CN101678032A - 使用氟喹诺酮调节炎症的组合物以及方法 - Google Patents
使用氟喹诺酮调节炎症的组合物以及方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
用于调节炎症的组合物包含具有式I-VIII之一的氟喹诺酮。用于调节炎症的方法包括将该组合物给药至需要其的对象。该组合物和方法适合于调节眼睛炎症或眼科炎症,包括葡萄膜炎、春天角结膜炎、或涉及与接触镜有关的角膜浸润物的炎症。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及使用氟喹诺酮调节炎症的组合物以及方法。具体而言,本发明涉及使用氟喹诺酮调节眼睛炎症或眼科炎症的组合物以及方法。另外,本发明涉及使用氟喹诺酮治疗、控制、减少或改善眼睛感染或眼科感染和它们导致的炎症的组合物以及方法。
背景技术
身体与其环境的界面是很大的,且因此环境中的毒性病原体有许多潜在的入侵机会。眼睛的外部组织构成了这种界面的一部分,且因此眼睛与其周围组织也易受到毒性微生物的攻击,其入侵和不受控的生长引起各种类型的眼科感染如眼睑炎、结膜炎、角膜炎或沙眼,如果不进行治疗其会导致视力的严重损害。引起眼科感染的微生物的通常类型为病毒、细菌和真菌。这些微生物可以直接侵入眼睛表面、或通过外伤或外科手术渗透入眼球内、或通过血流或淋巴系统输送到眼睛内,导致全身疾病。微生物可以攻击眼睛结构的任何部分,包括结膜、角膜、葡萄膜、玻璃体、视网膜和视神经。眼睛感染或眼科感染会在眼中或眼或周围引起严重的疼痛、肿胀和组织发红、以及视觉模糊和视力降低。
由外来病原体入侵开始后不久身体的先天级联反应就被激活。白细胞(嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞)被吸引到感染部位企图通过吞噬作用来消除外来病原体。白细胞和一些受侵袭的组织细胞被病原体激活,以合成并释放促炎症细胞因子如IL-1β、IL-3、IL-5、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α(肿瘤坏死因子-α)、GM-CSF(粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落-刺激因子)和MCP-1(单核细胞趋化蛋白-1)。随后这些释放的细胞因子进一步吸引更多的免疫细胞到感染部位,放大了免疫系统保护宿主对抗外来病原体的响应。例如,IL-8和MCP-1分别是嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞的有效的化学引诱物和活化剂,而GM-CSF延长了这些细胞的存活并增加了它们对其它促炎症激动剂的响应。TNF-α可以激活两种类型细胞且可以促进IL-8和MCP-1从它们中的进一步的释放。IL-1和TNF-α是T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的有效化学引诱物,它们被活化以产生抵抗外来病原体的抗体。
尽管炎症反应对清除感染部位的病原体而言是必需的,但长期的或过度活化的炎症响应对周围组织有害。例如,炎症使感染部位的血管膨胀以增加血液至该部位的流动。其结果是,这些膨胀的血管会变得泄漏。长期的炎症后泄露的血管可能在周围组织中产生严重水肿,并损害周围组织的正常功能(参见例如V.W.M.van Hinsbergh,Arteriosclerosis,Thrombosis,andVascular Biology,Vol.17,1018(1997))。另外,在受伤部位巨噬细胞的持续占主要地位的存在使这些细胞持续产生毒素(如活性氧)和基质降解酶(如基质金属蛋白酶),这对于病原体和宿主的组织都是有害的。因此,长期的或过度活化的炎症应该受到控制以限制对身体的非预期的损害并加速身体的恢复过程。
糖皮质激素(本文也称为“皮质甾类”)代表对一定范围内的炎症病症(包括急性炎症)的最有效的临床治疗之一。然而,甾类药物可能会有威胁患者整体健康的副作用。
已知某些糖皮质激素对于升高眼内压(“IOP”)比在此种类中的其它化合物具有更大潜力。例如,已知非常有效的眼睛抗炎药泼尼松龙比氟米龙具有更大的升高IOP的趋势,它具有温和的眼睛抗炎活性。还已知与糖皮质激素的局部眼科应用有关的IOP升高的风险随着时间而增加。换句话说,这些药物的慢性(即长期)应用增加了IOP显著升高的风险。不像与物理外伤有关的急性眼睛炎症或眼睛前部外表面的感染那样需要几周的短期治疗,眼睛后部的感染和炎症可能需要长期的治疗,一般需要几个月或更长时间。这种皮质甾类的长期应用显著地增加了IOP升高的风险。另外,还已知以剂量-依赖和持续时间-依赖的方式使用皮质甾类会增加白内障形成的风险。一旦白内障发展了,即使终止了皮质激素治疗它们仍可以发展。
糖皮质激素的长期给药还可以通过抑制肠内钙吸收和抑制骨形成而导致药物诱导的骨质疏松。由于糖皮质激素对身体代谢过程的作用,糖皮质激素的慢性给药的其它副作用包括高血压、高血糖、高血脂(甘油三酯水平增加)以及高胆固醇血症(胆固醇水平增加)。
因此,持续地需要提供改善的药物化合物、组合物和调节炎症的方法。还希望提供治疗、控制、减少或改善感染及其炎症后遗症的药物化合物、组合物和方法。尤其是,还非常希望提供调节眼睛炎症或眼科炎症的这种化合物,组合物和方法。
发明内容
一般而言,本发明提供了使用氟喹诺酮调节炎症的组合物以及方法。
在一个方面,本发明提供了使用新型氟喹诺酮调节眼睛炎症或眼科炎症的组合物以及方法。
在另一方面,这种炎症是前葡萄膜炎或春季角结膜炎。
在另一方面,本发明提供了包含式I的氟喹诺酮或其盐的组合物以及使用式I的氟喹诺酮或其盐调节眼睛炎症或眼科炎症的方法:
其中R1选自由氢、未取代的低级烷基、取代的低级烷基、环烷基、未取代的C5-C24芳基、取代的C5-C24芳基、未取代的C5-C24杂芳基、取代的C5-C24杂芳基、以及能在活体中被水解的基团组成的组中;R2选自由氢、未取代的氨基、和被一个或两个低级烷基取代的氨基组成的组中;R3选自由氢、未取代的低级烷基、取代的低级烷基、环烷基、未取代的低级烷氧基、取代的低级烷氧基、未取代的C5-C24芳基、取代的C5-C24芳基、未取代的C5-C24杂芳基、取代的C5-C24杂芳基、未取代的C5-C24芳氧基、取代的C5-C24芳氧基、未取代的C5-C24杂芳氧基、取代的C5-C24杂芳氧基、以及能在活体中被水解的基团组成的组中;X选自由卤素原子组成的组中;Y选自由CH2、O、S、SO、SO2和NR4组成的组中,其中R4选自由氢、未取代的低级烷基、取代的低级烷基和环烷基组成的组中;且Z选自由氧和两个氢原子组成的组中。
在另一方面,本发明提供了使用式I的氟喹诺酮或其盐治疗、控制、减少或改善对象中的眼睛感染或眼科感染及其炎症后遗症的组合物以及方法。
在另一方面,这种感染是由细菌、病毒、真菌或原生动物引起的。
在另一方面,这种眼科感染选自由眼睑炎、结膜炎、角膜炎、沙眼以及它们的组合组成的组中。
在另一方面,本发明提供了调节对象中的炎症的方法。该方法包括向对象给药有效量的式I的氟喹诺酮或其盐以调节所述炎症。
在另一方面,本发明提供了调节对象中的眼睛炎症或眼科炎症的方法。该方法包括向对象局部或眼内给药有效量的式I的氟喹诺酮或其盐以调节所述炎症。
本发明的其它特征和优点将通过下列详细描述和权利要求书以及附图而变得更明确。
附图说明
图1显示了莫西沙星和式IV的化合物(“BOL-303224-A”)对THP-1单核细胞中的LPS-刺激的GM-CSF、IL-1β和IL-8、IP-10、MCP-1、以及MIP-1α生成的作用。
图2显示了莫西沙星和式IV的化合物对THP-1单核细胞中的LPS-刺激的G-CSF、IL-1α和IL-1ra、IP-6、以及VEGF生成的作用。
图3显示了莫西沙星和式IV的化合物对THP-1单核细胞中的LPS-刺激的IL-12p40生成的作用。
具体实施方式
本文所使用的术语“低级烷基”或“低级烷基基团”表示C1-C15的直链或支链饱和脂肪族烃一价基团,其可以为未取代的或取代的。该基团可以被卤素原子(F、C1、Br或I)部分或完全取代。低级烷基基团的非限定性实例包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、1-甲乙基(异丙基)、正丁基、正戊基、1,1-二甲乙基(叔丁基)等。其可以缩写为“Alk”。优选地,低级烷基基团含有1-10个碳原子。更优选地,低级烷基基团含有1-5碳原子。
本文所使用的术语“低级烷氧基”或“低级烷氧基基团”表示C1-C15直链或支链饱和脂肪族烷氧基一价基团,其可以为未取代的或取代的。该基团可以被卤素原子(F、Cl、Br或I)部分或完全取代。低级烷氧基基团的非限定性实例包括甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、1-甲基乙氧基(异丙氧基)、正丁氧基、正戊氧基、叔丁氧基等。优选地,低级烷氧基基团包含1-10个碳原子。更优选地,低级烷氧基基团包含1-5碳原子。
术语“环烷基”或“环烷基基团”表示稳定的脂肪族饱和的3-15元单环或多环一价基,其仅由碳和氢原子构成,可以含有一个或多个稠环或桥环、优选3-7元单环。环烷基基团的其它示例性实施方式包括7-10元双环。除非另有说明,否则环烷基环可以连接在产生稳定结构的任何碳原子上,并且如果被取代,可以在产生稳定结构的任何合适的碳原子上被取代。示例性的环烷基基团包括环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基、环辛基、环壬基、环癸基、降冰片基、金刚烷基、四氢萘基(萘满)、1-十氢化萘基、双环[2.2.2]辛烷基、1-甲基环丙基、2-甲基环戊基、2-甲基环辛基等。
本文使用的术语“芳基”或“芳基基团”表示芳香族碳环一价或二价基。在一些实施方式中,芳基基团具有5-24个碳原子且具有单环(如苯基或亚苯基)、多稠环(如萘基或蒽基)、或多桥环(如联苯基)。除非另有说明,否则芳环可以连接在产生稳定结构的任何合适的碳原子上,且如果被取代,可以在产生稳定结构的任何合适的碳原子上被取代。芳基的非限定性实例包括苯基、萘基、蒽基、菲基、茚满基、茚基、联苯基等。其可以缩写为“Ar”。优选地,芳基包含5-14个碳原子。更优选地,芳基包含5-10个碳原子。
术语“杂芳基”或“杂芳基基团”表示稳定的芳香族单环或多环一价或二价基,其可以包含一个或多个稠环或桥环。在一些实施方式中,杂芳基基团具有5-24元、优选5-7元单环或7-10元双环基。杂芳基基团的环中可以具有一至四个杂原子,该杂原子独立地选自氮、氧和硫,其中,任何硫杂原子可以任选地被氧化,且任何氮杂原子可以任选地被氧化或被季胺化。除非另有说明,否则杂芳环可以连接在产生稳定结构的任何合适的杂原子或碳原子上,且如果被取代,可以在产生稳定结构的任何合适的杂原子或碳原子上被取代。杂芳基的非限定性实例包括呋喃基、噻吩基、吡咯基、噁唑基、噻唑基、咪唑基、吡唑基、异噁唑基(isoxazolyl)、异噻唑基、噁二唑基、三唑基、四唑基、噻二唑基、吡啶基、哒嗪基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基、三嗪基、吲嗪基、氮杂吲嗪基、吲哚基、氮杂吲哚基、二氮杂吲哚基、二氢吲哚基、二氢氮杂吲哚基、异吲哚基、氮杂异吲哚基、苯并呋喃基、呋喃并吡啶基、呋喃并嘧啶基、呋喃并吡嗪基、呋喃并哒嗪基、二氢苯并呋喃基、二氢呋喃并吡啶基、二氢呋喃并嘧啶基、苯并噻吩基、噻吩并吡啶基、噻吩并嘧啶基、噻吩并吡嗪基、噻吩并哒嗪基、二氢苯并噻吩基、二氢噻吩并吡啶基、二氢噻吩并嘧啶基、吲唑基、氮杂吲唑基、二氮杂吲唑基、苯并咪唑基、咪唑并吡啶基、苯并噻唑基、噻唑并吡啶基、噻唑并嘧啶基、苯并噁唑基、苯并噁嗪基、苯并噁嗪酮基、噁唑并吡啶基、噁唑并嘧啶基、苯并异噁唑基、嘌呤基、苯并二氢吡喃基、氮杂苯并二氢吡喃基、喹嗪基、喹啉基、二氢喹啉基、四氢喹啉基、异喹啉基、二氢异喹啉基、四氢异喹啉基、噌啉基、氮杂噌啉基、酞嗪基、氮杂酞嗪基、喹唑啉基、氮杂喹唑啉基、喹喔啉基、氮杂喹喔啉基、萘啶基、二氢萘啶基、四氢萘啶基、蝶啶基、咔唑基、吖啶基、吩嗪基、吩噻嗪基、和吩噁嗪基等。
糖皮质激素(“GC”)是用于治疗过敏性和慢性炎症疾病或治疗由感染引起的炎症的最有效的药物之一。然而,如上所述,用GC长期治疗通常与多种副作用如糖尿病、骨质疏松、高血压、青光眼或白内障有关。像其它生理表现一样,这些副作用是造成这种疾病的基因的异常表达的结果。最近十年深入研究了GC介导的对GC-响应的基因表达的作用。GC通过结合到细胞质GC受体(“GR”)而发挥其基因组作用的大多数。GC结合到GR诱导了GC-GR复合体易位到细胞核,在其中它通过正(反式激活)调节模式或负(反式抑制)调节模式调节基因转录。已有越来越多的证据表明GC治疗的有益的和不希望的作用是这两种机制的表达的无差别水平的结果;换句话说,它们以相似的效力水平进行。尽管还不可能确定在慢性炎症疾病方面GC作用的最主要方面,但已有证据证明GC对细胞因子合成的抑制作用似乎特别重要。GC通过反式抑制机制抑制与炎症疾病相关的几种细胞因子的转录,所述细胞因子包括IL-1β(白细胞介素-1β)、IL-2、IL-3、IL-6、IL-11、TNF-α(肿瘤坏死因子-α)、GM-CSF(粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落-刺激因子)、以及将炎症细胞吸引到炎症部位的趋化因子包括IL-8、RANTES、MCP-1(单核细胞趋化蛋白-1)、MCP-3、MCP-4、MIP-1α(巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-1α)、以及嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子(eotaxin)。PJ.Barnes,Clin.Sci.,Vol.94,557-572(1998)。另一方面,有说服力的证据证明IκB激酶(其是对NF-κB促炎症反应转录因子具有抑制作用的蛋白)的合成被GC增加。这些促炎症反应转录因子调节对许多炎症蛋白例如细胞因子、炎症酶、粘着分子、和炎症受体进行编码的基因的表达。S.Wissink等,MoI.Endocrinol.,Vol.12,No.3,354-363(1998);PJ.Barnes和M.Karin,New Engl.J.Med.,Vol.336,1066-1077(1997)。因此,靶向不同基因的GC的反式抑制和反式激活功能都产生抑制炎症的有益作用。另一方面,甾体诱导的糖尿病和青光眼看来由GC对造成这些疾病的基因的反式激活作用而产生。H.等,Pharmacol.Ther.,Vol.96,23-43(2002)。因此,尽管某些基因被GC的反式激活产生了有益的作用,其它基因被相同GC的反式激活可能产生不期望的副作用。因此,非常希望提供没有GC治疗的不希望的副作用的用于调节炎症的药物化合物、组合物以及方法。
一般而言,本发明提供了使用氟喹诺酮调节炎症的组合物以及方法。
一方面,本发明提供了使用新的氟喹诺酮调节眼睛炎症或眼科炎症的组合物以及方法。
在另一方面,这种严症是前葡萄膜炎或春季角结膜炎。
在另一方面,这种炎症是中间葡萄膜炎、后葡萄膜炎、全葡萄膜炎或继发葡萄膜炎。
在另一方面,这种炎症是急性前葡萄膜炎。
在另一方面,本发明提供了包含具有式I的氟喹诺酮或其盐的组合物以及使用具有式I的氟喹诺酮或其盐调节眼睛炎症或眼科炎症的方法:
其中R1选自由氢、未取代的低级烷基、取代的低级烷基、环烷基、未取代的C5-C24芳基、取代的C5-C24芳基、未取代的C5-C24杂芳基、取代的C5-C24杂芳基、以及能在活体中被水解的基团组成的组中;R2选自由氢、未取代的氨基、和被一个或两个低级烷基取代的氨基组成的组中;R3选自由氢、未取代的低级烷基、取代的低级烷基、环烷基、未取代的低级烷氧基、取代的低级烷氧基、未取代的C5-C24芳基、取代的C5-C24芳基、未取代的C5-C24杂芳基、取代的C5-C24杂芳基、未取代的C5-C24芳氧基、取代的C5-C24芳氧基、未取代的C5-C24杂芳氧基、取代的C5-C24杂芳氧基、以及能在活体中被水解的基团组成的组中;X选自由卤素原子组成的组中;Y选自由CH2、O、S、SO、SO2和NR4组成的组中,其中R4选自由氢、未取代的低级烷基、取代的低级烷基和环烷基组成的组中;以及Z选自由氧和两个氢原子组成的组中。
在另一方面,本发明的用于调节炎症的组合物包含具有式II的氟喹诺酮类中的成员或其盐,
其中R1、R3、X、Y和Z具有如上所公开的含义;且本发明的用于调节炎症的方法使用这种氟喹诺酮。
在另一方面,本发明提供了包含具有式I或式II的氟喹诺酮或其盐的组合物以及使用具有式I或式II的氟喹诺酮或其盐治疗、控制、减少或改善对象中的眼睛感染或眼科感染及其炎症后遗症的方法。
在一方面,R1选自由氢、C1-C5(或者可选择地,C1-C3)取代和未取代的烷基、C3-C10(或者可选择地,C3-C5)环烷基、C5-C14(或者可选择地,C6-C14、或C5-C10、或C6-C10)取代和未取代的芳基、C5-C14(或者可选择地,C6-C14、或C5-C10、或C6-C10)取代和未取代的杂芳基、以及在活体中可以被水解的基团组成的组中。在一个实施方式中,R1选自由C1-C5(或者可选择地,C1-C3)取代和未取代的烷基组成的组中。
在另一方面,R2选自由未取代的氨基和被一个或两个C1-C5(或者可选择地,C1-C3)烷基取代的氨基组成的组中。
在另一方面,R3选自由氢、C1-C5(或者可选择地,C1-C3)取代和未取代的烷基、C3-C10(或者可选择地,C3-C5)环烷基、C1-C5(或者可选择地,C1-C3)取代和未取代的烷氧基、C5-C14(或者可选择地,C6-C14、或C5-C10、或C6-C10)取代和未取代的芳基、C5-C14(或者可选择地,C6-C14、或C5-C10、或C6-C10)取代和未取代的杂芳基、和C5-C14(或者可选择地,C6-C14、或C5-C10、或C6-C10)取代和未取代的芳氧基组成的组中。在一个实施方式中,R3选自由C3-C10(或者可选择地,C3-C5)环烷基组成的组中。
在另一方面,X选自由Cl、F和Br组成的组中。在一个实施方式中,X为Cl。在另一个实施方式中,X为F。
在另一方面,Y为CH2。在另一方面,Z包含两个氢原子。
在另一方面,Y为NH,Z为O,且X为Cl。
在另一方面,本发明的组合物还包含药学上可接受的载体。
具有式I的一类化合物的一些非限定性的成员如表1所示。没有列在表1中的该类中的其它化合物也适于被选择的情况。
表1
一些选择的氟喹诺酮
化合物 | R1 | R2 | R3 | X | Y | Z |
1 | H | H | CH3 | Cl | CH2 | 2H |
2 | H | NH2 | CH3 | Cl | CH2 | 2H |
3 | H | NH2 | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | 2H |
4 | H | NH(CH3) | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | 2H |
5 | H | N(CH3)2 | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | 2H |
6 | CH3 | NH2 | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | 2H |
7 | C2H5 | NH2 | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | 2H |
8 | H | NH2 | 环丙基 | F | CH2 | 2H |
9 | H | NH2 | 环丙基 | Br | CH2 | 2H |
10 | H | NH(C2H5) | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | 2H |
11 | H | NH(C3H7) | 环丙基 | F | CH2 | 2H |
12 | H | NH2 | 环戊基 | Cl | CH2 | 2H |
13 | H | NH2 | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | O |
14 | H | NH2 | 环丙基 | F | CH2 | O |
15 | H | NH2 | 环丙基 | Br | CH2 | O |
16 | H | NH2 | 环丙基 | Cl | CH(C2H5) | O |
17 | CH3 | NH2 | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | O |
18 | CH3 | NH(CH3) | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | O |
19 | CH3 | N(CH3)2 | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | O |
20 | CH3 | NH(C3H7) | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | O |
21 | CH3 | NH(C2H5) | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | O |
22 | CH3 | N(CH3)(C2H5) | 环丙基 | Cl | CH2 | O |
23 | H | NH2 | 环丙基 | Cl | NH | O |
24 | CH3 | NH(CH3) | 环丙基 | Cl | NH | O |
25 | H | 2H | 环丙基 | Cl | NH | O |
在一个实施方式中,包含在组合物内和用于本发明方法中的氟喹诺酮羧酸具有式III
在另一个实施方式中,包含在组合物内和用于本发明方法中的氟喹诺酮羧酸具有式IV、V或VI
在另一个实施方式中,包含在组合物内和用于本发明方法的氟喹诺酮羧酸具有式VII或VIII
在另一方面,本发明的组合物包含具有式I、II或III的化合物之一的对映异构体,且本发明的方法使用一种或多种该化合物。
在另一方面,本发明的组合物包含具有式I、II或III的化合物之一的对映异构体的混合物,且本发明的方法使用该混合物。
本文所公开的氟喹诺酮可以通过美国专利5,447,926和5,385,900中公开的方法来制备,该专利通过引用并入本文。
在另一方面,本发明提供了调节对象中的炎症的方法。该方法包括向对象给药有效量的具有式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII或VIII的氟喹诺酮或其盐以调节炎症。
在另一方面,本发明提供了用于治疗、控制、减少或改善对象中的感染及其炎症后遗症的方法。该方法包括向对象给药有效量的具有式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII或VIII的氟喹诺酮或其盐以治疗、控制、减少或改善这种感染及其炎症后遗症。
在另一方面,这种感染是由细菌、病毒、真菌、原生动物、或它们的组合引起的。
在另一方面,这种感染为眼睛感染或眼科感染。
在另一方面,这种眼睛感染或眼科感染选自由眼睑炎、结膜炎、角膜炎、沙眼以及它们的组合组成的组中。在一个实施方式中,这种感染选自由前眼睑炎、后眼睑炎、单纯疱疹性角膜炎、带状疱疹性角膜炎、细菌性角膜炎、真菌性角膜炎(如镰刀菌角膜炎)、棘阿米巴角膜炎、巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎、弓形虫性视网膜炎、带状疱疹结膜炎、细菌性结膜炎、水状液和玻璃状液的细菌感染、眼内炎、全眼球炎、沙眼、以及它们的组合组成的组中。
在另一方面,本发明提供了用于调节伴随角膜浸润物(corneal infiltrate)的炎症反应的组合物以及方法,其中,该组合物包含具有式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、或VIII的氟喹诺酮之一,且该方法采用了该组合物。术语“角膜浸润物”指应答应激源如毒素、眼睛刺激物、或对于眼睛环境而言的其它外源物质而进入角膜的免疫系统的炎症细胞。角膜浸润物通常包含多形核白细胞(嗜中性粒细胞),但也可以包含淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞。浸润细胞可以应答来自环境的抗原和包括来自微生物体的成分的毒素诱导的局部组织损伤和趋化因子而迁移自边缘的脉管系统或泪膜。在一个实施方式中,角膜浸润物是与接触镜有关的角膜浸润物(“CLACF”)。有关于接触镜使用的多种机械、缺氧性(hypoxic)、毒性或刺激性刺激因子中的任一种或其组合都能诱导促炎症反应,该促炎症反应导致炎症细胞浸润入角膜。在一方面,角膜浸润物可能与在眼睛表面存在微生物有关。这些微生物可能不会直接导致组织损伤(感染),但会通过释放细胞成分如内毒素、细胞壁物质、或核酸而引起先天免疫反应。M.W.Robboy等,Eye&Contact Lens,Vol.29,No.3,146(2003)。
在另一方面,本发明提供了用于治疗、控制、减少、改善或减轻对象中的炎症或感染及其炎症后遗症的组合物和方法,与包含至少一种用于治疗、控制、减少、或改善相同病症(所述炎症或感染及其炎症后遗症)的现有技术的糖皮质激素的组合物相比,所述组合物和方法使至少一种副作用的水平降低。
在一方面,在体内或体外测定所述至少一种副作用的水平。例如,通过进行细胞培养并测定与所述副作用有关的生物标记物的水平来在体外测定所述至少一种副作用的水平。这种生物标记物可以包括参与产生副作用的生化级联或者为所述生化级联的产物的蛋白质(例如酶)、脂质、糖及其衍生物。代表性的体外测试方法在下文中进一步公开。
在另一方面,所述至少一种副作用选自由青光眼、白内障、高血压、高血糖、高血脂(甘油三酯水平增加)以及高胆固醇血症(胆固醇水平增加)组成的组中。
在另一个实施方式中,将所述组合物首次给药至所述对象并在对象中存在后约1天测定所述至少一种副作用的水平。在另一个实施方式中,将所述组合物首次给药至所述对象并在对象中存在后约14天测定所述至少一种副作用的水平。在另一个实施方式中,将所述组合物首次给药至所述对象并在对象中存在后约30天测定所述至少一种副作用的水平。可选择地,将所述化合物或组合物首次给药至所述对象并在对象中存在后约2、3、4、5或6个月测定所述至少一种副作用的水平。
在另一方面,在大约相同的经过时间后,以足以对所述病症产生与本发明的组合物产生的有益作用相等的有益作用的剂量和频率将用于治疗、控制、减少或改善相同病症的所述至少一种现有技术的糖皮质激素给药至所述对象。
在另一方面,所述至少一种现有技术的糖皮质激素选自由21-乙酰氧基孕烯醇酮、阿氯米松、阿尔孕酮、安西奈德、倍氯米松、倍他米松、布地奈德、氯泼尼松、氯倍他索、氯倍他松、氯可托龙、氯泼尼醇、皮质酮、可的松、可的伐唑、地夫可特、地奈德、去羟米松、地塞米松、双氟拉松、二氟可龙、双氟泼尼酯、甘草次酸、氟扎可松、氟氯奈德、氟米松、氟尼缩松、氟轻松、氟轻松乙酸酯、氟可丁丁酯、氟可龙、氟米龙、乙酸氟培龙、乙酸氟泼尼定、氟泼尼龙、氟氢缩松、丙酸氟替卡松、氟莫可他、哈希奈德、丙酸卤倍他索、氯二氟美松、乙酸卤泼尼松、氢化可它尼特(hydrocortarnate)、氢化可的松、依碳氯替泼诺、马泼尼酮、甲羟松、甲泼尼松、甲泼尼龙、糠酸莫米松、对氟米松、泼尼卡酯、泼尼松龙、泼尼松龙25-二乙基氨基乙酸酯、泼尼松龙磷酸钠、泼尼松、泼尼松龙戊酸酯、泼尼立定、双甲丙酰龙、替可的松、去炎松、去炎松缩酮、苯曲安缩松、羟氟烯索、它们的生理上可接受的盐、它们的组合以及它们的混合物组成的组中。在一个实施方式中,所述至少一种现有技术的糖皮质激素选自由地塞米松、泼尼松、泼尼松龙、甲泼尼龙、甲羟松、去炎松、依碳氯替泼诺、它们的生理上可接受的盐、它们的组合以及它们的混合物组成的组中。在另一个实施方式中,所述至少一种现有技术的糖皮质激素为眼科使用所接受的。
在人THP-1单核细胞中LPS诱导的细胞因子的表达被具有式IV的化合物和莫西沙星抑制的试验
试验方法
人THP-1单核细胞(ATCC TIB 202)购自American Type CultureCollection(Manassas,Virginia),并在包含5%CO2的加湿恒温箱中在37℃下在补充有10%的胎牛血清(″FBS″,Invitrogen,Carlsbad,California)、100U/mL的青霉素(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,California)和100μg/mL的链霉素(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,California)的RPMI 1640培养基(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,California)中保持。将THP-1细胞在包含10%经透析的血清的RPMI 1640培养基中预培养24小时。将细胞接种在包含2%经透析的血清(购自Hyclone,Loga,Utah)的RPMI 1640培养基中的24孔板中,并用载体(DMSO,二甲亚砜),10μg/mLLPS(Sigma Aldrich,St.Louis,Missouri),0.1、1、10或30μg/mL莫西沙星(Neuland laboratories,Hyderabad,India),0.1、1、10或30μg/mL具有式IV的化合物(Bausch&Lomb Incorporated,Rochester,New York),10μg/mLLPS+0.1、1、10或30μg/mL莫西沙星,或10μg/mL LPS+0.1、1、10或30μg/mL具有式IV的化合物处理18小时。每个处理进行三次。
Multiplex Luminex
使用多重微珠(multiplex bead)技术来分析样品,其采用微球作为用于免疫测定的固体支持物并使得可以进行各样品的所有细胞因子的分析(D.A.Vignali,J.Immunol.Methods,Vol.243,243-255(2000))。根据生产者的使用说明测量了十六种细胞因子。简而言之,在4℃下用抗体涂覆的捕获微珠(capture beads)将50μL培养基样品温育过夜。在室温下用生物素标记的抗人细胞因子抗体进一步温育洗涤后的微珠,随后用链霉亲和素-藻红蛋白温育30分钟。使用Luminex 200TM(Luminex,Austin,Texas)和Beadview软件v1.0(Upstate Cell Signaling Solutions,Temecula,California)来分析样品。使用重组人细胞因子的已知浓度的标准曲线将荧光单位(平均荧光强度)转化为细胞因子浓度(pg/mL)。仅使用标准曲线的线性部分来量化细胞因子浓度,且在荧光读数超出标准曲线的线性范围的情况下,进行适当的稀释以确保该浓度在曲线的线性部分中。
细胞的代谢功能
通过AlamarBlue分析(J.O’Brien等,FEBS J.,Vol.267,5421-5426(2000))来测定细胞代谢能力。简而言之,除去培养基后,在包含5%CO2的加湿恒温箱中,在37℃下用1∶10稀释的AlamarBlue溶液(Biosource,Camarillo,California)温育细胞3小时。通过在530-560nm处的激发和590nm处的发射通过荧光测定法读取该板。使用相对荧光单位(“RFU”)来测定细胞成活能力。
数据分析和统计
所有的细胞因子浓度(pg/mL)都以平均±标准偏差来表示。使用载体对照或LPS治疗作为参比,使用具有Dunnett′s验后(post-hoc)对比检验的单向方差分析(one-way ANOVA)来进行比较组间治疗作用的统计分析。对于所有分析,预先确定p≤0.05作为统计学显著性的标准。
结果
通过AlamarBlue分析(数据未显示),在任何情况中治疗组都对细胞代谢活性产生了统计学上显著的作用。由测定来自这些各治疗组的培养基中的细胞因子水平的研究中获得的全部结果概括于表2中。在THP-1单核细胞培养基中,可检测出实质性水平的测定中的16种细胞因子中的14种,影响了除了EGF和IL-7以外的所有细胞因子。将THP-1单核细胞暴露于10μg/mL LPS 18小时,导致14个可检测的细胞因子中的13个显著增加;THP-1单核细胞培养基中的VEGF的量也增加,但该增加没有获得统计学上的显著性。
表2
在人THP-1单核细胞中莫西沙星和具有式IV的化合物对LPS刺激的细胞因子产生的抑制的概括
注:“X”表示在特定浓度下的显著抑制。
莫西沙星和具有式IV的化合物都显著地抑制了THP-1单核细胞内LPS诱导的细胞因子产生。对于莫西沙星,在1μg/ml下观察到对IL-12p40的显著抑制作用、在10μg/ml观察到对IL-1ra和IL-6的显著抑制作用、且在30μg/ml下观察到对G-CSF、GM-CSF、IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-8、IP-10和MIP-1α的显著抑制作用(表1)。对于具有式IV的化合物,在0.1μg/ml下观察到对IL-1α的显著抑制作用、在1μg/ml下观察到对G-CSF、IL-1ra和IL-6的显著抑制作用、且在30μg/ml下观察到对GM-CSF、IL-12p40、IL-1β、IL-1ra、IL-8、IP-10、MCP-1和MIP-1α(表2)的显著抑制作用。莫西沙星和具有式IV的化合物都没改变RANTES或fractalkine的LPS-刺激的产生。
将在此研究中检测的细胞因子分成四个不同的响应组。第一组包括这些氟喹诺酮对其没有显著效力的那些细胞因子(RANTES and fractalkine)。细胞因子的第二组包括GM-CSF、IL-1β、IL-8、IP-10、MCP-1和MIP-1α。对于这些细胞因子,莫西沙星和具有式IV的化合物(在图中标记为BOL-303224-A)在LPS刺激后具有可比的作用(图1)。第三组细胞因子包括G-CSF,IL-1α,IL-1ra,IL-6和VEGF,其是具有式IV的化合物对其显示出比莫西沙星更好的效能(图2)的那些细胞因子。最后,第四组细胞因子是莫西沙星比具有式IV的化合物更有效力的那些细胞因子,且仅由IL-12p40构成(图3)。
对于具有式IV的化合物,在非常低的浓度下观察到显著的细胞因子抑制作用。例如,在低至100ng/mL下观察到具有式IV的化合物对IL-1α的显著抑制作用,在1000ng/mL下观察到具有式IV的化合物对G-CSF、IL-1ra和IL-6的显著抑制作用。这些浓度都大大低于按照局部给药的预期的眼用浓度(K.W.Ward等,J.Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther.,Vol.23,243-256(2007))。因此,可以获得由该细胞因子抑制特性而产生的临床益处。
可以将本文公开的氟喹诺酮化合物配制成用于局部、口服、皮下或者全身给药的用于调节炎症或治疗、减少或改善感染及其炎症后遗症的药物的组合物。如药学制剂领域中的技术人员能确定的,这种组合物包含具有式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII或VIII的氟喹诺酮化合物或其盐和用于给的药学上可接受的载体。例如,本领域中已知的各种药学上可接受的载体可以用于配制溶液剂、乳剂、混悬剂、分散体、软膏剂、凝胶剂、胶囊剂、或片剂。具有式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、或VIII的氟喹诺酮化合物或其盐特别适于治疗、减少、改善或预防由微生物引起的耳朵、眼睛、或部分上呼吸道的感染。将这种氟喹诺酮或其盐配制成溶液剂、软膏剂、混悬剂、分散体或凝胶剂。
在一个实施方式中,本发明的局部组合物包括水溶液剂或混悬剂。通常地,使用纯水或去离子水。通过添加任何生理上可接受的pH调节酸、碱或缓冲液,将该组合物的pH调节至约3-约8.5的范围内(或者可选择地,约4-约7.5,或者约4-约6.5,或者约5-约6.5)。酸的实例包括乙酸、硼酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、磷酸、盐酸等,碱的实例包括氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氨丁三醇、THAM(三羟基甲基氨基甲烷)等。盐和缓冲液包括柠檬酸盐/右旋糖、碳酸氢钠、氯化铵以及上述酸与碱的混合物。将pH缓冲液加入该组合物中以保持稳定的pH,并改善使用者对产品的耐受性。在一些实施方式中,pH在约4-约7.5的范围内。各种pH值的生物学缓冲液都是可用的,例如购自Sigma-Aldrich的那些。本发明的组合物的粘度可以为约5-约100,000厘泊(“cp”)或mPa.s(或者可选择地,约10-约50000,或约10-约20,000,或约10-约10,000,或约10-约1000,或约100-约10,000,或约100-约20,000、或约100-约50,000,或约500-约10,000,或约500-约20,000cp)。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明的局部组合物包括软膏剂、乳剂或乳膏剂(如水包油乳剂)或凝胶剂。
一般使用(1)油质基体;即由不挥发性油或烃如白矿脂或矿物油组成;或(2)吸收剂基体;即由无水物质或可以吸收水的物质如无水羊毛脂构成;来制备软膏。通常,无论基体是油质基体还是吸收剂基体,该基体形成之后都添加活性成分(化合物)至能提供期望的浓度的量。
乳膏剂为油/水乳液。它们由油相(分散相)和水相(连续相)构成,油相包括通常的不挥发性油、烃等,如蜡、矿脂、矿物油等,水相包括水和任何水溶性物质如添加的盐。通过使用乳化剂例如表面活性剂如十二烷基硫酸钠,亲水胶体如阿拉伯树胶胶质粘土、硅酸镁铝等来稳定该两相。一旦乳剂形成,通常以获得期望的浓度的量来添加活性成分(化合物)。
凝胶剂包含选自油脂基体、水或乳剂-混悬剂基体的基体。向该基体中添加在该基体中形成基质的胶凝剂以增加其粘度。胶凝剂的实例包括羟丙基纤维素、丙烯酸聚合物等。通常,在添加胶凝剂之前的时间点以期望的浓度向制剂中添加活性成分(化合物)。
加入本发明组合物中的本文所公开的氟喹诺酮化合物的量不是关键的;该浓度的范围应该足以使该制剂易于施用至患病组织区域,并且其量将把期望量的化合物输送到期望的治疗部位并提供期望的治疗作用。在本发明的一些实施方式中,组合物包含浓度范围为约0.0001重量%-至10重量%(或可选择地,约0.001重量%-约5重量%、或约0.01重量%-约5重量%、或约0.01重量%-约2重量%、或约0.01重量%-约1重量%、或约0.01重量%-约0.7重量%、或约0.01重量%-约0.5重量%)的氟喹诺酮。
此外,本发明的局部组合物可以包含以下中的一种或多种:防腐剂、表面活性剂、佐剂包括添加的药剂、抗氧化剂、张力调节剂、粘度调节剂等。
当防腐剂分散于单次或多次剂量的容器中时可以用于抑制产品的微生物污染,防腐剂可以包括:季铵衍生物(苯扎氯铵、苄基氯化铵、十六烷基甲基溴化铵、氯化十六烷基吡啶)、苄索氯铵、有机汞化合物(水杨乙汞、乙酸苯汞、硝酸苯汞)、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、β苯乙醇、苯甲醇、苯乙醇、苯氧乙醇、和它们的混合物。根据所选择的一种或多种防腐剂,以有效的浓度使用这些化合物,通常为约0.005重量%-约5重量%。所使用的防腐剂的量应该足够,以使得该溶液物理上稳定(即,不形成沉淀)并且在抗菌上有效。
本发明的组合物的成分——包括具有式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII或VIII的氟喹诺酮——的溶解度可以通过表面活性剂或组合物中的其它合适的共溶剂或者增溶剂例如环糊精如α-环糊精、β-环糊精和γ-环糊精的羟丙基、羟乙基、葡糖基、麦芽糖基和麦芽三糖基衍生物来增强。在一个实施方式中,组合物包含0.1%-20%的羟丙基-β-环糊精;可选择地,1%-15%(或2%-10%)的羟丙基-β-环糊精。共溶剂包括聚山梨醇酯(如聚山梨醇酯20、60和80)、聚氧乙烯/聚氧丙烯表面活性剂(如F68、F84、F127和P103)、环糊精、脂肪酸三甘油酯、甘油、聚乙二醇、其它溶解度试剂如辛苯聚醇40和泰洛沙泊、或本领域技术人员已知的其它试剂以及它们的混合物。所使用的增溶剂的量将取决于组合物中氟喹诺酮的量,对于越多量的氟喹诺酮所使用的增溶剂越多。通常,根据成分,以0.01重量%-20重量%(可选择地,0.1重量%-5重量%、或0.1重量%-2重量%)的水平使用增溶剂。
为增加活性化合物被靶组织的吸收或增加在其中的停留时间,期望使用粘度增强剂为本发明的组合物提供比单一的水溶液的粘度更高的粘度。这种粘度增强剂包括例如聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、甲基纤维素、羟丙甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素或本领域技术人员已知的其它试剂。这种试剂通常以0.01重量%-10重量%(可选择地,0.1重量%-5重量%、或0.1重量%-2重量%)的水平使用。
合适的表面活性剂包括聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、乙二醇和丙二醇。其它表面活性剂为聚山梨醇酯(如通常以商品名80、60、20所公知的聚山梨醇酯80(聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯)、聚山梨醇酯60(聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯)、聚山梨醇酯20(聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯))、泊洛沙姆(环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷的合成的嵌段聚合物,如通常以商品名所公知的那些;例如F127或F108)、或泊洛沙胺(连接到乙二胺上的环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷的合成的嵌段聚合物,如通常以商品名所公知的那些;例如Tetronic1508或Tetronic 908等),其它非离子表面活性剂如以及具有约12个或更多个碳原子(例如约12-约24个碳原子)的长链脂肪醇(即油醇、硬脂醇、肉豆寇醇、二十二碳六烯醇(docosohexanoyl alcohol)等)。表面活性剂有助于局部制剂在狭窄通道的表面上铺展。
在一方面,在本发明的组合物中可以包括至少另一种抗炎剂。优选的抗炎剂包括公知的非甾体抗炎药(“NSAID”)。
NSAID的非限定性实例为:氨基芳基羧酸衍生物(例如恩芬那酸、依托非那酯、氟芬那酸、异尼辛、甲氯芬那酸、甲芬那酸、尼氟酸、他尼氟酯、特罗芬那酯、托芬那酸)、芳基乙酸衍生物(例如醋氯芬酸、阿西美辛、阿氯芬酸、氨芬酸、呱氨托美丁、溴芬酸、丁苯羟酸、桂美辛、氯吡酸、双氯芬酸钠、依托度酸、联苯乙酸、芬克洛酸、芬替酸、葡美辛、异丁芬酸、茚甲辛、三苯唑酸、伊索克酸、氯那唑酸、甲嗪酸、莫苯唑酸、奥沙美辛、吡拉唑酸、丙谷美辛、舒林酸、噻拉米特、托美汀、托品吲哚美辛盐(tropesin)、佐美酸)、芳基丁酸衍生物(例如布马地宗、布替布芬、芬布芬、联苯丁酸)、芳基羧酸(例如环氯茚酸、酮咯酸、替诺立定)、芳基丙酸衍生物(例如阿明洛芬、苯噁洛芬、柏莫洛芬、布氯酸、卡洛芬、非诺洛芬、氟诺洛芬、氟比洛芬、布洛芬、异丁普生、吲哚洛芬、酮洛芬、洛索洛芬、萘普生、噁丙嗪、吡酮洛芬、吡洛芬、普拉洛芬、丙替嗪酸、舒洛芬、噻洛芬酸、希莫洛芬、扎托洛芬)、吡唑类(例如二苯咪唑、依匹唑)、吡唑啉酮类(例如阿扎丙宗、苄哌吡酮、非泼拉酮、莫非保松、吗拉宗、羟保松、苯基丁氮酮、哌保松、异丙安替比林、雷米那酮、琥布宗、噻唑丁炎酮)、水杨酸衍生物(例如醋氨沙罗、阿司匹林、贝诺酯、溴水杨醇、乙酰水杨酸钙、二氟尼柳、伊特柳酯、芬多沙、龙胆酸、水杨酸乙二醇酯、水杨酸咪唑、赖氨酸乙酰水杨酸、美沙拉嗪、水杨酸吗啉、水杨酸1-萘酯、奥沙拉秦、帕沙米特、乙酰水杨酸苯酯、水杨酸苯酯、醋水杨胺、水杨酰胺o-乙酸、水杨基硫酸、双水杨酯、柳氮磺胺吡啶)、噻嗪羧酰胺类(例如安吡昔康、屈噁昔康、伊索昔康、氯诺昔康、吡罗昔康、替诺昔康),ε-乙酰氨基己酸、S-(5′-腺苷基)-L-甲硫氨酸、3-氨基-4-羟基丁酸、阿米曲林、苄达酸、苄达明、α-红没药醇、布可隆、联苯吡胺、双苯吡醇、依莫法宗、非普地醇、愈创烯、萘丁美酮、尼美舒利、奥沙西罗、瑞尼托林、哌立索唑、普罗喹宗、过氧化物歧化酶、替尼达普、齐留通、它们的生理学上可接受的盐、它们的组合、以及它们的混合物。在一个实施方式中,NSAID为双氯芬酸、氟比洛芬、或酮咯酸。
其它非甾体抗炎剂包括环氧合酶II型选择抑制剂如塞来昔布、和依托度酸;PAF(血小板活化因子)拮抗剂如阿帕泛、贝帕泛、米诺帕泛、纽帕泛、和莫地帕泛;PDE(磷酸二酯酶)IV抑制剂如西洛司特(ariflo)、托巴茶碱、咯利普兰、非明司特、吡拉米司特、西潘茶碱、和罗氟斯特;细胞因子产生抑制剂如NF-κB转录因子的抑制剂;或本领域技术人员已知的其它抗炎剂。在一个实施方式中,非甾体抗炎剂为塞来昔布。
包含在本发明组合物中的抗炎剂的浓度基于所选择的一种或多种试剂以及所治疗的炎症的类型而改变。在将本发明的组合物应用于靶组织之后,浓度将足以减少、治疗或预防靶组织中的炎症。该浓度通常在约0.0001重量%-约3重量%(或可选择地,约0.01重量%-约2重量%、或约0.05重量%-约1重量%、或约0.01重量%-约0.5重量%)的范围内。
提供下列实施例来进一步说明本发明的非限定性的用于治疗、减少、改善或预防感染及其炎症后遗症的组合物以及制备该组合物的方法。
实施例1:溶液剂
在50-60℃的温度下,在配有搅拌机械的无菌不锈钢夹套容器中,将适当比例(示于上表中)的F 127添加至磷酸盐缓冲液中。将得到的缓冲溶液加热至61-75℃。在约66℃的温度下,将适量的BAK加入到该缓冲溶液中,同时混合3-10分钟。在75℃的温度下,在3-5分钟内将适量的具有式IV的化合物加入到该容器的内容物中,同时继续混合。然后将EDTA和NaCl添加至该混合物中,同时在75℃下继续混合5分钟。将所得到的混合物冷却至25-30℃。将最终的组合物装入合适的容器中。
实施例2:溶液剂
使用与实施例1相似的步骤制备该溶液剂
成分 | 量(重量%) |
具有式IV的化合物 | 0.35 |
甘露醇 | 4.5 |
苯扎氯铵(“BAK”) | 0.005 |
聚山梨醇酯80 | 0.1 |
EDTA | 0.05 |
乙酸钠 | 0.03 |
乙酸 | 0.04 |
纯化水 | q.s.至100 |
实施例3:溶液剂
使用与实施例1相似的步骤制备具有以下组成的该溶液剂
实施例4:溶液剂
使用与实施例1相似的步骤制备具有以下组成的该溶液剂
成分 | 量(重量%) |
表1的化合物8 | 0.3 |
塞来昔布 | 0.15 |
丙二醇 | 0.5 |
阿来西定 | 0.01 |
泰洛沙泊 | 0.1 |
EDTA | 0.1 |
柠檬酸盐缓冲液(0.02M柠檬酸钠,pH=5) | q.s.至100 |
实施例5:混悬剂
使用与实施例1相似的步骤制备具有下面组成的该溶液剂
成分 | 量(重量%) |
具有式IV的化合物 | 0.3 |
去炎松,微粉化的USP | 0.2 |
羟乙基纤维素 | 0.25 |
BAK | 0.01 |
泰洛沙泊 | 0.05 |
EDTA | 0.01 |
NaCl | 0.3 |
Na2SO4 | 1.2 |
硫酸和/或NaOH | q.s.,将pH调节至5.5 |
柠檬酸盐缓冲液(0.02M柠檬酸钠,pH=5.0) | q.s.至100 |
实施例6:乳剂
对实施例1的步骤进行更改以制备具有下表中显示的组成的该乳剂
在50-60℃的温度下,在配有搅拌机械的第一无菌不锈钢夹套容器中,将聚山梨醇酯60(60)以与下表中所示的比例相应的量添加至水中。将得到的水溶液加热至61-75℃。在66℃的温度下,将苄醇(防腐剂)加入到该水溶液中,同时混合3-10分钟。在75℃的温度下,在同样配有搅拌机械的第二无菌容器中,在3-5分钟内将适量的具有式IV的化合物和依碳氯替泼诺加入到Mygliol油中,同时继续混合。将脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯和十六烷基硬脂醇加入到该油混合物中。将所得到的油混合物加热至62-75℃的温度。然后在66℃下,在3-5分钟内,将该油混合物加入到第一容器中的水溶液中,同时剧烈混合。将硫酸钠和硫酸和/或氢氧化钠加入到该混合物中以调节pH至5.5。将所得到的组合物冷却至35-45℃,并通过用高剪切乳化器混合而进行均质或通过均化器进行均质。将该组合物进一步冷却至25-30℃。将最终的组合物装入合适的容器中。
成分 | 量(重量%) |
具有式IV的化合物 | 0.5 |
依碳氯替泼诺 | 0.2 |
聚山梨醇酯60 | 1 |
脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯(乳化剂) | 1.5 |
十六烷基硬脂醇(乳剂稳定剂) | 1.5 |
苄醇 | 0.5 |
Miglyol油 | 14.5 |
Na2SO4 | 1.2 |
硫酸和/或NaOH | q.s,将pH调节为5.5 |
纯化水 | q.s.至100 |
通常,用于乳剂中的油是无刺激性的软化剂油。其说明性但非限定性的实例包括矿物油、植物油和已知组成的改良植物油。该油的更具体但非限定性的实例可以选自由花生油、芝麻油、棉籽油、和中链(C6-C12)甘油三酯(例如Miglyol Neutral Oils 810,812,818,829,840等,可购自Huls AmericaInc.)组成的组中。所使用的通常的乳化剂可以选自由脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯和聚山梨醇酯组成的组中。优选地,乳化剂为非离子的。乳化剂的用量可以为组合物的1.5重量%-6.5重量%,且优选为组合物的3重量%-5重量%。乳剂的疏水相的含量可以为组合物的15重量%-25重量%,且优选为组合物的18重量%-22重量%。
实施例7:乳剂
使用与实施例6相似的步骤制备具有下面组成的乳剂
成分 | 量(重量%) |
表1中的化合物13 | 0.5 |
去炎松,微粉化的USP | 0.2 |
聚山梨醇酯60 | 1 |
脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯 | 1.5 |
十六烷基硬脂醇 | 1.5 |
苄醇 | 0.5 |
Miglyol油 | 14.5 |
Na2SO4 | 1.2 |
硫酸和/或NaOH | q.s.,将pH调节为5.5 |
纯化水 | q.s.至100 |
实施例8:软膏剂
使用与实施例1相似的步骤制备具有下面组成的该溶液
实施例9:软膏剂
使用与实施例1相似的步骤制备具有下面组成的该溶液
实施例10:片剂
在混合器例如带式混合器中将下表中所示的成分掺混在一起。也可以使用粉末混合领域技术人员公知的其它类型的混合器。在适合制备药物片剂的条件下将混合物进料通过压片机。
成分 | 量(重量%) |
具有式IV的化合物 | 0.3 |
微晶纤维素 | 20 |
硬脂酸镁 | 2 |
甘露醇 | 65 |
淀粉 | q.s.至100 |
在一个实施方式中,本发明提供了用于治疗、减小或改善眼睛、耳朵或呼吸系统的感染的方法,其中,这种感染伴随着该组织的炎症。在一方面,该方法包括向具有感染的指征或者已显示有感染的风险的对象的眼睛、耳道、鼻腔或咽喉后部给药一滴或更多滴本发明的组合物。本发明的组合物还可以配制成喷雾剂,其可以给药至对象的耳或鼻腔。
糖皮质激素与本发明的氟喹诺酮的副作用的比较
糖皮质激素治疗的最常见的不期望的作用之一是类固醇糖尿病。这种不期望的病症的原因是肝中的糖异生被与糖异生和由蛋白质分解(糖皮质激素的分解代谢作用)产生的游离氨基酸的代谢有关的肝酶的转录诱导所刺激。肝脏内分解代谢的关键的酶是酪氨酸转氨酶(“TAT”)。该酶的活性可以由经处理的大鼠肝癌细胞的细胞培养而通过光度法测定。因此,通过测量该酶的活性可以将由糖皮质激素的糖异生与本文公开的氟喹诺酮的糖异生相比较。例如,在一个步骤中,用测试验物质(氟喹诺酮或糖皮质激素)处理细胞24小时,然后测量TAT活性。然后比较所选择的氟喹诺酮和糖皮质激素的TAT活性。可以使用其它肝酶代替TAT,例如磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酯酶或果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶。可选择地,对于使用糖皮质激素治疗选择的病症及用氟喹诺酮治疗同样的病症的单独的对象,可以直接测量并比较在动物模型中的血糖水平。
糖皮质激素治疗的另一个不期望的结果是GC诱导的白内障。化合物或组合物引起白内障的可能性可以通过体外定量化合物或组合物对通过透镜状细胞(lens cell)的膜(如哺乳动物透镜状上皮细胞)的钾离子流的作用来测定。该离子流可以通过例如电生理学技术或离子流成像技术(如使用荧光染色)来测定。示例性的用于测定化合物或组合物引起白内障的可能性的体外方法公开于美国专利申请公开2004/0219512中,该专利通过引用并入本文。
糖皮质激素治疗的另一个不期望的结果是高血压。可以直接测量并比较使用糖皮质激素和本发明的氟喹诺酮治疗炎症病症的相似地匹配的对象的血压。
糖皮质激素治疗的另一个不期望的结果是对象的眼内压(“IOP”)增加。可以直接测量并比较使用糖皮质激素和本发明的氟喹诺酮治疗病症的相似地匹配的对象的IOP。
尽管本发明的具体实施方式已在前面描述,但本领域的技术人员应理解,可以对其进行多种等价、修改、替代和改变而不背离所附权利要求书所限定的本发明的精神和范围。
Claims (30)
1、用于调节对象中的炎症的方法,所述方法包括向所述对象给药包含有效量的具有式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII或VIII的氟喹诺酮或其盐的组合物
其中R1选自由氢、未取代的低级烷基、取代的低级烷基、环烷基、未取代的C5-C24芳基、取代的C5-C24芳基、未取代的C5-C24杂芳基、取代的C5-C24杂芳基、以及能在活体中被水解的基团组成的组中;
R2选自由氢、未取代的氨基、和被一个或两个低级烷基取代的氨基组成的组中;
R3选自由氢、未取代的低级烷基、取代的低级烷基、环烷基、未取代的低级烷氧基、取代的低级烷氧基、未取代的C5-C24芳基、取代的C5-C24芳基、未取代的C5-C24杂芳基、取代的C5-C24杂芳基、未取代的C5-C24芳氧基、取代的C5-C24芳氧基、未取代的C5-C24杂芳氧基、取代的C5-C24杂芳氧基、以及能在活体中被水解的基团组成的组中;
X选自由卤素原子组成的组中;
Y选自由CH2、O、S、SO、SO2和NR4组成的组中,其中R4选自由氢、未取代的低级烷基、取代的低级烷基、和环烷基组成的组中;以及
Z选自由氧和两个氢原子组成的组中。
2、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述炎症选自由葡萄膜炎、春天角结膜炎、或涉及与接触镜有关的角膜浸润物的炎症组成的组中。
3、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述炎症包括感染的后遗症。
4、如权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述感染包括眼睛感染或眼科感染。
5、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中R1选自由氢、C1-C5取代和未取代的烷基、C3-C10环烷基、C5-C14取代和未取代的芳基、C5-C14取代和未取代的杂芳基、以及在活体中可以被水解的基团组成的组中。在一个实施方式中,R1选自由C1-C5取代和未取代的烷基组成的组中。
6、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中R2选自由未取代的氨基、和被一个或两个C1-C5烷基取代的氨基组成的组中。
7、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中R3选自由氢、C1-C5取代和未取代的烷基、C3-C10环烷基、C1-C5取代和未取代的烷氧基、C5-C14取代和未取代的芳基、C5-C14取代和未取代的杂芳基、和C5-C14取代和未取代的芳氧基组成的组中。
8、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中R3选自由C3-C10环烷基组成的组中。
9、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中X选自由Cl、F和Br组成的组中。
10、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中X为Cl。
11、如权利要求5所述的方法,其中X为F。
12、如权利要求10所述的方法,其中Y为CH2。
13、如权利要求10所述的方法,其中Z包含两个氢原子。
14、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中Y为NH,Z为O,且X为Cl。
15、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物通过局部、口服、皮下或全身给药至所述对象中。
16、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物包括溶液剂、乳剂、分散体、混悬剂、软膏剂或凝胶剂。
17、如权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述氟喹诺酮或其盐以所述组合物的约0.0001重量%-10重量%的量存在。
18、如权利要求17所述的方法,其中,所述组合物还包含载体和选自由防腐剂、表面活性剂、佐剂、抗氧化剂、张力调节剂、粘度调节剂、增溶剂和它们的组合组成的组中的物质。
19、如权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述组合物还包含非甾体抗炎药。
21、如权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述炎症包括眼睛炎症或眼科炎症。
22、如权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述给药包括局部或眼内给药。
23、如权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述炎症包括感染的后遗症。
27、具有式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII或VIII的氟喹诺酮在制备用于调节对象中的炎症的药物中的应用。
28、包含具有式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII或VIII的氟喹诺酮的药物组合物,其中所述氟喹诺酮以有效调节炎症的量存在。
29、如权利要求28所述的药物组合物,其中所述炎症包括感染的后遗症。
30、如权利要求29所述的药物组合物,其中所述感染包括眼睛感染或眼科感染。
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