seen, in 25+5 and 24+6 combination, the caking ability of the matrix of turf and lawn plant root system can divide and reaches 92.4% and 96.7%, shows that the matrix of rubbish turf and the viscosifying power of lawn plant root system have reached higher level.
The caking ability of the matrix of table 4 turf and lawn plant root system (%)
| ??ck | ??29+1 | ??28+2 | ??27+3 | ??26+4 | ??25+5 | ??24+6 |
| ??60.3 | ??64.0 | ??71.5 | ??80.2 | ??85.8 | ??92.4 | ??96.7 |
3 development conclusions
Adding wheat stalk adds its sprouting behind a small amount of wheat stalk, growth, net photosynthesis amount and all is higher than control group as a whole with 28: 2,27: though the growth of the plant that 3 the most suitable add-ons too much help having sprouted, but its intensive water-retentivity can cause the wretched insufficiency of the penetrating ability of soil, thereby influences the sprouting of seed.
Therefore, generally speaking, add the growth that a certain amount of wheat stalk all can promote lawn plant (Festuca Arundinacea) in the domestic refuse of becoming thoroughly decomposed, it is comparatively reasonable that these three kinds proportionings of joining material and domestic refuse should be controlled between 2: 28 to 5: 25.
Illustrate that this joins material and can improve the water retention property of matrix and have certain nutrition effectiveness.
Embodiment:
For simple and purpose clearly, hereinafter appropriate omission the description of known technology, in order to avoid those unnecessary details influences are to the description of the technical program.The present invention is described further below in conjunction with example.
Embodiment 1
At first, sieve, filter, the rubbish bulk that screens out is smashed the multiple sieve in back, the composition in the rubbish is utilized effectively with hammer with 200 purpose sieves with 200 mesh sieves with carrying out drying to constant weight more than 8 hours after the soil block crushing bigger in the rubbish.Test used compost and remove foreign material such as wherein each class wood, plastics, glass, metal earlier, under 105 ℃ of conditions, dry then, sieve out the compost of 1700nm particle diameter to constant weight.1700nm particle diameter compost is pulverized down at 24000 rev/mins, and the time is respectively 3min, preparing the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish of particle diameter, and with S4800 field emission scanning electron microscope (S4800, JAPAN) fine producing fertilizer from refuse in daily life particle size analysis.
Mix assembly: the crushed material of wheat stalk and the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish are assembly in 1: 5 with ratio of weight and number.100 seeds are sprinkling upon in the aglucon matter uniformly, are placed on the biological culture platform and cultivate, natural ventilation, unification is quantitatively watered, till finishing to experiment.Measure temperature, humidity every day, temperature is 22 ℃, and relative humidity is 45%.Cradle after about 28 days, measure the variation of plant height, net photosynthesis amount.
Embodiment 2
Mix assembly: the crushed material of wheat stalk and the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish are assembly in 1: 9 with ratio of weight and number.100 seeds are sprinkling upon in the aglucon matter uniformly, are placed on the biological culture platform and cultivate, natural ventilation, unification is quantitatively watered, till finishing to experiment.Measure temperature, humidity every day, temperature is 23 ℃, and relative humidity is 56%.Cradle after about 28 days, measure rate of emergence.And the variation of plant height, net photosynthesis amount.
Embodiment 3
Mix assembly: the crushed material of wheat stalk and the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish are assembly in 1: 14 with ratio of weight and number.100 seeds are sprinkling upon in the aglucon matter uniformly, are placed on the biological culture platform and cultivate, natural ventilation, unification is quantitatively watered, till finishing to experiment.Measure temperature, humidity every day, temperature is 23 ℃, and relative humidity is 56%.Cradle after about 28 days, the content of measuring chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b has utmost point evident difference.
Embodiment 4
Mix assembly: the crushed material of wheat stalk and the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish are assembly in 1: 5.5 with ratio of weight and number.100 seeds are sprinkling upon in the aglucon matter uniformly, are placed on the biological culture platform and cultivate, natural ventilation, unification is quantitatively watered, till finishing to experiment.Measure temperature, humidity every day, temperature is 23 ℃, and relative humidity is 56%.Cradle after about 28 days, measure the matrix of turf and the caking ability of lawn plant root system.
Claims (5)
1. contain the application of mixed greensward matrix aspect the promotion growth of Festuca elata of wheat stalk; Wherein the blended compounded turf matrix is that the crushed material and the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish of wheat stalk are 1 with ratio of weight and number: the 5-14 assembly.
2. the described application of claim 1, the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish wherein is meant: garbage compost is removed foreign material dry to constant weight under 105 ℃ of conditions, sieve out the compost of 1700nm particle diameter, then 1700nm particle diameter compost is pulverized down at 24000 rev/mins, prepare the little fertilizer of particle diameter 300nm rubbish.
3. the described application of claim 1, growth of Festuca elata wherein refer to the variation of plant height, net photosynthesis amount.
4. mix the application of compounded turf matrix aspect promotion lawn plant tall fescue seed percentage of germination of assembly; Wherein the blended compounded turf matrix is that the crushed material and the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish of wheat stalk are assembly in 1: 9 with ratio of weight and number.
5. contain the application of mixed greensward matrix aspect raising garbage compost and lawn plant root system cohesiveness of wheat stalk; Wherein the blended compounded turf matrix is that the crushed material and the little fertilizer of 300nm rubbish of wheat stalk are 1 with ratio of weight and number: 4-5.5 joins.
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| CN105648999A (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2016-06-08 | 王嘉勇 | Straw blanket and manufacturing method and application thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101341832A (en) * | 2008-09-01 | 2009-01-14 | 天津师范大学 | Method for grassplot base material employing consumer waste compost with different grain diameter |
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| CN101341832A (en) * | 2008-09-01 | 2009-01-14 | 天津师范大学 | Method for grassplot base material employing consumer waste compost with different grain diameter |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
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| 《农业环境科学学报》 20071231 廉菲等 城市生活垃圾堆肥与豆秸复合用作草坪基质及草坪植物的生态响应 1517-1521 1-5 第26卷, 第4期 2 * |
| 《应用生态学报》 20001231 多立安等 生活垃圾生产地毯式草皮环境生态工程基质选配研究 767-772 1-5 第11卷, 第5期 2 * |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105648999A (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2016-06-08 | 王嘉勇 | Straw blanket and manufacturing method and application thereof |
| CN105648999B (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2019-01-04 | 福建省闽绿环保科技有限公司 | Stalk blanket and its manufacturing method and application |
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