CN1018200B - Digital instrumentation or equipment for measuring real effective values of electric power and electric energy - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to electronic digital instrumentation or equipment for measuring real effective values of electric power and electric energy, which is composed of a digital display device, an adder, a multiplier, a square root extractor, etc. The present invention has the technical scheme that an integrated real effective value converter is utilized to obtain a standard power meter, a standard watt-hour meter, a single three phase active/ reactive power meter and a watt-hour meter which have the advantages of no influence by harmonic waves, low cost, simple structure and high accuracy. An electronic watt-hour meter which is manufactured according to the principle can completely replace an industry hanging watch, namely a traditional turntable type watt-hour meter with high accuracy for measuring electric energy.

Description

Digital instrumentation or equipment for measuring real effective values of electric power and electric energy

The present invention system is about the instrument and meter or the device of electric power, electric energy metrical test.

The principle that electronic digit power meter, watt-hour meter are adopted is various.The present invention concludes formant to be had: voltage transformer (VT) (or voltage divider), current transformer (or shunt), totalizer, subtracter, squaring circuit and conventional display circuit just constitute the single-phase power table.If the DC voltage that cooperates voltage/frequency (or mould/number) converter will be proportional to power with switch is converted to frequency, as display, just constitute single-phase watt-hour meter with electronic type or electromagnetic counter.If adopt the principle of two meter technique or genuine standard, input two-phase or three-phase current voltage just constitute three-phase power meter or watt-hour meter by the method that superposes.The power supply of built-in D.C. regulated power supply also should be arranged certainly.Over nearly 20 years, electronic power meter, watt-hour meter have had very big development, according in the The Patent Service Centre of Heilongjiang Province(23100), the retrieval situation that the Soviet Union, the U.S., Switzerland, West Germany, Japan and other countries is amounted to 366 patent documentations in nearly 20 years [sees annex 1 for details, literature search inventory (English)], with regard to its principle method synthesis reduce analog multiplier, time division multiplier, Hall multiplier, 1/4th and difference quadratic method, time-division cut sampling method, square-law multiplier, multiplier and cooperate spectrum analysis, accidental sampling, thermocouple multiplier to amount to nine big classes.Preceding four classes are only applicable to sine-shaped voltage, electric current is measured, and when distortion took place sinusoidal waveform, the instrument and meter reading can not reflect the power that harmonic component produces; The instrument and meter of five classes then, though have the ability of anti-harmonic distortion, but be subjected to certain restriction.Wherein multiplier cooperates the instrument of spectrum analysis, though precision is very high, structure is undue again complicated, only is suitable for laboratory applications, can not be as industrial use.Remaining four classes, owing to be the principle of approximation method, precision is low or overload capacity is not strong, has also limited their application.Now get recent widely popular several principles and carry out concrete being analyzed as follows:

1, analog multiplier method

The measurement of power is to finish " dot-product of vector ", i.e. a P=UIcos φ.Widely used integrated analog multiplier can be realized this function.If two sinusoidal quantities are:

Uy＝

ysinωt

Ux＝Asinωt+jBsinωt

Then multiplier is output as:

Uo＝Uy·Ux

＝

ysinωt[Asinωt+Bsin（ωt± (π)/2 ）]

＝A

ysin ²ωt+B

ysinωt·sin（ωt± (π)/2 ）

＝A y（ 1/2 - 1/2 cos2ωt）+B y 1/2 [cos (π)/2 -cos（2ωt+ (π)/2 ）]

After the 2nd, 3 of wave filter eliminations, must stationary component be:

Wherein:

The peak value of y-sinusoidal quantity Uy

The horizontal projection of the peak value of A-sinusoidal quantity Ux is A=

Xcos

So:

For sine wave, peak value is an effective value $\sqrt{2}$ Times, so:

Uo＝UyUxcos

Following formula shows: under the condition of input sinusoidal quantity, the stationary component of analog multiplier output equals the effective value of power.

When containing harmonic wave, it is as follows to derive in two input quantities one of (or wherein in): establishing has second harmonic Uy ' among the Uy

Uy＝

ysinωt+Uy′sin2ωt

Ux＝Asinωt+Bsin（ωt± (π)/2 ）

Then:

Uo＝Uy·Ux

＝（

ysinωt+

y′sin2ωt）[Asinωt+Bsin（ωt± (π)/2 ）]

＝

ysinωt[Asinωt+Bsin（ωt± (π)/2 ）]

From following formula as seen: first three items is identical during with no harmonic wave, and back three of increasing newly do not contain the stationary component that reflects harmonic power.So after with wave filter elimination alternating component, the output of multiplication only reflects fundamental power, do not reflect harmonic power, what measure is not the actual value of power.

2, time division multiplier method

This pulse width modulated integral form owned by France is close with pulse width modulated type integrating digital voltmeter principle.Earlier one of tested voltage Ux is received an input end of an integrator, the output voltage of integrator and an auxiliary high frequency triangle wave voltage are relatively.Under triangular wave control, receive another input end of integrator repeatedly in turn by phase reversal switch general ± Es standard DC voltage, make C forward and reverse charging repeatedly.If being C, integrating resistor, integrating capacitor is respectively r ₁, r ₂, because of going up electric charge, can not pile up integrating capacitor C, so:

$-\frac{1}{C}{\&Integral;}_{\mathrm{t1}}^{\mathrm{t2}}\mathrm{(-}\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="Ux\; r"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG5.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">Ux</figure-callout>}}{r_{}}+\frac{\mathrm{Es}}{r_2}\mathrm{)dt-}\frac{1}{C}{\&Integral;}_{\mathrm{t2}}^{\mathrm{t3}}(\frac{\mathrm{Ux}}{r_1}-\frac{\mathrm{Es}}{r_2}\mathrm{)dt=O}$

The triangular wave one-period, above-mentioned discharging and recharging carried out once, and getting the triangular wave frequency usually is 200KHz(period T=5 10 ^-6Second), in the so short time, can think that the instantaneous value of sinusoidal quantity Ux is constant, so the integrand of following formula can be mentioned outside the sign of integration and integration:

（ (Ux)/(r ₁) + (Ex)/(r ₂) )T ₁+( (Ux)/(r ₁) - (Es)/(r ₂) )=O

Solve: Ux=(r ₁Es)/(r ₂T) (T ₁-T ₂)

Or T ₁-T ₂=(r ₂T)/(r ₁Es) Ux

Wherein: T ₁Be the duration of charging, T ₂Be discharge time

T ₁+ T ₂=T is the triangular wave cycle.

The action that above-mentioned integrator discharges and recharges links to each other with a phase reversal switch, and this switch can the positive and negative tested voltage U y that is connected, and is drawn by switch to be output as:

Uo＝Uy（T ₁-T ₂）

＝Uy (r ₂T)/(r ₁E _s) Ux

＝ (r ₂T)/(r ₁Es) Ux·Uy

Following formula is the instantaneous value product of Ux and Uy.Because of Ux, Uy itself by sinusoidal rule, so output Uo(t) the instantaneous value envelope be similar to sinusoidal current waveform in full-wave rectifier.By wave filter elimination Alternating Component, the gained stationary component is the mean value of power during practical application, but does not need mean value but use effective value when showing, so must multiply by sinusoidal wave crest factor during demonstration $\sqrt{2}$ 。When distortion takes place in one of Ux, Uy or the two, obviously take advantage of again just incorrect, so this kind power meter nonreactive harmonic wave ability.

3, calculation type time division multiplier

This law is to carry out with microcomputer.Cut-point a lot, generally is not tens or a hundreds of point, mainly limited by device and microcomputer arithmetic speed.If:

Ux＝

xsinωt

Uy＝

ysin（ωt+

）

Getting the Uy of (π)/2 after the moment is Uy '

Uy′＝ ysin（ωt+φ+ (π)/2 ）

＝

ycos（ωt+φ）

Then:

Wherein n is weekly counting of cutting apart in the phase.This method is calculated and is undertaken by microcomputer fully, because of cut-point can not be a lot, error is bigger, generally below ± 0.5%.

4,1/4th and the difference square multiplier method

This law is according to formula

xy= ((x+y) ²-(x-y)2)/4

Product turned to and differ from square, just can under condition, realize multiplication function without multiplier.When this was DC quantity as x, y, it was correct, when x, y are simple alternating current,

Order

=Xe ^Jo=X

＝Ye ^jφ＝Ycosφ+jsinφ

Then: (x+y) ²-(x-y) ²

＝[（X+Ycosφ）+jYsinφ] ²-[（X-Ycosφ）-jYsinφ] ²

＝4XYcosφ-2（Y ²sin ²φ-jXYsinφ）

Thus: ((x+y) ²-(x-y) ²)/4

=xycos- (y ²sin ² ₄-jxysinφ)/2

=P- (y ²sin ²φ-jxysinφ)/2

By following formula as seen, when φ=0,1/4th and difference square just in time equal power P.When φ ≠ 0, then in the formula the 2nd cause error.Having under the harmonic condition, bigger, this method nonreactive harmonic wave ability thus of 3 additive terms, error will arranged, generally this class power meter precision be lower than ± 0.5%.

Because the existence of above-mentioned various shortcoming, do not develop the precision height as yet so far, circuit is simple, cheap, is suitable for having the gratifying industrial electronics power meter of work, watt-hour meter harmonic condition under, takes present traditional induction meter of generation.

The objective of the invention is to propose to have electronic digit power meter, the watt-hour meter that cosine/true rms value convertor is a principle in order to overcome above-mentioned various shortcoming.Its feature is that line construction is not subjected to influence, precision height, the cost of measured signal waveform low simply, fully, can directly drop into industrial use.Its formation is decayed the voltage and current signal of input by voltage transformer (VT) (or voltage divider), current transformer (or shunt).The main body of digital power meter is made of two totalizers, two subtracters, three rms value converters, squaring circuit and conventional display circuits.If by switch, mix voltage/frequency (or mould/number) converter, with the DC voltage that is proportional to power be converted to frequency, with electronics or message register as display, just constitute single-phase digital kilowatt-hour meter.Relevant above-mentioned arithmetic section also can be finished by microcomputer.If adopt the principle of two meter technique or genuine standard, input two-phase or three-phase voltage, then each superimposed three-phase power meter or watt-hour meter of just becoming, the present invention uses conventional transformer, rectifier, voltage stabilizer to produce when stabilized voltage supply is supplied with instrument work and uses.The present invention program's principle of work: the alternating voltage of establishing tested electric power (or electric energy) circuit is

=Ue ^Jo

Alternating current is

=Ie ^{J φ}, vectorial I is converted into pressure drop on the AC resistance R, i.e. U _I=IR, then the vector relations of above-mentioned each voltage can be expressed as a triangle, is shown in accompanying drawing [1], wherein vector ₀Be vector

₁With Vectorial difference.Above leg-of-mutton each limit all pass through true rms value convertor, therefore having obtained with each limit of accompanying drawing [1] serve as the triangle of basis formation, is shown in accompanying drawing [2].Use the cosine law U is arranged ² ₀=U ²+ U ² ₁-2UU ₁COS φ equation, through mathematic(al) manipulation, according to the definition of alternating circuit electric power can obtain P=UIcos φ=

Equation.According to the relation of each parameter in this equation, design the present invention has electronic digit power meter, the watt-hour meter that cosine/true rms value convertor is a principle.

When input signal contains harmonic wave, because harmonic component participates in the synthetic and true rms value convertor of value, so accompanying drawing [2] triangle magnitude relationship is converted into the triangle magnitude relationship of accompanying drawing [3], and the triangle of accompanying drawing [3] has reflected the acting in conjunction result's of input signal first-harmonic and each harmonic actual relationship, so the power that obtains thus is the summation of fundamental power effective value and each harmonic power effective value.Accompanying drawing [4] is single-phase meritorious idle true rms value convertor power meter watt-hour meter functional-block diagram.In accompanying drawing [4], when measuring electric power, K switch ₁Connection, K ₂Disconnect.The voltage of measured signal

Through voltage divider R ₂, R ₃Decay to

₁, the electric current of measured signal is the current transformer decay of [CT1] through symbol, and at the load R of current transformer [CT1] ₁The last voltage that is proportional to electric current that forms

_IVoltage

₁With

_IThrough symbol is the operational amplifier of [ICI], and symbol is [R ₄, R ₅, R ₆, R ₇] subtracter that constitutes forms difference voltage ₀= ₁- _I, sinusoidal voltage

₀, ₁,

_ISend into the rms value converter of three symbols for [RMS1, RMS2, RMS3] respectively, the output behind true rms value convertor is size and the proportional DC voltage U of tested AC value ₀, U ₁, U _ITheir symbols through being connected into quadratic form are that [M1, M2, M3] multiplier (also can utilize operational amplifier to constitute) becomes U ² ₀, U ² ₁, U ² _ISymbol is operational amplifier, the symbol [R of [IC2] ₈, R ₉, R ₁₀, R ₁₁] resistance formed the paraphase totalizer, its effect is to form (a U ² ₁+ U ² _I).This value be [R through symbol ₁₂] the resistance voltage U of coming ² ₀Being added in by symbol together is [R for operational amplifier, the symbol of [IC3] ₁₂, R ₁₃, R ₁₄, R ₁₅] the totalizer that constitutes of resistance on, this totalizer finishes summation, except that 2, the function of paraphase, so it is output as (U ² _o+ [(U ² ₁+ U ₁ ²)])/(2R ₁)=(U ₁ ²+ U ² ₁-U ₀ ²)/(2R ₁) DC voltage of ≡ that is this totalizer output is directly proportional with the effective value of measured power, so the demonstration of available dc digital voltmeter.Because of signal is attenuated, so the unit of display should multiply by calibration factor.When measuring electric energy in accompanying drawing [4], the connection symbol is [K ₂] switch, simultaneously long break is [K ₁] switch, will be the DC voltage that main body constitutes totalizer output with symbol [IC3], pulse frequency when symbol becomes for the voltage/frequency transducer of [V/F1] is through electronics or message register counting.Measured power is bigger, pulsed frequency is higher, then counts the more within a certain period of time, so the tested energy value of the counting of counter reflection.The bottom of accompanying drawing [4] is the theory diagram of reactive power (electric degree) table.According to definition, reactive power $\mathrm{Q=}\sqrt{s{}^2\mathrm{-P}{}^2}$ , wherein S=UI is an applied power, when surveying reactive power, the connection symbol is [K ₃] switch, long break is [K ₄] switch, cut-off switch [K simultaneously ₁] and [K ₂].This part circuit forms S=UI by the multiplier of symbol [M5]; Symbol is that the multiplier of [M4], [M5] forms S ²And P ², be that [IC4] and symbol are [R by symbol ₁₆, R ₁₇R ₁₈, R ₁₉] subtracter formed forms S ²-P ², by the square root extractor that symbol is barricaded as for the operational amplifier of [r], it is output as $\mathrm{Q=}\sqrt{S{}^2\mathrm{-P}{}^2}$ 。In like manner, connect switch [K ₄], while cut-off switch [K ₁, K ₂, K ₃], can survey reactive energy (Varh) through voltage/frequency transducer [V/F2].Accompanying drawing [5] is on basis of the present invention, and calculating section adopts meritorious reactive power (or electric degree) the bezel, cluster figure of the three-phase of microcomputer particularly.Tested three-phase alternating voltage U _A, U _B, U _CBe [R by symbol respectively ₂₀, R ₂₁, R ₂₂, R ₂₃, R ₂₄, R ₂₅] voltage divider decay after [IC5, IC6, IC7] presses draws with device; And tested three-phase alternating current

_A,

_B,

_CAfter being the current transformer decay of [CT2, CT3, CT4] through three symbols, at the load [R of mutual inductor ₂₆, R ₂₇, R ₂₈] on be converted into voltage

_IA,

_IB, _ICGet A phase voltage wherein

_AThrough [IC8, R ₂₉, R ₃₀, R ₃₁] vernier amplifier, as the fine tuning of this channel transfer coefficient.

^' _IAThrough symbol be the pressure that constitutes of [IC11] amplifier with device, be [IC12, R through symbol again ₄₂, R ₄₃, R ₄₄] amplifier formed regulates this road transmission coefficient.Then

^' _AWith

_IABe added to together by symbol [IC13, R ₃₈, R ₃₉, R ₄₀, R ₄₁] subtracter formed, to obtain difference voltage

_DA=

^' _A- _IA

_DA, _A,

_IABe sent to symbol and be transformed to the DC voltage-U that equates with they AC value for [RMS4, RMS5, RMS6] three integrated rms value converters _DA, U ^' _A, U _IASimilarly, B phase and C phase voltage electric current are also through same processing (figure part omitted).Obtain at last-U _DA,-U _DB,-U _DC; U ^' _A, U ^' _B, U ^' _C; U _IA, U _IB, U _IC9 DC voltage, they are added to program control multiway analog switch input end simultaneously, in microcomputer [μ P] control down, and after the A/D converter that is delivered to symbol successively and is [A/D] becomes digital quantity, read in the microcomputer memory block again, total data end of transmission, microcomputer carry out following computing:

$\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U</figure-callout>}}^2{}^1{}_A{\mathrm{+\; <figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U</figure-callout>}}^2{}_{\mathrm{1\; A}}{\mathrm{-\; <figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U</figure-callout>}}^2{}_{\mathrm{D\; A}}}{{\mathrm{2\; R}}_{\mathrm{26}}}+\frac{U^2{}_{\mathrm{B\prime }}{\mathrm{+<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U</figure-callout>}}^2{}_{\mathrm{1\; B}}{\mathrm{-<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U</figure-callout>}}^2{}_{\mathrm{PB}}}{{\mathrm{2R}}_{\mathrm{26}}}+\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U</figure-callout>}}^2{}^1{}_C{\mathrm{+\; <figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U</figure-callout>}}^2{}_{\mathrm{1\; C}}{\mathrm{-\; <figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U</figure-callout>}}^2{}_{\mathrm{D\; C}}}{{\mathrm{2R}}_{\mathrm{26}}}$

＝P _A+P _B+P _C

And

$\sqrt{\mathrm{U\prime }{}^2{}_A\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">U</figure-callout>}{}^2{}_{\mathrm{IA}}\mathrm{-P}{}^2{}_A}+\sqrt{\mathrm{U\prime }{}^2{}_{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="B\; U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}U{}^2{}_{\mathrm{IB}}\mathrm{-P}{}^2{}_B}+\sqrt{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="\omega "\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\omega </figure-callout>}{}^2{}^1{}_{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="C\; U"\; filenames="88108321\_DRIMG2.png,88108321\_DRIMG4.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}U{}^2{}_{\mathrm{IC}}\mathrm{-P}{}^2{}_C}$

＝Q _A+Q _B+Q _C

Utilize the timing unit in the microcomputer, take advantage of angle of incidence t, can obtain electric energy:

Wh＝（P _A+P _B+P _C）t

Varh＝（Q _A+Q _B+Q _C）t

Certainly, no matter power and energy also will be multiplied by calibration factor before demonstration.Above-mentioned microcomputer real effective three-phase is meritorious/and reactive volt-ampere meter and watt-hour meter are suitable for the laboratory to be used.Gain merit/wattless component watt-hour meter for industrial three-phase, computer memory drop-out during because of power failure is so should use the operational amplifier of figure [4] to constitute.

Use the principle of the invention and can be made into real effective power meter, watt-hour meter or the corresponding device thereof that is not subjected to waveform influence fully, its precision depends primarily on the precision of rms value converter.The complete machine precision is generally ± and 0.03%～± 0.2%.Therefore be suitable for making high precision electric power and electric energy standard.Because circuit does not simply need specific components, the more existing digital power meter of cost reduces significantly, also provides practical condition for making electronic electric meter thoroughly replace industrial pocket watch (being traditional rotating disc type watt-hour meter), will cause the significant improvement of power test.

Accompanying drawing 1 is the electric current and voltage vector plot of tested electric power;

Accompanying drawing 2 is voltage relationship figure behind true rms value convertor when not containing harmonic wave;

Accompanying drawing 3 is voltage relationship figure behind true rms value convertor when harmonic wave;

Accompanying drawing 4 is single-phase gaining merit/idle real effective power meter, watt-hour meter functional-block diagram;

Accompanying drawing 5 is very effectively meritorious/inactivity meter, watt-hour meter functional-block diagrams of microcomputer three-phase;

Accompanying drawing 6 is single-phase reference kilowatthourmeter block diagrams;

Accompanying drawing 7 is single-phase watt-hour meter block diagrams.

Embodiment

1, the laboratory with the three-phase real effective have/idle accurate power meter, electric energy meter make by figure [5] microcomputer scheme

Voltage segment: use the precision metallic film resistance as voltage divider [R ₂₀, R ₂₁, R ₂₂, R ₂₃, R ₂₄, R ₂₅], attenuation coefficient is 380/3.8V, every phase voltage divider all-in resistance (R ₂₀+ R ₂₁) be 500K Ω, each is mutually identical.The dividing potential drop precision should be not less than ± and 0.02%.With the low instrument of wafing with operational amplifier OP-07 as the pressure that connects with device [IC5, IC6, IC7].Operational amplifier [IC8, IC9, IC10] and resistance [R ₂₉, R ₃₀, R ₃₁, R ₃₂, R ₃₃, R ₃₄, R ₃₅R ₃₆, R ₃₇] form vernier amplifier, to adjust each road transmission coefficient.

Current segment: current transformer [CT2, CT3, CT4] is active self-balancing type current transformer, and precision is that 0.01 grade of nominal transformation ratio is 5A/0.1A; Load R ₂₆=R ₂₇=R ₂₈=1 Ω.Obtained rated voltage is 0.1V on this resistance, and in order to adapt to the requirement of rms value converter dynamic range, this voltage should amplify 38 times.Use amplifier [IC11] as pressing, use [IC12, R with device ₄₂, R ₄₃, R ₄₄] amplifier formed is as amplification.This two amplifier is all used OP-07.

Conversion fraction: by subtracter [IC13, R ₃₈, R ₃₉, R ₄₀, R ₄₁], obtain difference voltage.[IC13] selects the low amplifier of wafing of OP-07.Rms value converter [RMS2, RMS3, RMS4] uses high precision rms value converter AD637, conversion precision ± 0.02%.Adopt 2 " eight select one " CD4051 as program control multiway analog switch.The front and back of analog switch all should add the pressure that constitutes with the OP-07 amplifier with device as impedance matching (figure part omitted).

A/D converter [A/D] is with 14.Microcomputer is reequiped with the TP80/A single board computer, and system program is the 4K byte, deposits among 2 2716EPROM.

Display part: show: connect (figure part omitted) as latch and a slice 74LS154 with address bus as the data of code translator and microcomputer by a slice 74LS244 with 5 " three-in-one " 7 sections light emitting diode C102.Display window has two: one for showing meritorious or reactive power; One for showing meritorious/reactive energy.Handle display category by microcomputer keyboard.

Power unit: form by following part.

(1) power transformer T ₁, 50 watts, 220V/20V, 10V

(2) bridge rectifier: 3 groups, 20V, 1A; 20V, 1A; 10V, 3A

(3) π type filtering: 3 groups, 2 * 1000 μ F, 100 Ω, 2W

2×1000μF 100Ω，2W

2×4700μF 50Ω，5W

(4) three terminal regulator: 3 group 7815 provides+15V

7915 provide-15V

7805 provide+5V

Complete machine is made of simulation part, computer part, display part, power unit 4 printed circuit board, adopts the copper-clad laminate manufacturing of high-quality, thick 2mm, is loaded in the general cabinet.Complete machine is adjusted precision should be in ± 0.045%.

2, single-phase 0.03 grade of real effective reference kilowatthourmeter

Adopt figure [6] schematic circuit

Voltage segment: adopt manganin wire to make voltage divider around the electricity group, intrinsic standoff ratio 100/1V.The dividing potential drop precision is ± 0.01%, voltage divider all-in resistance R ₄₈+ R ₄₉=10K Ω.Voltage after partial is taken out with device through the pressure that amplifier [IC14] is barricaded as.By [IC15, R ₅₀, R ₅₁, R ₅₂] amplifier formed obtains voltage as this channel transfer coefficient fine setting with (amplifier is OP-07)

'.

Current segment: decay through current transformer CT5.Mutual inductor is 0.01 grade, and nominal transformation ratio is 10A, 5A, 2.5A/0.1A.Pull-up resistor R ₅₇=1 Ω, when specified at [R ₅₇] voltage that go up to take out is 0.1V.

The pressure that this voltage is taken by amplifier [IC17] is with device and amplifier [IC18] resistance [R ₅₈, R ₅₉, R ₆₀] amplifier formed draws.Enlargement factor at the corresponding levels is 10.Specified output

₁Be 1V.This part amplifier is OP-07.

Conversion fraction: by [IC16, R ₅₃, R ₅₄, R ₅₅, R ₅₆] subtracter that constitutes obtains difference voltage U ₀[IC16] selects the low amplifier of wafing of OP-07.U, U ₁, U ₀Be connected to " eight select one " program control analog switch CD4051.Under system controlled by computer, become DC voltage U, the U that equates with they AC value by switch to symbol for [RMS7] integrated rms value converter according to this ₁, U ₀Adopting AD637 rms value converter precision is ± 0.02%.The intact voltage of every conversion all will become frequency for the voltage/frequency transducer (0.01 grade of CD4046) of [V/F] through symbol, and counts on the counter of [C] at symbol.Counter is made of 4 74LS161 binary counters, and capacity is the 64K binary number.This 16 bit enters microcomputer (microcomputer is 16).Each conversion earlier by microcomputer to counter O reset, and let slip U ', (or U ₁, U ₀) one of carry out conversion, the numeral after the conversion is to deposit in the microcomputer random access memory.Treat that whole three voltages transmit conversion and are over, press P ＇=(U by microcomputer ^{＇ 2}+ U ² _I-U ² _OThe rated output of)/(2Rs7).Multiply by effect that calibration factor obtains the P(calibration factor again and be the voltage multiple of will decay is reduced), multiply by P by the timer institute survey time in the microcomputer and promptly obtain the electric energy Wh that surveys.

Wh＝Pt

Microcomputer uses 16 single-chip microcomputers of 96 series.System program is the 2K byte.

Display part: show by 67 sections light emitting diodes (C002) conduct.Data enter display through symbol for the latch (being made up of 2 74LS244 triple gates) of [L] by system controlled by computer.Display command is sent by microcomputer, through 1 74LS154 code translator control display.

Power unit: with embodiment 1

3, single-phase electronic electric meter

Adopt figure [7] schematic circuit.

Voltage segment: by resistance [R ₆₄, R ₆₅] the voltage divider dividing potential drop formed, intrinsic standoff ratio is 220V/1.1V, adopting precision metallic film resistance, dividing potential drop precision is ± 0.1%.The voltage divider all-in resistance is (R ₆₄+ R ₆₅)=500K Ω.Voltage after partial

₁Draw with device through the pressure that [IC19] forms.By [IC20, R ₆₆, R ₆₇, R ₆₈] amplifier formed is as the usefulness of this channel transfer coefficient fine setting.

Current segment: by symbol is the current transformer introducing of [CT6], and the mutual inductor nominal transformation ratio is 5A/0.1A(or 2.5A/0.1A, 10A/0.1A).Precision is 0.1 grade.Mutual inductor load [R81] is 1 Ω metalfilmresistor, and precision is ± 0.1%.Voltage

₁Resistance is drawn thus, constitutes through [IC24] and presses with device and [IC25, R ₈₂, R ₈₃, R ₈₄] amplifier formed, when making rated current be 5A, this amplifier is output as 1.1V.

Conversion fraction: the voltage that warp [IC20, IC25] comes out

' and

₁Deliver to by [IC21, R ₆₉R ₇₀, R ₇₁, R ₇₂] subtracter formed, obtain difference voltage _D=

'- ₁ ',

₁With

₀Be [V/I respectively by a symbol that is barricaded as by amplifier ₁, V/I ₂, V/I ₃] the voltage/current transducer, this transducer output current i ₁, i ₂, i ₃Be 0～5mA.With i ₁, i ₂, i ₃Send into 3 " current mode " rms value converters, symbol is [RMS.8, RMS.9, RMS.10] (model is BH301).From obtaining being proportional to the DC voltage that exchanges real effective: U here ₁/ K, U ₂/ K, U ₀/ K, K is a conversion coefficient herein.

Arithmetic section: by symbol is [X ² ₁, X ² ₂, X ² ₃], the squarer that is made of amplifier obtains ((U ₁)/(K)) ², ((U _I)/(K)) ², ((U _o)/(K)) ²By by [IC22, R ₇₃, R ₇₄, R ₇₅, R ₇₆] the paraphase totalizer that constitutes obtains-((U '+U ₂)/(K)) ²By by [IC23, R ₇₈, R ₇₉] R ₇₇) ratio of the swinging to totalizer formed obtains :-((U ^{' 2}+ U _I ²)/(K ²)+(U ² _D)/(K ²)) K '=(U ^{' 2}+ U ² _I-U _D ²)/(2R ₈₁The K ' of)-wherein is total calibration factor.

Through symbol for the Voltage-to-frequency Converter of [V/F], become frequency, show electric energy Kwh by electromagnetism or electronic counter.

Power unit:

(1) power transformer T ₃2W 220/20V, 20V

(2) two groups of rectifiers: 25V 0.5A

(3) two groups of wave filters: 4 * 1000 μ F 2 * 50

(4) positive and negative regulator block: 7,815 7915 each one

All circuit is contained on 100 * 100mm printed panel, and power transformer is fixed on the frame.Complete machine is contained in the plastic housing.

Annotate: the watt-hour meter of pressing this programme execution is still higher as civilian pocket watch cost.The main electronic section of figure [7] must be made special chip with large-scale integration technology when making when going into operation.Price will all reduce significantly than at present all electronic single-phase watt-hour meter, and special chip is reached agreement of intent with relevant producer.

Claims (2)

1, a kind of electric power and electric energy real effective measuring apparatus, it is by voltage divider [R ₂, R ₃] (or voltage transformer (VT)), current transformer [C.T.1] (or shunt), pull-up resistor [R ₁], subtracter [IC1, R ₄, R ₅, R ₆, R ₇], rms value converter [RMS.1] [RMS.2] [RMS.3], multiplier [M ₁] [M ₂] [M ₃], totalizer [IC2, R ₈, R ₉, R ₁₀, R ₁₁], [IC3, R ₁₂, R ₁₃, R ₁₄, R ₁₅], digital voltage gauge outfit [P], electric voltage/frequency converter [V/F1] and numerical frequency gauge outfit [Wh] form.It is characterized in that: the voltage U of circuit-under-test is through voltage divider [R ₂, R ₃] decay to U ₁, electric current I is through mutual inductor [C.T.1] and pull-up resistor [R ₁] be converted into voltage U ₁, and by subtracter [IC1, R ₄, R ₅, R ₆, R ₇] obtain the vectorial difference U of above-mentioned two voltages _D=U ₁-U _I, above-mentioned three voltages are become the DC voltage U of three equivalences with rms value converter [RMS.1] [RMS.2] [RMS.3] _D, U ₁, U _I, the equivalent triangle that these three DC voltage are formed uses the cosine law, and the dot-product of voltage, current vector is converted into algebraic operation, and algebraic operation is by the multiplier [M that is connected into quadratic form ₁] [M ₂] [M ₃], totalizer [IC2, R ₈, R ₉, R ₁₀, R ₁₁], [IC3, R ₁₂, R ₁₃, R ₁₄, R ₁₅] finish, Shu Chu DC voltage is directly proportional with measured power at last, show active power with digital voltage gauge outfit [P], after being converted into the frequency that is proportional to measured power, the voltage that will be proportional to measured power with electric voltage/frequency converter [V/F1] inserts electronics or message register [Wh], the factor between the meter man-hour demonstrates active energy, for the real effective reactive power, the measure portion of electric energy is in aforementioned circuit, draws signal to multiplier [M from rms value converter [RMS.2] [RMS.3] ₅], multiplying each other obtains applied power S, applied power square value S ²By the multiplier [M that is connected into quadratic form ₆] finish, draw signal to the multiplier [M that is connected into quadratic form from totalizer [IC3] again ₄], obtain active power square, the difference of two squares of applied power and active power is by subtracter [IC4, R ₁₆, R ₁₇, R ₁₈, R ₁₉] finish, the square root of this difference is finished by square root extractor [r], thereby obtain being proportional to the voltage signal of reactive power, showing tested reactive power by digital voltage gauge outfit [Q], for reactive energy, is to be proportional to the voltage signal of reactive power, [V/F.2] is converted into frequency through the voltage/frequency transducer, show reactive energy by electronics or message register, so far, form the measuring apparatus of meritorious, idle and electric energy.Finish above-mentioned operation content if draw signal input computing machine, just realize microcomputer electric power and electric energy real effective measuring apparatus from rms value converter [RMS.1] [RMS.2] [RMS.3].

2, microcomputer electric power and electric energy real effective measuring apparatus according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: under the control of microcomputer [μ P], voltage timesharing after A/D converter [A/D] is with the effective value conversion is converted into binary numeral and reads in microcomputer, finish whole calculating by [μ P], under programmed control, show P, Q, Wh, Varh respectively by graphical display.

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