CN101835708B - 从气化工艺流去除悬浮固体的方法和装置 - Google Patents

从气化工艺流去除悬浮固体的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN101835708B
CN101835708B CN200880113473.5A CN200880113473A CN101835708B CN 101835708 B CN101835708 B CN 101835708B CN 200880113473 A CN200880113473 A CN 200880113473A CN 101835708 B CN101835708 B CN 101835708B
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filter
suspended solids
solids
sedimentation device
suspended
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CN101835708A (zh
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J·S·卡恩
P·斯瓦米纳坦
D·乌昂
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Air Products and Chemicals Inc
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General Electric Co
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种从气化工艺水流中去除悬浮固体的方法，在一个示例性实施方案中，提供含源自工艺的悬浮固体的气化工艺水流、在沉降装置(136)中使至少部分悬浮固体从工艺水流中沉降、提供具有多个过滤元件(330)的过滤器装置和从沉降装置中去除部分沉降固体。所述方法还包括用从沉降装置去除的沉降固体(138)预涂过滤元件、将部分工艺水流(190)从沉降装置导向过滤装置(326)和通过预涂过滤元件过滤自沉降装置引导来的所述部分工艺水流以去除悬浮固体颗粒而形成滤液。

Description

从气化工艺流去除悬浮固体的方法和装置
发明背景
总体而言，本发明涉及过滤工艺水流，更具体而言，涉及过滤气化工艺水流。
至少一些用于发电的已知的联合循环发电系统含有与至少一个发电涡轮体系成一体的气化系统。例如，已知的气化器将燃料、空气或氧气、蒸汽和/或石灰石的混合物转化为部分燃烧气体(有时称为“合成气”)输出。热燃烧气体被供给燃气轮发动机的燃烧室，燃气轮发动机为向电网供给电力的发电机供给动力。来自至少一些已知的燃气轮发动机的废气被供给热回收蒸汽发生器，热回收蒸汽发生器产生蒸汽以驱动蒸汽涡轮。蒸汽涡轮产生的动力也驱动向电网供给额外电力的发电机。
气化器的燃烧区中产生的燃烧产物和合成气(包括气态副产物、熔渣、烟炱、炭、未反应的碳、灰烬、难熔化合物和惰性工艺材料)被收集在气化器底部的工艺水中。含悬浮的工艺固体的工艺水被称为黑水。为工艺效率起见，需要从黑水中分离悬浮固体以便工艺水可再循环或用于其他过程中。通常使用沉降和过滤方法来从黑水中去除悬浮固体，已知的有利用预涂材料的过滤方法。这些方法将黑水转化为含较少固体的工艺水，这样的工艺水被称为灰水。该灰水中的一部分被清除(排出)以防止气化过程中溶解的污染物及结垢性或腐蚀性固体的积聚。排放的灰水需要在再用或处置到环境中前处理以去除污染物。一种灰水处置方法是深井灌注(DWI)。灌注前，灰水被处理至达到所需的特性以免在深井中造成有害影响。例如，在一个已知的气化工程中，用于DWI的灰水所需的特性包括总悬浮固体低于约2mg/L、固体粒径低于约2微米、pH为约4到约5。使用了一种已知的过滤方法来从灰水中去除悬浮固体。所述已知的过滤方法利用硅藻土、铝硅酸盐、纤维素、珍珠岩、活性碳、木粉预涂材料和/或其他已知的市售共混物预涂/主体添加产品。这些已知的预涂材料的使用将增加气化工艺的成本，且一些已知的预涂材料例如硅藻土的有效性有限。
发明概述
在一个方面，本发明提供了一种从气化工艺水流中去除悬浮固体的方法。所述方法包括提供含源自工艺的悬浮固体的气化工艺流、在沉降装置中使至少部分所述悬浮固体从所述工艺水流中沉降、提供具有多个过滤元件的过滤器装置和从所述沉降装置中去除部分所述沉降固体。所述方法还包括用从所述沉降装置去除的所述沉降固体预涂所述过滤元件、将部分所述工艺流从所述沉降装置导向所述过滤装置和通过所述预涂过滤元件过滤自所述沉降装置引导来的所述部分工艺水流以去除悬浮固体颗粒而形成滤液。
在另一方面，本发明提供了一种从矿物或烃类燃料气化工艺的工艺水中去除悬浮固体的方法。所述方法包括提供含源自工艺的悬浮固体的矿物或烃类燃料气化工艺水、从所述气化工艺水中沉降至少部分悬浮固体以产生气化灰水、用部分所述沉降固体预涂过滤器装置的过滤元件、将部分所述气化灰水导向所述过滤装置和通过所述预涂过滤元件过滤所述部分灰水以去除细悬浮颗粒而形成每升含低于约2毫克悬浮固体的滤液。
在另一方面，本发明提供了一种用于从矿物或烃类燃料气化工艺的工艺水中去除悬浮固体的系统。所述系统包含黑水沉降装置和过滤器组件，其中所述黑水沉降装置与矿物或烃类燃料气化工艺流动连通并构造为接收所述气化工艺黑水和自所述黑水产生沉降固体和灰水；所述过滤器组件包含多个过滤元件。各个过滤元件用由所述黑水沉降装置获得的部分所述沉降固体预涂。所述过滤器组件与所述黑水沉降装置流动连通。
附图简述
图1为示例性整体气化联合循环(IGCC)发电系统的示意图。
图2为可与图1中所示系统一起使用的深度固体去除气化器的一个示例性实施方案的示意图。
图3为用于从图2中所示气化器的工艺水中去除悬浮固体的过滤器系统的一个示例性实施方案的示意图。
图4为图3中所示过滤元件的横截面示意图。
发明详述
下面详细描述一种用于从气化工艺水流(黑水)中去除悬浮固体的方法和系统。所述方法包括从黑水中沉降较大的固体颗粒并利用部分收集到的固体作为过滤装置中过滤元件的预涂剂以从倾析出的工艺水(灰水)中去除较小的颗粒。所述方法可回收和再利用气化过程中产生或使用的固体、可促进水的再利用或再循环用于气化，并使难以处理且处理费用高昂的含残余盐的废物流可深井灌注。
看附图，图1为示例性整体气化联合循环(IGCC)发电系统50的示意图。IGCC系统50一般包括主空气压缩机52、与压缩机52流动连通地连接的空气分离单元54、与空气分离单元54流动连通地连接的气化器56、与气化器56流动连通地连接的燃气轮发动机10、和蒸汽涡轮58。在运行中，压缩机52压缩周围空气。压缩空气被导向空气分离单元54。在一些实施方案中，除压缩机52外或作为压缩机52的替代，来自燃气轮发动机压缩机12的压缩空气被供给空气分离单元54。空气分离单元54使用压缩空气生成供气化器56使用的氧气。更具体而言，空气分离单元54将压缩空气分离成单独的氧气流和气体副产物流(有时称为“过程气体”)。空气分离单元54产生的过程气体含氮，在本文中称为“含氮过程气体”。含氮过程气体还可含其他气体如但不限于氧气和/或氩气。例如，在一些实施方案中，含氮过程气体含约95％到约100％的氮。氧气流被导向气化器56以用于产生供燃气轮发动机10作为燃料使用的部分燃烧气体(本文中称为“合成气”)，这将在下面更详细地描述。在一些已知的IGCC系统50中，为空气分离单元54的副产物的含氮过程气体流中的至少一些被排到大气中。此外，在一些已知的IGCC系统50中，一些含氮过程气体流被注入燃气轮发动机燃烧室14内的燃烧区(未示出)中以方便控制发动机10的排放，更具体而言，以促进降低燃烧温度和减少发动机10的一氧化二氮排放。IGCC系统50可包括压缩机60以在含氮过程气体流被注入燃烧区中之前压缩所述含氮过程气体流。
气化器56将燃料、空气分离单元54供给的氧气、蒸汽和/或石灰石转化为合成气输出以供燃气轮发动机10作为燃料使用。虽然气化器56可使用任何燃料，但在一些已知的IGCC系统50中，气化器56使用煤、石油焦、残油、乳化油、焦油砂和/或其他类似燃料。在一些已知的IGCC系统50中，气化器56生成的合成气包含二氧化碳。气化器56生成的合成气在被导向燃气轮发动机燃烧室14以供燃烧之前可在清洗设备62中清洗。清洗过程中，二氧化碳可从合成气中分离，在一些已知的IGCC系统50中，分离出的二氧化碳被排到大气中。来自燃气轮发动机10的动力输出驱动向电网(未示出)供给电力的发电机64。来自燃气轮发动机10的废气被供给热回收蒸汽发生器66，热回收蒸汽发生器66产生蒸汽以驱动蒸汽涡轮58。蒸汽涡轮58产生的动力驱动向电网供给电力的发电机68。在一些已知的IGCC系统50中，来自热回收蒸汽发生器66的蒸汽被供给气化器56以产生合成气。
图2为可与系统50(图1中所示)使用的气化器系统100的一个示例性实施方案的示意图。在该示例性实施方案中，煤和水在罐110中混合在一起形成淤浆，所述淤浆通过管线112进给到高温气化器116的反应区114，反应区114中加入了氧化剂如氧气。煤的部分氧化在反应器114中发生而形成粗合成气和熔渣副产物，其被送至气化器116下端处的激冷室120。热合成气和熔融的熔渣与激冷水流118接触而被冷却和分离。熔渣被带在激冷水或黑水中并通过管线122被传送至闭锁式料斗124，闭锁式料斗124通过管线126从系统中去除熔渣和一些黑水。熔渣在管线127中离开以用作建筑材料或被填埋。来自激冷室120的黑水流128和从管线126分离出的黑水流129在管线130中合并并进给到真空闪蒸罐132。黑水在闪蒸罐132中冷却并通过管线134离开来到固体沉降装置136，在这里，黑水中悬浮的部分固体从黑水中分离出并通过管线139从系统去除。沉降装置136为黑水创造停滞条件，这使得黑水中悬浮的部分固体沉降到沉降装置136的底部区域137。沉降固体138通过固体排出管139从沉降装置136去除。黑水中的悬浮固体具有宽的粒径分布。沉降装置136从黑水中去除较大的颗粒固体。含剩余较小颗粒固体的水在本文中称为灰水，其位于沉降装置136的上部区域140中。
合成气通过管线141离开激冷室120来到文丘里洗涤器142并然后通过管线144来到碳洗涤器146，在这里，细灰烬和烟炱从合成气中去除并通过管线148在水流中离开。管线148分成管线149和管线118，管线149进入文丘里洗涤器142以用作洗涤水介质。流经管线118的水用作引入激冷室120中的激冷水。
含夹带水的无颗粒物合成气通过管线150离开碳洗涤器146的顶部来到冷凝器152(在这里，一些水将冷凝)并然后通过管线154传送到脱水罐156，脱水罐156将水从合成气中分离出来。底流水流158离开罐156进入碳洗涤器146的顶部。合成气流160离开脱水罐156的顶部并进入冷凝器162，冷凝器162冷凝氨和剩余的水，其通过管线164离开来到合成气分离器166并以洁净的合成气流168离开系统100。水流170离开合成气分离器166并被分离成排出流172和流174，流174再循环回脱水罐156。
如果氮氯比太低而不能中和所含全部氯化物，则可在文丘里洗涤器42和/或碳洗涤器146处向水中加氨。确定此比率的标准是洗涤器中水的pH。在一个实施方案中，pH保持为至少约6或更高，另一个实施方案为约6到约9。这确保了氯化铵的回收。表明需要另外加氨的另一指标是脱水罐156的排出流158和/或离开合成气分离器166的流170中无氨。
灰水流180离开固体沉降器136并被分离成灰水流184，灰水流184进入碳洗涤器146的底部且如果需要的话供给额外补充水。灰水流180还被分离成含氯化铵和悬浮固体的排出灰水流190，排出灰水流190离开系统100以进一步处理来去除可溶盐和悬浮固体。
图3为用于从气化器116的工艺水中去除悬浮固体的过滤器系统300的一个示例性实施方案的示意图。看图2和3，灰水流190通过灰水管316流到过滤器系统300，灰水管316与灰水贮存/进给罐322相连。在该示例性实施方案中，喷射混合系统324位于贮存/进给罐322中以使固体保持悬浮。其他实施方案中使用其他类型的混合器，例如泵混合器和机械混合器。在另一实施方案中，贮存/进给罐322不含混合器。灰水190通过在贮存/进给罐322和各过滤器装置326间延伸的灰水进给管325泵入至少一个过滤器装置326中。有一个或多个过滤器装置326时可允许使用间歇处理、半连续处理或连续处理(利用两个或更多个过滤器装置326而让一个过滤器装置326处于预涂备用模式)。灰水进给管325含泵328以泵送灰水190通过进给管325。
过滤器装置326含多个安装在过滤器外壳332内的过滤元件330。脉冲空气管线334与多个布置在过滤器外壳332内的喷嘴336相连。使用压缩空气和/或惰性气体例如氮气来脉冲清洗过滤元件330和去除任何积聚的滤饼338(图4中示出)。在该示例性实施方案中，空气分离单元54(图1中示出)中形成的过量高压氮气中的一部分通过管线333被导向氮气接收器331。氮气被降至较低压力并通过管线334被引导用于脉冲清洗过滤元件330和干燥滤饼338。滤饼338落到过滤器外壳332底部并通过出口340去除。在该示例性实施方案中，过滤器装置326为烛形过滤器装置，在其他实施方案中，过滤器装置为管式过滤器装置、叶片式过滤器装置、盘式过滤器装置等。在该示例性实施方案中，在过滤周期完成后，氮气被吹进过滤器装置，烛形过滤元件周围的淤浆堆积物(slurry heel)被向下推动和移位向过滤器装置326的最下部分。淤浆堆积物然后通过管线327被抽到进给罐322。在排出堆积物后，氮气继续通过滤饼338直至截留的水分减少、滤饼变干。然后排出氮气以便处置。打开出口340，干燥的滤饼338从过滤器装置326释放进容器341中以便处置。
从沉降装置136的出口管130延伸的固体排出管310与过滤器预涂罐342相连，过滤器预涂罐342含混合器344。也看图4，部分黑水沉降固体138被用来在过滤元件330上形成预涂层346。重复使用的沉降固体138代替了昂贵的市售预涂材料如硅藻土、铝硅酸盐、纤维素、珍珠岩、活性碳、木粉和其他已知的市售共混物预涂/主体添加产品。预涂管348连接过滤器预涂罐342和过滤器装置326。预涂管348含泵350以通过管348向过滤器装置326泵送沉降固体138。
在另一实施方案中，沉降固体138被用作主体添加材料。沉降固体138在来自贮存罐322的灰水进入过滤器装置326前计量加入灰水进料中。所述主体添加充当额外的过滤介质，在这里，灰水中的悬浮颗粒与主体添加颗粒混合，这将有助于使滤饼338的渗透性随滤饼338的厚度增加而保持。通过保持滤饼338的渗透性，过滤周期时间将延长。
在运行中，黑水从真空闪蒸罐132被泵向沉降装置136，在这里，较大的固体颗粒从黑水中沉降出来。部分沉降固体138从沉降装置136被泵向过滤器预涂罐342。沉降固体138然后被泵向过滤器装置326以预涂过滤元件330。灰水190从沉降装置136被泵向贮存/进给罐322。灰水190然后被泵向过滤器装置326以从灰水190中滤出较小的固体颗粒。所得水滤液352可然后直接释放、作为补充水的来源再循环用于其他车间用水工艺、深井灌注或卖给第三方以供再用。每升水滤液352含低于约2毫克悬浮固体，所述悬浮固体的粒径为约2微米或更小。
上面的详细描述以实施例而非限制的方式示意了本公开。该描述明显使本领域技术人员可实施和使用本公开，描述了本公开的若干实施方案、改变、变体、替代方案及用途，包括目前认为的本公开的最佳实施方式。本公开描述为应用于一个示例性实施方案即过滤气化工艺水(黑水/灰水)的系统和方法。但预期本公开通用地适用于工业和商业应用中的过滤系统。
虽然结合特定的实施方案对本发明进行了描述，但本领域技术人员应认识，本发明的实施可在权利要求书的精神和范围内改变。

Claims (20)

1.一种从气化工艺水流中去除悬浮固体的方法，所述方法包括：
提供含源自工艺的悬浮固体的气化工艺水流，所述悬浮固体包括较大粒径的悬浮固体和较小粒径的悬浮固体；
在沉降装置中使至少部分所述较大粒径的悬浮固体从所述工艺水流中沉降；
提供具有多个过滤元件的过滤器装置；
从所述沉降装置中去除部分所述沉降固体至预涂罐；
用来自所述预涂罐的所述沉降固体的至少一部分预涂所述过滤元件；
将部分所述工艺水流从所述沉降装置导向所述过滤装置；和
通过所述预涂过滤元件过滤自所述沉降装置引导来的所述部分工艺水流以去除悬浮固体颗粒而形成滤液。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其中过滤自所述沉降装置引导来的所述部分工艺流包括通过所述预涂过滤元件过滤自所述沉降装置引导来的所述部分工艺流以去除悬浮固体颗粒而形成每升含低于2毫克悬浮固体的滤液，所述滤液悬浮固体的粒径为2微米或更小。
3.根据权利要求1的方法，所述方法还包括收集沉积在所述预涂过滤元件上的细固体颗粒。
4.根据权利要求3的方法，所述方法还包括作为燃料再循环所述收集的细固体。
5.根据权利要求1的方法，其中所述方法包括间歇处理、连续处理或半连续处理。
6.根据权利要求1的方法，其中所述悬浮固体包括熔渣、烟炱、炭、未反应的碳、灰烬、难熔化合物和惰性工艺材料中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求1的方法，其中所述过滤器装置包括烛形过滤器、管式过滤器、叶片式过滤器和盘式过滤器中的至少一种。
8.根据权利要求1的方法，所述方法还包括在所述工艺水进入所述过滤器装置前向所述工艺水流中加入主体添加材料，所述主体添加材料包含从所述沉降装置去除的沉降固体。
9.一种从矿物或烃类燃料气化工艺的工艺水中去除悬浮固体的方法，所述方法包括：
提供含源自工艺的悬浮固体的矿物或烃类燃料气化工艺水，所述悬浮固体包括较大粒径的悬浮固体和较小粒径的悬浮固体；
从所述气化工艺水中沉降至少部分较大粒径的悬浮固体以产生气化灰水；
用部分所述沉降固体预涂过滤器装置的过滤元件；
将部分所述气化灰水导向所述过滤装置；和
通过所述预涂过滤元件过滤所述部分灰水以去除细悬浮颗粒而形成每升含低于2毫克悬浮固体的滤液并在所述过滤元件上形成滤饼。
10.根据权利要求9的方法，其中通过所述预涂过滤元件过滤所述部分灰水包括通过所述预涂过滤元件过滤所述部分灰水以去除悬浮颗粒而形成每升含低于2毫克悬浮固体的滤液，所述滤液悬浮固体的粒径为2微米或更小。
11.根据权利要求9的方法，所述方法还包括收集沉积在所述预涂过滤元件上的细固体颗粒。
12.根据权利要求11的方法，所述方法还包括作为燃料再循环所述收集的细固体。
13.根据权利要求9的方法，其中所述方法包括间歇处理、连续处理或半连续处理。
14.根据权利要求9的方法，其中所述悬浮固体包括熔渣、烟炱、炭、未反应的碳、灰烬、难熔化合物和惰性工艺材料中的至少一种。
15.根据权利要求9的方法，所述方法还包括在将所述灰水导向所述过滤器装置前向所述灰水中加入主体添加材料，所述主体添加材料包含从所述沉降装置去除的沉降固体。
16.根据权利要求9的方法，所述方法还包括将空气分离单元产生的部分氮气导向氮气接收器；和
将所述氮气接收器中贮存的部分氮气导向所述过滤器装置以干燥所述滤饼。
17.一种用于从矿物或烃类燃料气化工艺的工艺水中去除悬浮固体的系统，所述系统包含：
黑水沉降装置，所述黑水沉降装置与矿物或烃类燃料气化工艺流动连通并构造为接收含源自工艺的悬浮固体的气化工艺黑水，所述悬浮固体包括较大粒径的悬浮固体和较小粒径的悬浮固体，和由所述黑水产生较大粒径的沉降固体和灰水；和
过滤器组件，所述过滤器组件包含多个过滤元件，各个所述过滤元件用由所述黑水沉降装置获得的部分所述沉降固体预涂，所述过滤器组件与所述黑水沉降装置流动连通。
18.根据权利要求17的系统，所述系统还包含灰水储罐，所述灰水储罐连接在所述黑水沉降装置与所述过滤器组件之间。
19.根据权利要求17的系统，其中所述过滤器组件包含间歇处理过滤器组件、连续处理过滤器组件或半连续处理过滤器组件。
20.根据权利要求17的系统，其中所述过滤器装置包括烛形过滤器、管式过滤器、叶片式过滤器和盘式过滤器中的至少一种。
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