CN1016700B - 由烃类原料生产液态烃的工艺 - Google Patents

由烃类原料生产液态烃的工艺

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CN1016700B
CN1016700B CN86108198A CN86108198A CN1016700B CN 1016700 B CN1016700 B CN 1016700B CN 86108198 A CN86108198 A CN 86108198A CN 86108198 A CN86108198 A CN 86108198A CN 1016700 B CN1016700 B CN 1016700B
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约翰尼斯·迪德里库斯·德·格拉夫
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Abstract

生产液态烃的方法,包括:(1)在重整区内,对随蒸汽一起进入的烃原料进行催化重整;(2)用含有二氧化碳的加热气体加热重整区;(3)从在步骤(2)中获得的加热气体中分离二氧化碳,(4)在高温和高压下催化转化步骤(1)获得的重整产物和/或步骤(3)中除去二氧化碳后得到的气体为液态烃;(5)步骤(3)中获得的二氧化碳与步骤(1)和步骤(2)中至少一个烃进料混合。

Description

本发明涉及一种以烃类原料生产液态烃的工艺方法和以此工艺获得的液态烃。
人们所熟悉的生产液态烃的方法是将烃类原料(如天然气)转化成含有氢和一氧化碳的合成气并使用催化的方法将合成气转化成液态烃。
然而,合成气的制备过程需要相当大量的能源消耗,在许多情况下,特别是使用部分氧化做为制备方法,需调整在烃合成过程中所使用气体的一氧化碳与氢的比率。另外,大量的含碳的材料不能转化成所需要的液态烃。而且大量的含碳材料通常不能转变为液态烃。
现在发现,生产液态烃可以使用一种非常有效利用能源和材料的综合的工艺方法。
本发明涉及一种以烃类原料生产液态烃的工艺方法,包括下列步骤:
(1)在至少一个重整反应区内,在高温和高压下对至少部分随蒸汽一起进入反应的烃进料进行催化重整;
(2)用含有二氧化碳的加热气体加热至少一个(或多个)重整区,加热气体中含有在氧化反应区中用含氧气体部分氧化步骤(1)获得的重整产物,或剩余部分的烃进料或其混合物所得的产物;
(3)从在步骤(2)中获得的加热气体中分离二氧化碳;
(4)在高温和高压下催化将步骤(1)获得的至少部分重整产物和/或步骤(3)中除去二氧化碳后得到的气体转化为常态液态烃;
(5)步骤(3)中获得的至少部分二氧化碳与步骤(1)和步骤(2)的至少一个烃进料混合。
本发明的工艺方法最主要的优点是步骤(2)获得的加热气体在步骤(3)被分离出二氧化碳,而后二氧化碳循环并与烃进料混合以达到对含碳物流的最好利用。
本发明的另外一个优点是重整区在步骤(2)加热的加热气体是由本工艺过程中自己产生出来的,而又进一步为本工艺过程所利用,因此避免了使用外部热源而使得本工艺比非综合性的工艺过程更节约能源。
在步骤(1)中得到的全部重整产品(含有一氧化碳、氢、另外还含有少量的二氧化碳、蒸汽和/或未转化的烃类)在步骤(2)中进行部分氧化为好,最好与没有在步骤(1)中进行催化重整的烃进料剩余部分一起进行。
为了更好地利用对前面提到的重整产品部分氧化所产生的热量,氧化区和重整区最好是在一个反应器里。例如在德国专利申请3244252号中所描述的:重整产品气是从充满了催化剂颗粒的重整炉管中流出来的,然后再与含氧的气体混合,也可与烃进料和/或循环气体混合,所得的加热气体(燃烧气体)是沿着上面提到的重整炉管的外壁方向流动。
按照本发明,步骤(1)的工艺过程可使用不同的重整催化剂,例如含有一种或多种选自元素周期表8族的金属的催化剂,最好是镍并以铝土或硅石或其混合物为载体。步骤(1)的操作温度是500℃至1100℃,最好是在500℃至1000℃,操作压力是在3至100巴,最好是在15至40巴。烃进料与混合蒸汽的气体的空速是1000至8000,最好是4000至6000升(标准温度压力)/升催化剂/小时。
按照本项发明工艺,在步骤(1)中转变的烃进料的百分比一般是50%至99%(重量),最好为80-95%(重量)。
步骤(1)的催化重整过程可以在催化剂颗粒的固定床、移动床或者流化床上进行;最好使用管内装催化剂颗粒的固定床多管重整装置。
作为在步骤(2)中使用的含氧气体,可以使用空气。但最好是使用 含氧量大于空气的气体,特别是纯氧,即以体积含量计,氮和氩的含量低于百分之5的氧气;氮和氩的存在是不希望的,因为这些惰性气体会逐渐积存在系统内部。
本发明工艺方法的步骤(2)最好是在与步骤(1)基本相同的压力下进行非催化的操作,以确保上面提到的氧化和重整反应得以结合进行。步骤(2)获得的加热气体的温度当然最好是比被加热的重整区内的温度高一些;合适的加热气体的温度范围是500℃-1500℃,最好是700℃至1200℃。
特别是当在步骤(1)转化的烃进料的百分比相对高时,烃进料的剩余部分最好与步骤(1)的全部重整产品以及至少部分步骤(4)中从液态烃产品中分离出来产品气体(例如,未转化的进料气体、低烯化合物)一起在步骤(2)中使用。
由于通常氧化区的温度高于重整区的温度,任何烃进料剩余部分的转化率都高于在步骤(1)中所得到的转化率,尽管蒸汽与重整产物及含氧气体一起,或作为一单独物流引入氧化区以防止上述氧化区内的燃烧器过热。
另外,在步骤(2)中可使用相对冷的烃类原料和/或其它的进料物流以实现温控的目的。在步骤(2)中使用的烃进料的数量是步骤(1)中使用的烃进料按体积计0%至100%较好,最佳范围是10%至80%。
按照本发明的工艺方法,烃进料通常是气态,如是液态,当然应与所生产的液态烃有区别。进料最好含有甲烷,如以天然气的形式。如果进料的硫含量较高(如以硫化氢或硫的有机化合物的形式),这样的进料起码要进行部分脱硫(在催化重整之前),例如在氢的存在下用含有至少一种金属(化合物)的催化剂进行脱硫,该金属是元素周期表中第6族和/或第8族的金属,载于耐热载体,形成如镍/钼/铝土催化剂。
在步骤(2)中用于加热重整区的加热气体中含有的二氧化碳应在步 骤(3)中部分地、最好是全部地被脱除,使用的方法例如液体吸收(例如有机胺类)、分子筛或者分子膜吸附。蒸汽也最好与二氧化碳同时除去,并再加热后重新使用。除去的二氧化碳(必要时经脱硫后)最好全部与烃进料混合。另一方面,在步骤(3)中除去的二氧化碳还可以其体积的0%至100%的不等数量与步骤(1)和步骤(2)进料物流混合。此外,二氧化碳的补充量可从外部来源中获取。
在本发明工艺方法的步骤(4)中,含有氢和一氧化碳的气体(在步骤(1)和/或步骤(3)中获得的)在费-托(Fischer-Tropsch)型的催化剂存在下经一级或多级至少部分地转化为常态液态烃,所使用的费-托型催化剂至少含有周期表中的4b族、6b族和/或8族的一种金属的化合物,例如:锆、铬、铁、钴、镍和/或钌催化剂。
在一些情况下推荐采用单级液烃合成,这样做的结果是除汽油(沸程为40-150℃)和/或中间馏分(沸程大约150-360℃)的常态液态烃外,还可生产出含有大量低级烯化合物的(以及未转化的进料气)产品气。
如上所述,在步骤(4)中得到的产品气至少部分最好用在步骤(2)而不用于步骤(1)中,在步骤(1)通常不适用,特别是当采用单级烃合成过程时。在步骤(4)中得到的产品气的剩余部分最好在涡轮膨胀机中膨胀和/或燃烧(如在气体透平的燃烧室内)以提供能量压缩和/或从空气中分离用于步骤(2)的含氧气体。
按照本项发明的工艺方法,步骤(4)也很适用于双级的液烃合成过程,在双级合成中在第一级获得的常态液态烃的至少一部分在第二级中进行催化加氢裂化。
在这样的双级合成的第一级中应采用一种类型的催化剂,使获得的产品含有相对少量的烯和含氧有机化合物并且含有相对多的正构烷烃,其沸点高于中间馏分的沸程。第一级的较好操作温度是125℃至350℃,最好是在175℃至275℃之间,压力在5至100巴,最好是在10至75巴之间。
在二级合成的第二级中,在第一级得到的沸点高于中间馏分沸程的馏分应在此进行加氢裂化,成为与在单级合成中得到的中间馏分相比较,具有大大改善了倾点的中间馏分。
特别优选的方案是,第一级的全部液态产品(馏分的分子应至少具有五个碳原子)进入第二级处理,这样可以改善其中较轻烃类的质量(例如:汽油和煤油馏分)。
如果第一级的产品仍含有足够用于第二级操作的未转化的氢,那么两级就可以进行串联流动操作,而不需要在两级之间进行分离或补充组分,并且两级可以在基本相同的压力下进行操作。第二级的操作温度范围是200℃至450℃,最好是在250℃至350℃之间。在第二级操作中所使用的催化剂应含有至少一种元素周期表中第8族中的贵金属(最好是铂和钯,最好以硅铝钒土为载体)。在这样的催化剂中,贵金属的含量以重量计为0.1%至2%为好,最好是0.2%至1%。
按照本发明的工艺方法,如有必要,应从步骤(1)至步骤(4)的至少一个步骤中所获得的产品气中回收含氢气体,以向液态烃合成的第二级和/或烃进料的加氢脱硫提供氢气。
如果在步骤(3)中除去二氧化碳后,得到的用于步骤(4)的进料气体具有氢气/一氧化碳的摩尔比高于优选范围[1.0至2.5,(最好是1.25至2.25)],那么应对上述气体进行氢气回收以降低其氢气/一氧化碳的比值。
氢气的回收最好是采用“变压吸附”的方法,使用分子筛在较高的压力下氢气以外的组分有选择性地被吸附;而在较低的压力下脱吸。因此制氢基本上是在与进料压力相同的压力下进行的。氢回收也可使用半透膜,在低的压力下回收纯度相对高的氢,并且物流的剩余部分的压力也基本上与进料压力相等。
本发明用附图具体加以描述。附图展示的是本发明方法的一个较好实 施方案。(附属设备如泵、阀等没有画出)
烃类进料通过管线1与由管线2通入的含二氧化碳的循环气体混合,并分为物流3和4。物流3与由管线5进来的蒸汽混合后通过管线6(可有一个换热器,在图中未画出)进入重整区7,在这里按照本项发明的工艺过程,实现步骤(1)。物流4与由管线8进入含有未转化的合成气和低级烯化合物的产品气体以及通过管线9进入的基本上纯净的氧混合(氧气来自空气分离厂,此图未画出)。上述气体混合物通过管线10进入氧化区11,在这里上述的气体混合物与由在重整区7产生的重整产品混合并部分氧化以提供加热气体,按照本发明工艺过程的步骤(2),重整区就是该气体加热的。
在步骤(2)获得的加热气体通过管线12进入二氧化碳分离装置13(步骤3),通过这个装置全部含有二氧化碳的回收气体通过管线2循环(步骤5)至烃类进料。水在装置13中去除并通过管线14进入工艺中的热力系统再加热为蒸汽(在图中未画出)。
在步骤(3)中除去了二氧化碳的气体通过管线15进入烃合成装置16(步骤4),也可通过一个脱氢装置(图中未示出)。除氢装置可获得用于装置16和/或烃进料加氢脱硫的氢气。液态烃通过管线17,而产品气体则通过管线18排出。部分产品气体通过管线19作为带动气体分离压缩机透平机的燃料气(图中未画出),另外一部分产品气体通过管线8和管线10循环至氧化区(11)。
本发明由下例进一步说明。
实施例
在如图所示的一个具体的工艺过程实施中,天然气进料1含有每天137百万摩尔的甲烷和每天3百万摩尔的氮,与每天61百万摩尔的二氧化碳(物流2)和每天205百万摩尔的蒸汽(物流5)混合,并进入重整区7,操作温度在900℃,操作压力是绝对压力25巴。在此,进料与以三氧化二 铝为载体的镍催化剂接触。重整产品在氧化区7与每天进量为76百万摩尔的纯氧(物流9)部分氧化后进入装置13,在装置13中上述的每天进量为61百万摩尔的二氧化碳(物流2)被除去,结果产生基本上没有二氧化碳的气体15,其中包括每天245百万摩尔的氢,136百万摩尔/天的一氧化碳,3百万摩尔/天的氮和10百万摩尔/天的蒸汽。在烃合成装置16中气体物流15被转变为7百万摩尔/天的液态烃(物流17),还有产品气体物流(18)。

Claims (8)

1、从烃类进料生产液态烃的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:
(1)在至少一个重整区内,在高温和高压下,对至少部分烃进料与蒸汽一起进行催化重整;
(2)用含有二氧化碳的加热气体加热至少一个(或多个)重整区,加热气体含有在氧化区用含氧气体对步骤(1)中得到的重整产物进行部分氧化得到的产物或对烃进料的剩余部分进行部分氧化得到的产物或这二种部分氧化过程产物的混合物;
(3)从在步骤(2)中得到的加热气体中分离二氧化碳;
(4)在高温和高压下将至少部分在步骤(1)中得到的重整产物和/或在步骤(3)中除去二氧化碳后得到的气体按常规催化转化成液态烃;和
(5)将步骤(3)中得到的至少部分二氧化碳与步骤(1)和步骤(2)中至少之一的烃进料合并。
2、按照权利要求1的方法,其中在步骤(1)中得到的全部重整产品与烃进料的剩余部分一起在步骤(2)中部分氧化。
3、按照权利要求1或权利要求2的方法,其中在步骤(2)中使用的是基本上纯净的氧气。
4、按照权利要求1的方法,其中在步骤(4)中获得的气体产物用于步骤(2)。
5、按照权利要求4的方法,其中在步骤(4)中获得的气体产物至少部分被膨胀和/或燃烧以提供动力用于分离和/或压缩氧气。
6、按照权利要求1的方法,其中在步骤(1)至步骤(4)至少一个步骤中,从所获得的气体产物中回收含氢气体。
7、按照权利要求6的方法,其中回收的至少部分含氢气体与烃进料混合,和/或用于步骤(4)。
8、按照权利要求1的方法,其中在步骤(4)中获得的常态液态烃至少部分进行催化加氢裂化。
CN86108198A 1985-12-09 1986-12-08 由烃类原料生产液态烃的工艺 Expired CN1016700B (zh)

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FR2789691B1 (fr) 1999-02-11 2001-04-27 Inst Francais Du Petrole Procede de synthese de distillat atmospherique comprenant l'utilisation de la technologie fischer-tropsch
ATE535495T1 (de) * 1999-07-15 2011-12-15 Haldor Topsoe As Verfahren zur katalytischen dampfreformierung eines kohlenwasserstoffeinsatzes
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RU2437830C2 (ru) 2006-07-11 2011-12-27 Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. Способ получения синтез-газа
US10005962B2 (en) * 2012-08-30 2018-06-26 Steeper Energy Aps Method for preparing shut down of process and equipment for producing liquid hydrocarbons

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