CN1017432B - O-烷基s,s-二烷基二硫代磷酸酯的制备 - Google Patents
O-烷基s,s-二烷基二硫代磷酸酯的制备Info
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- CN1017432B CN1017432B CN87100525A CN87100525A CN1017432B CN 1017432 B CN1017432 B CN 1017432B CN 87100525 A CN87100525 A CN 87100525A CN 87100525 A CN87100525 A CN 87100525A CN 1017432 B CN1017432 B CN 1017432B
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 13
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 7
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 alkyl phosphate Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 6
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims 4
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 4
- JASFTUXTUYZCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl dihydrogen phosphate;dihydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.CCOP(O)(O)=O JASFTUXTUYZCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 2
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 2
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- HVBMYHDTXIDFKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl hydrogen phosphate;ethyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(O)(O)=O.CCOP(O)(=O)OCC HVBMYHDTXIDFKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005961 Ethoprophos Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- VJYFKVYYMZPMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoprophos Chemical compound CCCSP(=O)(OCC)SCCC VJYFKVYYMZPMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical class [H]S* 0.000 abstract 1
- LOCHFZBWPCLPAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-2-thiol Chemical compound CCC(C)S LOCHFZBWPCLPAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-K dioxido-sulfanylidene-sulfido-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([S-])=S NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- SUVIGLJNEAMWEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1-thiol Chemical compound CCCS SUVIGLJNEAMWEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- CGWWEJJDIXUEJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-yloxy-hydroxy-sulfanyl-sulfanylidene-lambda5-phosphane Chemical class CCC(C)OP(O)(S)=S CGWWEJJDIXUEJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000244206 Nematoda Species 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052728 basic metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003818 basic metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007529 inorganic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001069 nematicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005645 nematicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005270 trialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
- C07F9/16—Esters of thiophosphoric acids or thiophosphorous acids
- C07F9/165—Esters of thiophosphoric acids
- C07F9/17—Esters of thiophosphoric acids with hydroxyalkyl compounds without further substituents on alkyl
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)
- Steroid Compounds (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
对所述的每摩尔二卤化物,在酸接受体过量0.2至4摩尔情况下,通过磷酸烷基酯二卤化物如二氯化物与过量1.5至8摩尔的硫醇反应,易制得高产率和高纯度的O-烷基S,S-二烷基二硫代磷酸酯即爱波普鲁斯(ethoprophos)。
Description
本发明涉及制备O-烷基S,S-二烷基二硫代磷酸酯的一种新方法。
O-乙基S,S-二正丙基二硫代磷酸酯就是人们所知的称为爱波普鲁斯(ethoprophos)的杀昆虫剂和杀线虫剂。含有此化合物的组合物用于防治植物的昆虫和线虫所获得的成功,提出了大量制造此化合物的要求。
英国专利第1081270号揭示了一种制备此类化合物的方法,该方法是在酸接受体存在的条件下使一种磷酸烷基酯二卤化物(alkylphosphatedihalogenide)与一种硫醇,根据下列所设计的反应式而进行反应:
其中R1和R2是烷基,而B是酸接受体。后者可以是无机碱如一种固态的碱金属氢氧化物或者有机碱如一种叔胺。此已知的方法是在一种第三有机溶剂,如一种氯化的或未氯化的脂肪族烃或芳香族烃,一种醚,一种酮或一种腈中进行的。在用于制备爱波普鲁斯时,此方法在实验室中将导致产率为63%,但在工业规模进行时,在经济上远不能令人满意。
本发明的一个目的在于提供一种新的不用第三溶剂(因此在工业规模进行时特别方便)而可增加产率和提高产品纯度的二硫代磷酸酯的制造方法。
更明确地讲,本发明涉及通式为
的二硫代磷酸酯的一种制造方法,其中R1是1至4个碳原子的一种烷基基团,且较好的是1至2个碳原子的烷基基团,R2是一种直链的或支链的烷基基团,含有1至5个碳原子,且较好的是3或4个碳原子,此方法包括在一种酸接受体存在下根据反应式
使一种磷酸烷基酯二卤化物与一种硫醇反应,其中R1和R2是如前面所定义的,X是一个卤原子,且最好是一个氯原子,而且B表示一个无机或有机酸接受体,特征在于对1摩尔磷酸烷基酯二卤化物,此反应在硫醇过量1.5至8摩尔和酸接受体过量0.2至4摩尔下进行。
硫醇超过此酸接受体的摩尔数一般为1至4摩尔。根据此酸接受体的性质,这方法可以按照两种变式进行。
按照第一种变式,酸接受体是一种固态或水溶液的强无机碱,在这种情况下对1摩尔磷酸烷基酯二卤化物而言,碱通常总是过量0.5至4摩尔,也就是说,硫醇超过此碱的摩尔数一般为1至4摩尔。值得注意的是在这变式中,反应介质包括一有机相和一固相或水相。进一步讲,作为无机碱可以列出碱金属(例如钠或钾)和碱土金属的氢氧化物。
按照第二种变式,酸接受体是一种强有机碱,最好是一种叔胺如一种三烷基胺,其中烷基基团包含1至4个碳原子,特别是三乙胺。进一步讲,对1摩尔磷酸烷基酯二卤化物而言,用此有机碱过量约0.2至0.5摩尔。更进一步讲,对1摩尔磷酸烷基酯二卤化物,此反应在硫醇过量摩尔数为约1.5至8摩尔情况下进行。而硫醇超过
有机碱的摩尔数为约2.3至4摩尔。应该注意在这变式中,此反应介质基本上是一种无水的有机相。
按照本发明的方法具有的优点是不必在一种第三溶剂中进行,使用第三种溶剂就意味着需要附加的分离过程,并使上述化合物在大大提高产率和纯度的条件下被生产。
下列的实施例阐明本发明的方法,但不限制本发明的范围。所得到的化合物的结构是通过核磁共振谱来确定的。
实施例1
在氮气氛下,将246.3克正丙基硫醇,然后238.8含有22%氢氧化钠的一种水溶液倒入一个1.5升反应器中,此反应器具有其中流着一种用以消除热量的液体的双层冷却套,同时反应介质的温度保持在0℃。
在温度保持在0和5℃之间时,将79.9克O-磷酸乙酯二氯化物加入此混合物中。
在20℃下搅拌此反应介质1小时。
在倾析和相分离之后,有机相用水洗涤,并在真空下蒸去正丙基硫醇。得到包括110.1克O-乙基S,S-二正丙基二硫代磷酸酯的剩余物,即为理论产率的91%(按磷酸乙酯二氯化物的摩尔产率计算)。
实施例2
在氮气氛下,将293.1克仲丁基硫醇,然后365.5克含有22%氢氧化钠的一种水溶液倒入一个1.5升具有其中流着一种用以消除热量的液体的双层冷却套的反应器中,同时保持此反应介质的温度为0℃。
然后如实施例1进行。
在分离及在真空下蒸发之后,此剩余物包括96.6克O-乙基S,S-二仲丁基二硫代磷酸酯,即为理论产率的73%(按磷酸乙酯二氯
化物的摩尔产率计算)。
实施例3
在氮气氛下,将457.3克(即6摩尔)94%的正丙基硫醇,然后163.1克(即1摩尔)93%的O-磷酸乙酯二氯化物倒入一个具有其中流着一种用以消除热量的液体的双层冷却套的2升反应器中。
冷却此反应介质至温度为-5和-10℃之间。然后,保持温度在-5和-10℃之间,在1小时30分钟内逐渐倒入222.2克(即2.2摩尔)的99%三乙胺,并且在3小时30分钟内,在温度为5和10℃之间,一直搅拌此介质。然后倒入244.5克一种在220克水中的24.5克38%盐酸的水溶液。在倾析和将各相分离之后,有机相用水洗涤,并在真空下蒸去正丙基硫醇。
此剩余物包括226.2克O-乙基S,S-二正丙基二硫代磷酸酯(纯度为95.5%),即产率为96.2%(按磷酸乙酯二氯化物的摩尔产率计算)。
实施例4
用与实施例3相同的方法,但用585克(即6.5摩尔)仲丁基硫醇代替正丙基硫醇。
在倒入三乙胺之后,在+5℃下一直搅拌此介质5小时。
在这些条件下,得到O-乙基S,S-二仲丁基二硫代磷酸酯,产率为50%,且纯度为95%。
实施例5
在剧烈搅拌下,将507克(即5.6摩尔)仲丁基硫醇,然后75克氢氧化钠片加入一个装有其中流着一种用以分散热量的液体的双层冷却套的1.5升反应器中,同时将此反应物的温度提高至80℃。一旦此介质成为流体,就将温度下降至10℃。然后,维持此温度,滴加122克O-磷酸乙酯二氯化物。在10℃下,搅拌此反应介质1小时,加入250克水,然后加入32克的一种盐酸(37%)水溶液。
在倾析和将各相分离之后,有机相用水洗涤,并在真空下蒸去仲丁基硫醇。
所得的剩余物为245.7克O-乙基S,S-二仲丁基二硫代磷酸酯(纯度97%),即产率为91%,按磷酸乙酯二氯化物的摩尔产率计算。
Claims (10)
2、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的酸接受体是一种在水溶液中的强无机碱氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾,对1摩尔磷酸烷基酯二卤化物,碱过量0.5至2摩尔。
3、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的酸接受体是一种固态的强无机碱氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾。
4、根据权利要求2或3所述的方法,其特征在于在结构式Ⅰ中,R1是乙基,R2是正丙基,X是氯,且对1摩尔磷酸乙酯二氯化物,所述的碱过量0.5至2摩尔,所述的硫醇过量1.5至5摩尔。
5、根据权利要求2或3所述的方法,其特征在于在结构式Ⅰ中,R1是乙基,R2是一种支链的丁基基团,X是氯,且对1摩尔磷酸乙酯二氯化物,所述的碱过量0.5至2摩尔,所述的硫醇过量3.5至5摩尔。
6、根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于在结构式Ⅰ中,R2是仲丁基。
7、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于此反应是在一种无水介质中进行的,所述的酸接受体是一种强有机碱三乙胺,对1摩尔磷酸烷基酯二卤化物,过量0.2至0.5摩尔,且所述的硫醇过量1.5至5摩尔。
8、根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于在结构式Ⅰ中,R1是乙基,R2是正丙基,X是氯,且对1摩尔磷酸乙酯二卤化物,所述的硫醇过量2.5至5摩尔。
9、根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于在结构式Ⅰ中,R1是乙基,R2是一种支链的丁基,X是氯,且对1摩尔磷酸乙酯二氯化物,所述的硫醇过量2.5至5摩尔。
10、根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于在结构式Ⅰ中,R2是仲丁基。
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US82827286A | 1986-02-11 | 1986-02-11 | |
US828272 | 1986-02-11 |
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CN1017432B true CN1017432B (zh) | 1992-07-15 |
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JP (1) | JP2530142B2 (zh) |
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CN (1) | CN1017432B (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE53843T1 (zh) |
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CN103059060B (zh) * | 2013-01-15 | 2015-09-09 | 江苏丰山集团股份有限公司 | 丙线磷制品以及制备丙线磷的方法 |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1238013B (de) * | 1965-07-08 | 1967-04-06 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Dithiolphosphorsaeureestern |
BE786068A (fr) * | 1971-07-12 | 1973-01-10 | Bayer Ag | Nouveaux esters d'acides organophosphoriques, leur preparation et leur application comme insecticides et nematicides |
JPS6058994A (ja) * | 1983-09-12 | 1985-04-05 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | ジチオ−ルりん酸エステル,その製造法およびそれを有効成分とする土壌害虫防除剤 |
-
1987
- 1987-01-20 IL IL81324A patent/IL81324A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-01-27 CN CN87100525A patent/CN1017432B/zh not_active Expired
- 1987-01-27 KR KR870000638A patent/KR870007941A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1987-02-09 JP JP62027974A patent/JP2530142B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-02-09 AU AU68606/87A patent/AU600928B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-02-09 IE IE32987A patent/IE60010B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-02-09 ZA ZA87924A patent/ZA87924B/xx unknown
- 1987-02-09 CA CA000529304A patent/CA1292007C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-10 AT AT87420040T patent/ATE53843T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-02-10 BR BR8700588A patent/BR8700588A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-02-10 YU YU00192/87A patent/YU19287A/xx unknown
- 1987-02-10 DD DD87299818A patent/DD260071A5/de unknown
- 1987-02-10 ES ES87420040T patent/ES2015080B3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-10 PL PL1987264040A patent/PL264040A1/xx unknown
- 1987-02-10 DE DE8787420040T patent/DE3762516D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-02-10 DK DK065487A patent/DK65487A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1987-02-10 PT PT84266A patent/PT84266B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-02-10 FI FI870544A patent/FI86732C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-02-10 EP EP87420040A patent/EP0235056B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-11 HU HU87534A patent/HUT45266A/hu unknown
-
1990
- 1990-05-14 GR GR89400277T patent/GR3000483T3/el unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR870007941A (ko) | 1987-09-23 |
ES2015080B3 (es) | 1990-08-01 |
DK65487A (da) | 1987-08-12 |
IE60010B1 (en) | 1994-05-18 |
IL81324A0 (en) | 1987-08-31 |
IE870329L (en) | 1987-08-11 |
PT84266A (fr) | 1987-03-01 |
DE3762516D1 (de) | 1990-06-07 |
FI870544A (fi) | 1987-08-12 |
JP2530142B2 (ja) | 1996-09-04 |
FI86732B (fi) | 1992-06-30 |
JPS62195391A (ja) | 1987-08-28 |
HUT45266A (en) | 1988-06-28 |
CN87100525A (zh) | 1987-08-26 |
DK65487D0 (da) | 1987-02-10 |
FI870544A0 (fi) | 1987-02-10 |
CA1292007C (en) | 1991-11-12 |
DD260071A5 (de) | 1988-09-14 |
AU600928B2 (en) | 1990-08-30 |
FI86732C (fi) | 1992-10-12 |
EP0235056A1 (en) | 1987-09-02 |
IL81324A (en) | 1991-03-10 |
BR8700588A (pt) | 1987-12-15 |
PT84266B (pt) | 1989-09-14 |
PL264040A1 (en) | 1988-04-14 |
GR3000483T3 (en) | 1991-06-28 |
EP0235056B1 (en) | 1990-05-02 |
ATE53843T1 (de) | 1990-06-15 |
YU19287A (en) | 1988-04-30 |
ZA87924B (en) | 1987-09-30 |
AU6860687A (en) | 1987-08-13 |
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