CN101619679A - 可转换的多种燃料发动机和在这样的多种燃料发动机中用于燃料转换的方法 - Google Patents

可转换的多种燃料发动机和在这样的多种燃料发动机中用于燃料转换的方法 Download PDF

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CN101619679A
CN101619679A CN200910151886A CN200910151886A CN101619679A CN 101619679 A CN101619679 A CN 101619679A CN 200910151886 A CN200910151886 A CN 200910151886A CN 200910151886 A CN200910151886 A CN 200910151886A CN 101619679 A CN101619679 A CN 101619679A
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N·博克霍夫
P·哈格尔
K·斯皮尔
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Abstract

本发明涉及可转换的多种燃料发动机和在这样的多种燃料发动机中用于燃料转换的方法。用于在多种燃料发动机中由第一种燃料转换到第二种燃料的燃料转换的方法从第一种燃料比开始包括下面的工步：提高第二种燃料的份额和降低第一种燃料的份额直到一中间燃料比；发动机在该中间燃料比时运行一确定的时间段；继续提高第二种燃料的份额、并且继续降低第一种燃料的份额直到一第二种燃料比。

Description

可转换的多种燃料发动机和在这样的多种燃料发动机中用于燃料转换的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种多种燃料发动机，该多种燃料发动机可从第一种燃料转换到第二种燃料，以及一种用于在多种燃料发动机中从第一种燃料比开始由第一种燃料转换到第二种燃料的燃料转换的方法。
背景技术
多种燃料发动机以此为特点，它可以有选择地用不同的燃料运行。例如DE4033843C2公开了一种用燃气作为主燃料、并且通过一液态点火燃料自动点火的双燃料内燃机。为了减少废气排放设有一燃烧室，该燃烧室构成单独的与汽缸盖分开的部件。
由DE19754354C1已知一种柴油燃气发动机，其中一空气燃气混合气借助于一点火束被点燃。为了减少氮氧化物的排放设有一在燃气燃烧时可激活的调节装置，该调节装置具有一调节器，该调节器可用燃烧室温度和发动机功率加载。调节器根据该数值控制一执行机构，该执行机构通过一压缩机影响空气流量。
在确定的燃料、例如重油燃烧时可能在燃烧室中产生沉积物，该沉积物在用其它的燃料、例如燃气运行时可能产生作为附加点火源的不利影响，并且因此可能干扰燃烧过程。尤其是在转换到其它的燃料之后该沉积物可能起附加的点火源的作用，由此导致增加了部件损坏的并且因此不受欢迎的爆燃。
为了对付该现象，燃烧室在转换之前沉积物必须被烧净。自由燃烧在内部运行的实践中迄今为止首先借此被实现，发动机以过渡的方式用一第三种燃料被运行，该燃料以微小的沉积物的形成为特征。与燃料的转换相联系为了避免爆燃另一可能性在于，在降低的发动机负载下、例如额定功率的75％时进行转换。两种方式均有缺点，因为转换到第三种燃料不仅设备而且控制技术费用昂贵，或者确切的说由于在转换期间功率的降低，频繁的转换将是不实际的。
发明内容
本发明的任务是改进在一多种燃料发动机中从第一种燃料到第二种燃料的转换。
该任务通过根据权利要求1所述的方法获得解决。权利要求9提出了一种受保护的用于实施根据本发明的方法的控制装置。权利要求10提出了一种带有这样的控制装置的多种燃料发动机。从属权利要求涉及有利的改进结构。
尤其是根据本发明的用于在多种燃料发动机中从第一种燃料到第二种燃料的燃料转换的方法包括下面的工步：
-从第一种燃料比出发，第二种燃料的份额被提高，并且第一种燃料的份额被一直降低到一中间燃料比。
-发动机在该中间燃料比时被运行一确定的时间段。
-紧接着第二种燃料的份额继续被提高，并且第一种燃料的份额继续被降低，直到到达第二种燃料比。
通过发动机在中间燃料比下运行一确定时间段，沉积物被有控制地烧掉。紧接着发动机可在第二种燃料比下被运行。在用中间燃料比的混合工作条件时沉积物的再生被减少，并且同时燃烧室现有的沉积物被烧净。此外在混合工作条件中爆燃出现的非常少。根据本发明的方法的优点在于，发动机在燃料转换期间没有显著的功率降低、优选的是可在全负载下被继续运行。与此同时实现直接从第一种燃料比到第二种燃料比的转换，不必使用第三种燃料。
此外确定的时间段可由表格存储的数值获得，该数值可能重又取决于其它的参数、如燃料质量和发动机目前的运行状态。可选择的方案是确定的时间段可借助于爆燃传感器被确定。优选的是确定的时间段在该情况下结束，即当被爆燃传感器检测到明显的爆燃下降、尤其是完全检测不到爆燃时。
在这里第一种燃料和第二种燃料的混合比被称为第一种燃料比，在该混合比中第一种燃料的份额占主要部分。此外尤其是90％到包括100％的份额被认为有利于第一种燃料。关于燃料份额的百分比说明在该相互关系下总是被理解为有关的燃料占总的引进燃烧室的能量的份额。与此相应地在第二种燃料比下被认为是第一种燃料和第二种燃料的混合比，在该混合比中第二种燃料的份额占主要部分。此外尤其是90％到包括100％的份额被认为有利于第二种燃料。
尤其是在第二种燃料比时这是平常的，即一定的份额由第一种燃料组成，该燃料仅仅被用于所谓的点火束的燃料需求。一燃料比被称为中间燃料比，在该燃料比时第一种燃料和第二种燃料的份额分别位于第一种燃料比和第二种燃料比的份额之间。
优选的是至少燃料的一种借助于点火束实现点火，其中至少暂时地在燃料转换期间点火束的喷油量、相对于在第一种或者第二种燃料比下运行时点火束的喷油量优选的是明显地被提高。通过点火束喷油量的提高实现在燃烧室中存在的混合物的更迅速的连续燃烧，这抵制爆燃燃烧。因此关于在第一种燃料比下的运行被认为是这一运行状态，即在该运行状态时转换还未开始。因此关于在第二种燃料比下的运行被认为是这一运行状态，即在该运行状态时转换过程已经完全结束了。
前面所提到的方法尤其是适合于，当第一种燃料是燃油、尤其是柴油、生物柴油、或者重油时，其中关于燃油的概念也包括所有其它的燃料，在该燃料燃烧时可形成如烟灰微粒的沉积物和残留物。此外前面提到的方法尤其是适合于，当第二种燃料是燃气时，对此包括所有的可燃气体、如天然气、氢气、液态燃气和类似的燃气，但是也包括其它可汽化的或者可喷射的液态燃料、如汽油或者甲醇。
在优选的结构中至少暂时地在燃料转换期间点火束的射入深度被提高。这尤其是可通过点火束喷射压力的提高实现。通过点火束的射入深度可实现混合物的更迅速的燃烧，这抵制了爆燃燃烧。一混合物的有利的更迅速的燃烧同样被达到，当至少暂时地在燃料转换期间一被点火束检测的空气燃气混合气体积被提高时。
在本发明的优选的结构中规定，在检测到爆燃燃烧在容许界限之上时，即当一爆燃指示器超过一预先确定的阈值时，第一种燃料的份额至少暂时地被提高，点火束的喷油量至少暂时地被提高，点火束的射入深度至少暂时地被提高，被点火束检测的空气燃气混合气体积被提高和/或者中间燃料比重新被调整。通过这些措施可按一定程序调整抵制爆燃的燃烧，这些措施分别可单独地、但是也可以相互以任意的组合被实施。此外爆燃燃烧可以由通常的爆燃传感器检测。所提到的措施可多次不仅单独地、而且可相互以任意的组合被重复，直到燃烧室最后或者充分地将沉积物烧净，并且可被逐渐变为用第二种燃料比的正常运行。
优选的是燃料比朝着第二种燃料比的变化持续不断地、尤其是逐段地线性地进行。通过持续不断的变化可逐渐接近具有提高的爆燃燃烧的临界的燃料比。当提高的爆燃被检测到时，可立刻通过实施至少上面所提到的措施的一种抵制爆燃。通过持续不断的变化，突然出现强烈的爆燃的危险被降低，这种强烈的爆燃在燃料比突然变化时可能发生。然而不依赖于此也可以规定，在检测到爆燃燃烧在容许界限之上时可突然被更换到一燃料比，在该燃料比时第一种燃料的份额较大。
优选的是在一多种燃料发动机时用于燃料转换的方法借助于一控制装置被控制，该控制装置被安排用于该方法的实施，当它可以控制燃料比，并且可以利用数据、例如爆燃指示器时。为此控制装置在程序技术上可插入多种燃料发动机的发动机控制装置或者构成独立的用于转换的控制装置。尤其是该控制装置可集成在一发动机的控制装置中。
具体实施方式
下面本发明借助于一实施例详细说明。由此本发明其它的优点和特征同样由从属权利要求中获得。
一重油天然气多种燃料发动机可交替地被用重油和天然气运行。同样在天然气运行时点火借助于少量的重油进行，该重油在天然气运行时大约为引进能量的2％。
重油在燃烧期间产生烟灰微粒，该烟灰微粒附着在燃烧室中。烟灰微粒在燃料转换到天然气之后同样在燃烧室中还存在，并且然后作为附加的点火源对天然气产生影响，这会促进天然气的爆燃燃烧。在下面描述的从重油到天然气的转换过程中烟灰微粒被烧净，因此少量的、优选的是没有附着的烟灰微粒在燃烧室中存在，当到天然气的转换完全被实现时。
为了转换过程的控制，重油燃气发动机具有一控制装置，该控制装置集成在发动机控制装置中。
首先重油的量，该重油用作点火束的燃料，被提高大约50％，即点火束的喷油量被提高。紧接着天然气的份额持续不断地从大约0％被提高到的大约50％。同时重油的份额持续不断地从大约100％被降低到大约50％。因此被调整一中间燃料比，在该中间燃料比时重油和天然气的份额各大约为50％。另外至少暂时地点火束的射入深度以及被点火束检测的空气燃气混合气体积被提高。
这时发动机被用该中间燃料比运行一确定的时间段，直到把燃烧室里的烟灰微粒完全烧净。该时间段由存储在表格中的数值获得，该数值通过实验被测定。紧接着天然气的份额从50％被提高到大约98％。同时重油的份额持续不断地从50％被降低到大约2％。与此同时重油的数量，该重油用作点火束的燃料，也重新被降低到原始数值。2％的重油份额仅仅由重油的数量产生，此外该重油份额在天然气运行时也被引进燃烧室，此外该重油对于点火束在天然气运行时也是必需的。
此外在燃料比中的改变始终具有一持续不断的变化，其中规定了时间段，在该时间段中在燃料比中的改变线性地变化。
在全部转换过程期间，发动机借助于爆击传感器被监视。当爆击传感器检测到一提高的爆燃时，按运行状态第一种燃料的份额至少暂时地被提高。此外按运行状态点火束的喷油量至少暂时地被提高。此外按运行状态点火束的射入深度至少暂时地被提高或者被点火束检测的空气燃气混合气体积被提高。当用两种燃料各50％的中间燃料比自由燃烧已经被实施时，并且天然气的份额已经超过50％时，可选择地或者附加地相对于其它上面所提到的措施，中间燃料比也可以重新被调整，并且燃烧室的自由燃烧在中间燃料比时被继续。
由发动机输出的传动能量在全部转换过程期间基本上保持不变。

Claims (10)

1.用于在多种燃料发动机中从第一种燃料比开始由第一种燃料转换到第二种燃料的燃料转换的方法，包括下面的工步：
-提高第二种燃料的份额和降低第一种燃料的份额直到一中间燃料比，
-发动机在该中间燃料比时运行一确定的时间段，
-继续提高第二种燃料的份额、并且继续降低第一种燃料的份额直到一第二种燃料比。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，至少燃料的一种借助于点火束实现点火，并且至少暂时地在燃料转换期间点火束的喷油量、相对于在第一种或者第二种燃料比下运行时点火束的喷油量被提高。
3.根据权利要求1或者2中所述的方法，其特征在于，第一种燃料是燃油、尤其是柴油或者重油。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，第二种燃料是燃气。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，至少暂时地在燃料转换期间点火束的射入深度被改变、尤其是被提高。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，至少暂时地在燃料转换期间一被点火束检测的空气燃气混合气体积被改变、尤其是被提高。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在检测到爆燃燃烧在容许界限之上时
-第一种燃料的份额至少暂时地被提高，
-点火束的喷油量至少暂时地被提高，
-点火束的射入深度至少暂时地被提高，
-被点火束检测的空气燃气混合气体积被提高，和/或者
-中间燃料比重新被调整。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，燃料比的变化持续不断地、尤其是逐段地线性地进行。
9.控制装置，该控制装置被布置用于根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法的实施。
10.多种燃料发动机，包括一根据权利要求9所述的控制装置。
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