CN101711708A - 医用植入物及其制造 - Google Patents

医用植入物及其制造 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101711708A
CN101711708A CN200910211605A CN200910211605A CN101711708A CN 101711708 A CN101711708 A CN 101711708A CN 200910211605 A CN200910211605 A CN 200910211605A CN 200910211605 A CN200910211605 A CN 200910211605A CN 101711708 A CN101711708 A CN 101711708A
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China
Prior art keywords
coating
implant
substrate
wear surface
porous
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Pending
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CN200910211605A
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English (en)
Inventor
J·朗霍恩
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DePuy Products Inc
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DePuy Products Inc
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Publication of CN101711708A publication Critical patent/CN101711708A/zh
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25DPROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D13/00Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process
    • C25D13/02Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process with inorganic material
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    • C25DPROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)

Abstract

公开了一种呈现出优化的机械性能的医用植入物以及制造这种植入物的方法。即,该植入物由多孔金属衬底制成并包括在不同区域上合为一体的涂层从而为该植入物提供一些额外的或希望的性质或功能。在一个实施方案中,该植入物为具有施加到内部、凹的磨损面的涂层的髋臼植入物,该磨损面大小和形状被设置成用来容纳股骨的头部。典型地,所述涂层是通过电泳淀积被整合到植入物的期望区域上的陶瓷。

Description

医用植入物及其制造
相关申请
本申请依照35U.S.C.§119(e)要求于2008年9月22日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号61/098,882,名称为“医用植入物及其制造”(“Medical ImplantAnd Production Thereof”)的优先权,其全部内容在此引入作为参考。
技术领域
本公开涉及医用植入物及其制造。
背景技术
关节置换术是众所周知的外科手术,通过用人工关节来置换患病和/或损伤的自有关节。关节置换术通常是针对髋、膝、肘或其它关节进行的。要置换的关节的健康和状况决定了需要置换该自有关节的假体的类型。例如,在全髋关节置换术中可将髋臼杯植入到骨盆中来置换自有髋臼。在许多实例中,还需要用人工股骨头置换股骨的头部。
手术成功以及患者的长期舒适度在很大程度上取决于人工关节元件的正确装配以及髋臼杯的磨损面与股骨头之间的相互作用。具有较好磨损性能和低摩擦系数的高强度材料为长期关节置换解决方案提供了最大的保证。
当前,关节假体的磨损面由多种材料制造。其中最普遍的是金属和金属合金、聚合物以及陶瓷。当前普遍的是陶瓷在金属以及陶瓷在陶瓷磨损面上。诸如髋假体的关节假体的设计者面临的挑战是那些有助于髋臼杯正确整合到诸如包括相对高孔隙表面的骨中的特性,所述表面将嵌入到骨中。然而,磨损面应当是具有低摩擦系数的平滑、坚硬的表面。
因而需要能够对于假体的不同部分展示不同特性的关节假体以及制造该关节假体的方法。
发明内容
在此提供了一种医用植入物的各种方面。在一个这样的方面中,医用植入物包括具有杯状部分的多孔衬底,该杯状部分限定了大小和形状被设置成用于容纳互补的关节元件的磨损面。该植入物的凹的磨损面包括布置在其至少一部分上的具有期望厚度的基本平滑的涂层。此外,该植入物的涂层能够穿透植入物磨损面的许多个小孔以促进该涂层锚固到衬底。在一个实施方案中,该植入物呈髋臼杯的形式并且该互补的关节元件是股骨头。同样地,该磨损面可以是凹面的、有凹陷的表面。
涂层可包括各种呈现期望的硬度、平滑度以及低摩擦系数特性的材料。例如,涂层可以是陶瓷涂层(例如,氧化铝、氧化锆及其混合物)。可选择地,涂层可以是生物相容的电泳淀积玻璃和/或瓷器的陶瓷。此外,涂层事实上还可以包括能根据需要应用,并且还能够提供和/或呈现一些期望的物理和/或金属特性的任意材料。
该多孔衬底可以由宽范围的材料构成。例如,多孔衬底可以是金属泡沫结构。该多孔衬底还可以是分层的多孔和密集区域(例如,在内部部分上用于结合电泳涂层的多孔衬底、实心钛或钴铬衬底以及用于固定到骨上的多孔外部表面)的复合物。在这样的实施方案中,该金属泡沫结构可包括诸如钛、铬、钼、钨、不锈钢及其合金的各种金属。一种示范性的材料为钛的合金,诸如Ti-6Al-4V。此外,为有助于涂层工艺,该多孔衬底的至少一部分可以由能够保持电荷(例如,从而允许电泳淀积)的材料构成。
还提供了制造医用植入物的方法的各种方面。在一个这样的方面中,该方法包括提供多孔金属衬底(例如,髋臼杯),该衬底包括能够保持电荷的磨损面。可放置胶态悬浮体使其与磨损面连通,并且能够建立跨越所述磨损面的电荷。电荷的数量应当是足够建立期望的带电颗粒从胶态悬浮体到磨损面的流动,并且保持电荷直到在磨损面上形成期望的涂层。
该带电颗粒可以是能够响应跨越植入物的磨损面建立的电荷的任何类型的颗粒。例如,该颗粒可以是陶瓷颗粒(例如,氧化铝或氧化锆)、生物相容的电泳淀积的玻璃和/或瓷器的陶瓷。
在一个示范性的实施方案中,涂层可以以这样一种方式被整合到衬底中,使得基本上将该涂层锚固到该衬底上。例如,可以最优化该涂层工艺(例如,电泳淀积),从而涂层穿透该多孔衬底的许多个小孔,从而将该涂层锚固到衬底上。
还在另一个方面中,提供了制造髋臼杯植入物的方法,其包括提供具有杯元件的多孔金属衬底,该杯元件限定了内部磨损面并且该杯元件的大小和形状被设置成用于容纳股骨的头部。该方法还包括电泳淀积一层涂层在磨损面的期望的表面区域上。可以选择并优化各种反应参数(例如,温度、压强、电荷的数量等等)以提供期望的硬度和/或形状的涂层,从而给完成的植入物提供期望的机械性能。
附图说明
图1表示了髋臼植入物的示范性实施方案。
图2是依照本公开的一个实施方案制造多孔衬底的工艺示意图。
图3是烧结的金属泡沫结构的图像。
图4是图3的烧结的金属泡沫结构的侧视图像。
图5是图3的烧结的金属泡沫结构的详细视图的图像。
图6是图3的烧结的金属泡沫结构的光学显微镜图像。
图7是放大200倍的烧结的金属泡沫结构的扫描电子显微镜图像(SEM)。
图8是放大700倍的烧结的金属泡沫结构的SEM图像。
详细说明
现将描述某些示范性的实施方案以提供对在此公开的植入物的结构、功能、制造、使用以及其制造方法的原理的全面理解。在附图中举例说明了这些实施方案的一个或多个例子。本领域技术人员将理解在此具体描述并在附图中举例说明的装置和方法是非限定的示范性实施方案且本公开的范围仅仅由权利要求限定。与一个示范性实施方案相关所举例说明或描述的特征可以与其它实施例的特征组合。这种修正和变化意欲被包括在本公开的范围内。
在此提供了具有最佳机械性能的医用植入物。即,在此提供的植入物是由多孔衬底形成的,该多孔衬底被配置成用来给植入物提供期望的强度和/或其它机械性能。此外,涂层还能够被整合到该衬底的各种区域上。在制造期间,为了改良和/或优化这些选定区域的机械性能,可以选择涂层并将其应用到衬底。例如,涂层可以被应用到衬底的的磨损面部分,所述磨损面部分的形状被设置成用来容纳另一植入物和/或骨结构,从而允许这些结构相对于彼此自由地移动(或至少非常容易)和/或优化这些结构相互之间摩擦系数。作为额外的好处,由于底层衬底的多孔特性,涂层可以以这种方式被应用到衬底上,使得涂层穿透小孔并从而被有效地锚固到衬底上,从而提供低质量、基本整体的植入物,其没有(或至少更低风险的)模块式植入物的任何并发症或故障(例如,微振磨损、腐蚀产品等等)。此外,当涂层被应用到多孔衬底上时,导致了平滑、连续的表面。
各种类型和形状的植入物都在本公开的精神和范围内。例如,本公开可包括在一侧要求硬磨损轴承表面而在另一侧要求多孔的向内生长表面的任意植入物(例如,诸如胫骨托的膝关节元件、脊柱椎间盘植入物、肩关节杯、踝关节元件、指关节等等)。在一示范性的实施方案中,该植入物可以是诸如髋臼杯的关节假体。图1示出了一个示范性的实施方案,其中衬底是限定了内部凹的表面15的人工髋臼杯11,该凹的表面的大小和形状被设置成用来容纳股骨头23。此外,髋臼杯11的外部部分13的大小和形状被设置成用于被植入到患者盆骨的一部分19中。虽然只举例说明了髋臼杯,并且参考髋臼杯描述了植入物,但是本领域技术人员将会认识到本公开可应用到许多类型的医用植入物和关节假体中。
在此提供的植入物包括沉积在多孔衬底的选定区域上的涂层。选择该涂层的特性、位置和/或厚度,以便优化该植入物的机械性能。在图1的髋臼杯11的实例中,涂层可被施加到内部的、凹的磨损面15的全部或至少部分上,从而通过减小摩擦系数来优化植入物11的容纳和相对于患者股骨21的股骨头23移动的能力。虽然涂层减少了磨损面15的摩擦系数,但是外部表面依然是多孔的且基本上是粗糙的,从而提供了增强骨向内生长的外部表面。
各种类型的涂层都在本公开的精神和范围内。例如,该涂层可以是陶瓷涂层、生物相容的玻璃涂层、瓷器陶瓷涂层、瓷釉等等。在示范性的实施方案中,该涂层是诸如氧化铝、氧化锆或其一些化合物的陶瓷。同样,可以基于将涂层施加到衬底上的方法来选择涂层。例如,在一种实施方案中,通过电泳淀积来施加涂层。因而,在这样的实施方案中,涂层可由具有颗粒的胶态悬浮体(例如,陶瓷)构成,该颗粒能够在响应于跨越所述悬浮体施加的电荷时沿期望的方向被驱动。
如上所述,施加涂层的一种示范性技术是通过电泳淀积(EPD)。EPD是一种用于宽范围的工艺的加工术语,其包括电涂、阴极电淀积以及电泳涂布或电泳涂装。EPD的特性是悬浮在液体介质中的胶质颗粒在电场(电泳)的影响下迁移并沉积在电极上。所有可以被用来形成稳定的悬浮体并且可以携带电荷的胶质颗粒都可以被用在电泳淀积中,包括诸如聚合物、染料、陶瓷和金属的材料。该工艺对于将材料施加到任何导电性表面(例如,该多孔金属衬底)上是有用的。将要被沉积的材料(例如,该陶瓷涂层)是在实际的加工环境和可以使用的设备中的主要决定因素。
EPD具有超越其它涂布技术的多种优势。例如,该工艺施加通常具有非常均匀的涂层厚度的涂层。此外,可以容易地涂布复杂的制造物体,涂布在物体的内腔以及外表面上。因而,EPD可以将涂层沉积在内部凹的表面的小孔中从而有效地将该涂层锚固到衬底上。此外,该工艺可以是自动的并且从而比其它的涂布工艺需要更少的人的劳动。
在使用中,EPD典型地包括各种涂布前、涂布中和涂布步骤。例如,首先例如通过清扫表面来准备要涂布的物体(例如,多孔的金属衬底)用于涂布。要开始涂布工艺本身时,可以将要被涂布的部分浸没在盛有涂液或溶液的容器或器皿中。一旦要被涂布的区域被放置到与该溶液/悬浮体中连通,可以通过放置在EPD涂液中的电极施加电流,从而与要被涂布的部分接触。典型地,在电涂或电泳涂装应用中,使用电压范围在大约25到大约400伏的直流电。要被涂布的物体(例如,植入物)作为其中一个电极,并且在涂液内使用一组“对电极”以接通电路。在沉积之后,通常冲洗该物体以除去未沉积的材料。冲洗处理可利用超滤器作为冲洗材料将来自涂布器皿的一部分涂液脱水。如果使用超滤器,可以让所有冲洗下来的材料返回到涂布器皿中以允许涂层材料的高利用率以及减少排放到环境中的废物的数量。最后,在冲洗之后,通常使用烘干或退火以及烧结处理。就是说,可以在大约室温到大约100℃的温度下进行烘干处理持续至多24小时。在烘干处理后进行退火处理,该退火处理在800℃的温度下进行大约1小时到大约2小时。然后可在大约1200℃到大约1500℃的温度下烧结涂层持续能够产生需要效果和/或性能的一定时间。典型的钛泡沫(“Ti泡沫”)衬底焙烧典型地为大约1370℃。因此,如果衬底为钛泡沫衬底,可能需要最优化这些加工(例如,调节培烧温度,添加烧结助剂例如玻璃发泡剂,在增加的压力下培烧,微波辅助的烧结等等)。
通过EPD的医用植入物例如髋臼杯的制造提供了许多优势。例如,EPD能够有效地涂布内部有凹陷的区域以有效地渗透并锚固到多孔衬底上。EPD另一性质是涂层将沉积以充满该衬底表面上的任何疵点。该涂层(例如,陶瓷)将被沉积直到跨越衬底表面的电荷减少到在其下时将不再发生沉积的水平。所以,在多孔不规则金属表面上的沉积可导致平滑、连续的涂层表面,该表面可以是光滑的。从而,在磨损界面上具有EPD沉积的涂层的整块多孔衬底髋臼杯植入物将具有一种微型结构,该微型结构在装配到髋骨的界面处固有地具有高摩擦系数,在骨头界面处将固有地是多孔的,以有利于骨头向内生长,并且还具有低摩擦系数的陶瓷磨损界面,用于耐受金属或陶瓷股骨头。
可以通过沉积/固定多孔型涂层到实心金属元件的表面上来形成衬底材料,该实心金属元件用于随后沉积EPD陶瓷。这种多孔结构的涂层可以通过将小球或小珠烧结到该元件(例如,
Figure G2009102116054D00061
)的表面和/或连结(通常通过烧结)诸如粉末(例如,
Figure G2009102116054D00062
)、金属丝等不规则形状的材料来形成。本领域技术人员将意识到在本公开精神和范围内的各种这样的衬底。
可以利用各种多孔衬底来形成该植入物。例如,该衬底可以由涉及将可引出液体的小孔成型试剂(PFA)与金属粉末在其中可溶解PFA的液体存在下混合的工艺来制造。应当理解可能的PFA/液体组合包括与有机液体配对的可溶解在有机液体中的PFAs,或与无机液体配对溶解在无机液体中的PFAs。
在某些实施方案中,液体是含水的。例如,该液体可包括至少大约75%重量的水,更优选地至少大约90%重量的水,甚至更优选地至少大约95%重量的水。代表性的液体包括水(诸如反渗透水、去离子水、蒸馏水和/或脱氧水)或碳水化合物水溶液。在其它的实施方案中,如于2007年2月21日提交的、且其全部内容在此引入作为参考的悬而未决的美国专利申请序列号11/677,140中所公开的,该液体可以是多元醇的水溶液(例如丙三醇溶液)、亲水聚合物的水溶液、或其它任何能够作为影响均一化的助剂的溶液。
尽管使用的液体的数量将取决于金属粉末和PFA的性质以及使用的处理环境,已经发现每100cm3的预压混合物,使用大约450μL到大约1050μL,且更优选地每100cm3的预紧混合物,使用大约600μL到大约750μL,是特别有效的。
依照本发明的PFA是可溶解在感兴趣液体中的颗粒材料。代表性的PFA包括氯化钠、氯化铵、氯化钙、氯化镁、氯化铝、氯化钾、氯化镍、氯化锌、碳酸氢铵、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钾、亚磷酸氢二钾、磷酸钾、硫酸镁、硫酸钾、碱土金属卤化物、结晶碳水化合物(包括分类为单糖、二糖和三糖的蔗糖、乳糖)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚环氧乙烷、聚丙烯蜡(像从纽约Tarrytown的Micro Powders公司获得的商标为PROPYLTEX的那些)、羧甲基纤维素钠(SCMC)、聚乙二醇-聚丙烯-聚乙二醇共聚物(PEG-PPG-PEG,像从德国路德维希港的BASF获得的商标为PLURONIC的那些)、及其组合。
PFA可以以适合于产生小孔大小和小孔粒度分布的各种各样的颗粒大小和颗粒粒度分布存在。示范性的颗粒大小范围是从大约200μm到大约600μm、从大约200μm到大约350μm、以及从大约350μm到大约550μm。
在本公开的方法中事实上可以使用粉末冶金领域已知的任何类型的金属粉末。示范性的金属粉末是从钛、钴、铬、镍、镁、钽、铌、锆、铝、铜、钼、钨、不锈钢或它们的合金(例如,钴铬合金)形成的粉末。在一个实施方案中,该金属粉末是钛或诸如Ti-6Al-4V的钛合金。
该金属粉末还可以以各种各样的颗粒大小和颗粒粒度分布存在。示范性的颗粒大小范围是从大约20μm到大约100μm、从大约25μm到大约50μm、以及从大约50μm到大约80μm。
本领域技术人员将认识到金属粉末和PFA的比例可根据要产生的结构类型来改变。在某些实施方案中,金属粉末和PFA的比例在大约40∶60到大约10∶90的范围内,且更优选地为大约25∶75。
在将金属粉末、PFA以及液体混合之后,压缩产生的混合物以形成生坯。该压缩步骤可以通过本领域中已知的许多技术中的任意一种技术来实施,这些技术包括单轴锻模和冲压、双轴锻模和冲压、或冷压或橡皮模等静压。在本发明的某些实施方案中,压缩压力从大约20ksi到大约60ksi,优选地从大约30ksi到大约45ksi。一旦成型,可以通过本领域任何已知的技术对生坯进行加工,这些技术例如为切割、碾磨、车削、钻孔和/或刨。
可以使用能够溶解PFA的任何液体将PFA从生坯中移除,从而暴露出金属骨架。正如在压缩之前与金属粉末以及PFA混合的液体那样,该溶解液体可以是含水的,例如水(例如反渗透水、去离子水、蒸馏水和/或脱氧水)或碳水化合物水溶液。用来溶解PFA的液体可以与在压缩之前与金属粉末以及PFA混合的液体相同或不同,例如在各自的液体中组分的化学特性和/或它们的相对比例可以相同或不同。
可以通过例如将生坯浸没到包含可将其溶解的液体的浴液中或将生坯与该液体的液流接触来实现该溶解步骤。用于溶解步骤中的液体的温度范围可以高于它的凝固点但低于它的沸点,并且优选地是在大约50°F到大约176°F(大约10℃到大约80℃)的范围内。可以进行某些已知的影响溶解的步骤,例如可以循环浴液或周期性地用新的溶液替代部分浴液。
也可以通过诸如切割、碾磨、车削、钻孔和/或刨该骨架来加工除去PFA之后获得的金属骨架。
典型地将金属骨架烧结以赋予期望的性质。虽然考虑所有适合的烧结条件,对于钛或Ti-6Al-4V合金来说,典型地在从大约2100°F到大约2700°F(优选大约2500℃)的温度下进行烧结并且/或持续大约2小时到大约10小时(优选地大约3小时到大约6小时)。
在此公开的方法可以被用来例如制造包括多孔表面的金属植入物。现参考图2,描述了用于制造这种植入物的某些工艺。将金属粉末、PFA和可溶解PFA的液体混合而形成混合物。在成形模具中压缩(例如通过单轴、多轴或等静压成型)该混合物而形成生坯。该模具决定了植入物的形状,因此应当通常为期望的形状以避免实质性的机加工的需要或至少将该需要减到最小。通过与可溶解PFA的液体接触,PFA从生坯中溶解出来而形成金属骨架。任选地,可机加工和/或干燥该金属骨架以除去残留的液体。将该金属骨架烧结,并随后任选地将其机加工以形成多孔的金属植入物。本领域技术人员知道这种植入物的适合形状以及它们应当拥有的特性,例如适当的抗压屈服强度。尽管在图2中第一液体和第二液体被描述为来自相同的来源,但是应当理解这些液体不需要相同,只要它们各自是可溶解形成小孔的试剂的液体。
该多孔金属植入物的表面可以被粗糙化。粗糙化的方法包括喷砂、蚀刻或等离子溅射中的至少一种并且是本领域公知的。一种示范性的蚀刻方法是美国专利申请公开号2004/0167633的蚀刻方法,其全部内容在此被引入作为参考。一种喷砂的合适方法使用了诸如NaCl的可溶于水的粗砂对着植入物喷射,从而通过溶解在水性液体中允许从小孔中除去冲击的粗砂。
在某些实施方案中,本公开提供了根据体积、液态汞的受迫侵入以及横截面图像分析测量的具有大约60%到大约85%(优选地大约65%到大约75%)的孔隙度的金属植入物或其它类型的金属骨架。象
Figure G2009102116054D00091
那样的多孔内生长表面可以是低至大约30%到大约35%的体积孔隙度,但通常在大约45%到大约50%的体积孔隙度的范围内。Gription通常为大约60%到大约65%的体积孔隙度。应当理解该孔隙度可以是金属对PFA的比率、PFA大小或其组合的产物。较低孔隙度的表面可较容易地通过电泳淀积在其上沉积连续、密集的陶瓷表面,所以“分级结构”(即在骨一侧上是高孔隙的而在沉积一侧上是低孔隙的)或或粗糙化的表面可能是有用的。
在一个实施方案中,示范性的纯钛骨架是在大约65%的孔隙度下具有至少大约35MPa的抗张强度(通过标准张力测试-ASTM E8-99测量),或至少大约90MPa的弯曲屈服强度(通过三点弯曲测试-ASTM E290-97a测量),和/或至少大约65MPa的抗压屈服强度(通过单调压缩测试-ASTM E9-89a测量)。特别有用的纯钛骨架在大约65%的孔隙度下具有至少大约40MPa的抗张强度(通过ASTME8-99测量),或至少大约110MPa的弯曲屈服强度(通过ASTM E290-97a测量),和/或至少大约75MPa的抗压屈服强度(通过ASTME9-89a测量)的那些纯钛骨架。
应当理解,可以使用钛合金以获得更大的强度。示范的钛合金骨架是在大约65%的孔隙度下具有至少大约60MPa的抗张强度(通过ASTM E8-99测量),或至少大约120MPa的弯曲屈服强度(通过ASTME290-97a测量),和/或至少大约90MPa抗压屈服强度(通过ASTM E9-89a测量)的那些钛合金骨架。特别有用的钛合金骨架是在大约65%的孔隙度下具有至少大约90MPa的抗张强度(通过ASTM E8-99测量),或至少大约180MPa的弯曲屈服强度(通过ASTM E290-97a测量),和/或至少大约110MPa的抗压屈服强度(通过ASTME9-89a测量)的那些钛合金骨架。
虽然不打算受理论的限制,但是应当相信孔隙度、金属粉末颗粒大小以及烧结温度是对所得的结构的强度有贡献的重要因素。
在此还提供了制造具有期望机械性能的医用植入物的方法。例如,提供了用于制造诸如髋臼杯的髋关节假体的组件的方法。首先,该方法可以包括制造或获得以髋臼杯形式成形的、呈现出某种程度机械强度和/或韧性的衬底(例如,多孔衬底)。其次,可以进一步处理衬底的不同部分或区域以赋予某些额外期望的机械性能。例如,该多孔衬底可包括在髋臼杯的内部部分上的磨损面,该髋臼杯的大小和形状被设置成用来容纳股骨头。在一示范性的实施方案中,可以将涂层施加到这个内部磨损面上,以优化磨损面的硬度和平滑度并且从而提供具有低固有摩擦系数的磨损面。
在一示范性的实施方案中,通过电泳淀积将涂层(例如,陶瓷)施加到所述杯的表面。上面描述了电泳淀积的各种益处和/或优势。如本领域技术人员所知的,考虑到要被涂布的植入物的表面区域和/或沉积的期望厚度,可以优化各种系统参数(例如,温度、压强等等)。典型地,所述组合物包括氧化铝(Al2O3)氧化锆(ZrO2)或它们的混合物。该陶瓷/液体悬浮体的合成物典型地如下制备:让具有大约0.5到大约1微米的颗粒尺寸的Al2O3和/或ZrO2陶瓷粉末(例如,氧化铝粉末:由Alcoa提供的CT3000SG粉末或由Almatis提供的产品代码4001103)与用于悬浮的液体混合。这种液体包括异丙醇(在分散介质中需要的非常低的水含量)。此外,具有大于或等于大约12%重量百分比的一氯乙酸表现出将悬浮的粉末上的电荷从正值改变为负值并且导致在正极上形成非常平坦高密度的沉积物。典型地,使用基本恒定的电流(例如,大约5mA的电流)来进行EPD。为了控制涂层的位置,可使用特氟龙杯夹具来保持并掩盖植入物(例如,髋臼杯)的不要被涂布的区域。在涂布之后,可以冲洗该植入物以除去任何残留的溶液,并且可以在期望的温度和/或压强下将植入物退火和烧结。
在备选的实施方案中,可以通过注射成型或等离子喷涂将涂层递送(例如,陶瓷)到衬底上。注射成型是在生产中由热塑性塑料和热固性塑料制造零件的制造技术。在高压下将熔化的塑料注射到与产品形状相反的模具中。在产品设计之后,由金属1通常是钢或铝制造模具,并且经精密机加工以形成期望零件的特征。
等离子喷射,一种热喷射方法,是用于利用等离子喷流来产生涂层和独立式部件的材料加工技术。可以由多种材料产生具有从数微米到几毫米厚度的沉积物,这些材料包括金属、陶瓷、聚合物及复合物。把将要沉积的材料(原料)-典型地呈粉末形式,有时呈液体、悬浮体或线材形式,引入到从等离子体焰炬射出的等离子喷流中。在喷射流中,当温度处于10,000K量级时,材料被熔化并被朝着衬底推进。在那里,熔化的液滴变平,快速地固化并形成沉积物。一般地,该沉积物保持与衬底粘附,呈涂层形式;通过除去衬底还可以产生独立式零件。有大量的技术参数影响颗粒与等离子喷流和衬底的相互作用并且因此影响该沉积物的性质。这些参数包括原料类型、等离子气体的组成以及流速、能量输入、焰炬偏移距离、衬底冷却等等。
实施例
以下提供多种用于制造多孔衬底的方法的实施例。这些实施例目的并非是要以任何方式起限定作用。
实施例1
将颗粒大小为大约45μm到大约75μm的商业纯钛粉末(PhellyMaterials,Inc.Bergenfield,NJ,USA)与作为PFA的颗粒大小为大约250μm到大约425μm的NaCl(Fisher Scientific International Inc.Hampton,NH,USA)以大约25∶75的Ti∶PFA体积比混合。以对应于每100cm3的Ti∶PFA混合物大约700μL的数量添加反渗透水。将该混合物加入到模具并在大约22ksi的压缩压力下压缩为生坯。将该生坯放置到水浴中直到NaCl溶解。将获得的金属骨架在65℃下干燥大约4小时,然后在1204℃下烧结2小时。烧结的金属泡沫结构被描绘在图3-6中,其显示出了在复杂形状中的高度多孔的金属泡沫结构。
实施例2
将颗粒大小为大约45μm到大约75μm的商业纯钛粉末与作为PFA的颗粒大小为大约250μm到大约425μm的NaCl以大约20∶80的Ti∶PFA体积比混合。以对应于每100cm3的Ti∶PFA混合物大约700μL的数量添加反渗透水。将该混合物加入到模具中并在大约23.6ksi的压缩压力下压缩为生坯。将该生坯放置到水浴中直到NaCl溶解。将获得的金属骨架首先象在实施例1中那样在烤炉中干燥然后在1371℃下烧结3小时。烧结的金属泡沫结构被描绘在图7-8中。
实施例3
将钛粉末(大约32μm到大约43μm(500-350目))和NaCl(大约425μm到大约500μm)以大约25∶75的Ti∶PFA体积比混合。以对应于每100cm3的Ti∶PFA混合物大约700μL的数量添加反渗透水。将该混合物加入到模具中并在大约30ksi的压缩压力下压缩为生坯。将该生坯放置在水浴中大约12小时以允许PFA溶解。将获得的金属骨架在1731℃下烧结6小时。烧结的金属泡沫结构具有大约65%的孔隙度。通过遵循ASTM E9-89a和ASTM E290-97a进行标准张力测试和三点弯曲测试而确定的抗压屈服强度和弯曲屈服强度分别为82MPa和180MPa。
实施例4
将钛粉末(大约32μm到大约43μm(500-350目))和NaCl(大约250μm到大约300μm)以大约25∶75的Ti∶PFA体积比混合。以对应于每100cm3的Ti∶PFA混合物大约700μL的数量添加反渗透水。将该混合物加入到模具中并在大约45ksi的压缩压力下压缩为生坯。将该生坯放置在水浴中大约12小时以允许PFA溶解。将获得的金属骨架在1371℃下烧结6小时。烧结的金属泡沫结构具有大约65%的孔隙度。如上所述参考实施例3确定的抗压屈服强度和弯曲屈服强度分别为77MPa和196MPa。
在前面的说明书中,已经参考特定的实施例描述了概念。上面描述的许多方面和实施例只是示范性的并非限制性的。在读过本说明书之后,熟练的技术人员意识到在不脱离本公开的范围内的其它方面以及实施方案是可能的。此外,本领域的技术人员将意识到可以作出各种修改和变化而不脱离在权利要求中提出的本公开的范围。因此,说明书和附图被当作是说明性的而不具有限制意味,并且所有的这些修改都被包括在本公开的范围内。
基于上面描述的实施方案,本领域技术人员将认识到本公开的装置和方法的更多的特征和优势。因此,所公开的实施方案并非受已经特定地显示及描述所限制,除非如由附加的权利要求所指示的那样。所有在此引用的公开文本和参考文献的全部内容都清楚地在此引入作为参考。

Claims (20)

1.一种医用植入物,包括:
限定了磨损面的多孔衬底,所述磨损面的大小和形状被设置成用来容纳互补的关节元件;以及
均匀地沉积在所述磨损面的区域上的涂层,该涂层穿透所述的多孔衬底的许多个小孔以促进所述涂层锚固到衬底上。
2.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述涂层是陶瓷涂层。
3.权利要求2的植入物,其中所述陶瓷是氧化铝、氧化锆或其混合物。
4.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述涂层具有期望的厚度。
5.权利要求1的植入物,其中至少所述多孔衬底的一部分是由能够保持电荷的材料构成的。
6.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述多孔衬底为金属泡沫结构。
7.权利要求6的植入物,其中所述金属泡沫结构包括选自钛、钴、钼、钨、不锈钢及其合金的材料。
8.权利要求7的植入物,其中所述材料为Ti-6Al-4V。
9.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述磨损面是凹面的并且有凹陷的。
10.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述衬底包括髋臼杯假体并且所述互补的关节元件是股骨头假体。
11.一种制造医用植入物的方法,包括:
提供包括磨损面的多孔金属衬底,所述磨损面能够保持电荷;
放置胶态悬浮体使其与所述磨损面连通;
跨越所述磨损面建立一定数量的电荷,该数量的电荷驱动带电的颗粒以期望的速度从所述胶态悬浮体流到所述磨损面;以及
保持所述电荷,直到在所述磨损面上形成期望的涂层。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述带电的颗粒包括陶瓷颗粒。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中所述陶瓷颗粒包括氧化铝或氧化锆。
14.权利要求11的方法,其中所述涂层穿透所述多孔衬底的许多个小孔,从而将涂层锚固到衬底上。
15.权利要求11的方法,其中所述磨损面是凹面的并且有凹陷的。
16.权利要求11的方法,其中所述衬底呈髋臼杯形式。
17.一种制造髋臼杯植入物的方法,包括:
提供具有杯元件的多孔金属衬底,所述杯元件限定了凹的磨损面,所述杯元件的大小和形状被设置成用来容纳股骨的头部;以及
以电泳方式将在所述磨损面的期望表面区域上淀积一层陶瓷涂层。
18.权利要求17的方法,其中所述陶瓷选自由氧化铝、氧化锆及其混合物组成的陶瓷组。
19.权利要求17的方法,其中所述多孔金属衬底包括选自钛、钴、钼、钨、不锈钢及其合金的材料。
20.权利要求17的方法,其中所述多孔金属衬底为Ti-6Al-4V。
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CN102946826A (zh) * 2010-06-17 2013-02-27 托马斯·格拉德尔 用于生产陶瓷髋臼的方法
CN105813661B (zh) * 2013-12-10 2019-08-27 诺瓦普拉斯玛有限公司 用于操作植入物的容器、仪器和方法
CN105813661A (zh) * 2013-12-10 2016-07-27 诺瓦普拉斯玛有限公司 用于操作植入物的容器、仪器和方法
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CN107029284A (zh) * 2017-06-03 2017-08-11 张文平 一种人工关节材料
US11495438B2 (en) 2017-08-16 2022-11-08 Nova Plasma Ltd. Plasma treating an implant
CN110944683A (zh) * 2017-08-25 2020-03-31 陶瓷技术有限责任公司 用于医学工程应用的具有至少一种陶瓷泡沫的陶瓷部件
CN110755681A (zh) * 2019-10-31 2020-02-07 北京爱康宜诚医疗器材有限公司 一种金属和陶瓷复合的关节假体及其制作方法
CN110755681B (zh) * 2019-10-31 2023-09-08 吉瑞骨科有限公司 一种金属和陶瓷复合的关节假体及其制作方法

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