CN101586805B - 一种生物质颗粒燃料燃烧装置 - Google Patents
一种生物质颗粒燃料燃烧装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101586805B CN101586805B CN2009100160527A CN200910016052A CN101586805B CN 101586805 B CN101586805 B CN 101586805B CN 2009100160527 A CN2009100160527 A CN 2009100160527A CN 200910016052 A CN200910016052 A CN 200910016052A CN 101586805 B CN101586805 B CN 101586805B
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 139
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide Chemical compound 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- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 23
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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Abstract
本发明属于洁净燃烧能源技术领域，涉及一种生物质颗粒燃料高效燃烧的装置，其一级燃烧室、二级燃烧室和燃烬室三者顺序排列连通式结构组合成燃烧装置主体，一级燃烧室底部制有台式结构的一次风室，其底端上分别制有定期出灰口和送风管，一级燃烧室左侧边下部处制有螺旋加料进口，顶部空间处制有顶部帽腔；右边上部处制有下斜弯式烟气导流管，其出口伸入二级燃烧室中部处，二级燃烧室右侧顶部处开放式制有内构件将燃烬室与二级燃烧室连通式对接，底端制有台式二次风室和定期出灰管，二次风室底部制有送风管；其结构简单，燃烧充分，效率高，除尘效果好，运行稳定可靠，节能效果明显。
Description
一种生物质颗粒燃料燃烧装置
技术领域：
[0001] 本发明属于洁净燃烧能源技术领域，涉及一种生物质颗粒燃料高效燃烧的装置，
以实现生物质颗粒燃料替代燃煤用于中小型锅炉。
背景技术：
[0002] 目前，城市供热已经越来越多的依赖于热电厂热源的集中供热，但是距离供热中 心较远仍存在供热"死角"，管网铺设的成本高昂，热损失大，得不偿失；一些供热自主单位 如宾馆、学校、医院、游泳馆等需灵活供热，不适宜集中供热。因此，目前城市中供热散户还 大有存在，小型自备供热燃油、燃气锅炉普遍使用，这些散热用户面临的压力包括燃用石化 燃料污染排放指标的压力和能源价格上涨的经济压力；大气排放标准日益提高，供热锅炉 不准燃煤或者必须配置高效脱硫、除尘设备。这些现实条件催生生物质成型燃料锅炉替代 燃煤、油、气锅炉，成为当前集中供热的有力补充，满足环境保护要求，也是能源政策支持用 以解决能源危机的最佳途径之一。目前国内燃用生物质成型燃料的锅炉装置多为燃煤锅炉 直接改造，以层燃结构型式为主，现有的手烧炉、链条或往复炉排层燃锅炉，热效率低下，不 能实现较高的自动化；另外，因为生物质燃料灰熔点低，炉内燃烧常出现结焦熔渣故障导致 停炉。由于生物质中的氯元素、钾元素含量高，高温燃烧时钾、氯元素挥发进入气相的份额 增加，随燃烧释放的氯、钾离子附着在飞灰上，会增强高温腐蚀和尾部烟气的低温腐蚀；改 进的高效燃烧技术，探讨实现炉内可控炉温及可控的飞灰粒径，降低腐蚀的锅炉装置正成 为业内研究的目标。
[0003] 流态化燃烧是大型、中型热容量流化床锅炉的燃烧方式，锅炉系统复杂，炉床必须 具有一定的高度，这成为中小型供热锅炉或者工业锅炉采用高效流态化燃烧的主要障碍； 振动炉排炉通过振动炉排进行燃料的翻动和输送，是层燃炉中燃烧强度、燃烧效率最高的 一种；在同一锅炉中，将振动炉排与流态化燃烧两种高效的燃烧方式进行组合，容易实现燃 烧的自动控制，高效燃烧、低污染排放，此燃烧方法适用于生物质颗粒燃料的燃烧，特别适 用于中小型锅炉场合，其经济价值和社会效益更加明显。
发明内容：
[0004] 本发明的目的在于克服现有技术存在的缺点，寻求设计和提供一种自动化程度 高、热效率高、燃烧充分、适用于中小型容量锅炉的燃烧装置，解决固定炉排、链条炉和往复 炉排炉层燃生物质颗粒燃料时高烟尘、燃烧效率低、易结焦等问题。
[0005] 为了实现上述目的，本发明涉及的燃烧装置主体结构包括一次风室、定期出灰口、 振动炉排、一级燃烧室、螺旋加料进口、顶部帽腔、烟气导流管、二次风室、定期出灰管、布风 板、二级燃烧室、内构件、燃烬室、沉降除尘挡墙、定期除灰口、出口烟窗、积灰室、送风管和 水冷壁管；构成燃烧锅炉系统的辅助设备包括对流管束、下集箱、上锅筒、省煤器、送风机、 引风机、循环水泵、烟闺、控制和显示平台等；其一级燃烧室、二级燃烧室和燃烬室三者顺序 排列连通式结构组合成燃烧装置主体， 一级燃烧室底部制有台式结构的一次风室， 一次风室底端上分别制有定期出灰口和送风管，一级燃烧室和一次风室对接处排列式制有振动炉 排；一级燃烧室左侧边下部处制有螺旋加料进口，一级燃烧室顶部空间处制有顶部帽腔； 一级燃烧室右边上部处制有下斜弯式烟气导流管，其出口伸入二级燃烧室中部处，一级燃 烧室和二级燃烧室通过烟气导流管对接式连通；二级燃烧室右侧顶部处开放式制有内构 件，将燃烬室与二级燃烧室连通式对接，燃烬室中间处竖向制有半截结构的沉降除尘挡墙， 燃烬室底端制有台式积灰室，积灰室底部制有定期除灰口 ，燃烬室右侧内竖向制有出口烟 窗；二级燃烧室底端制有台式二次风室和定期出灰管，二次风室底部制有送风管，该送风管 和一次风室底部的送风管结构相同，并组合连通；在装置工作时，生物质颗粒进入一级燃烧 室，燃烧后，其未燃烬混合物进入二级燃烧室，燃烧后未燃烬物随高温烟气进入燃烬室完全 燃烧后，其灰渣定期经除灰口排除；在一级燃烧室和二级燃烧室中燃烧完全的灰渣分别经 定期出灰口和定期出灰管排除。
[0006] 本发明涉及的用于生物质颗粒燃料的振动与空气流化组合的燃烧室采用折叠间 壁炉膛结构，分别实现振动燃烧、悬浮燃烧和空气流化燃烧，燃烧室分为振动炉排燃烧的一 级燃烧室、悬浮燃烧和流化燃烧的二级燃烧室和燃烬室的三级燃烧结构；顺序横向连排结 构的三个燃烧室四周炉墙均制有水冷壁管和耐火砖结构，相邻炉膛两层水冷壁管之间共用 耐火砖炉墙，耐火砖炉墙厚度为100〜150mm ;水冷壁管上部接入上锅筒，下部接入下集箱； 一级和二级燃烧室均为方形截面的炉膛，燃烬室为长方形截面，其长度大于等于两倍的炉 宽；为防止炉膛中烟气窜入料斗，在料斗和螺旋送料管之间安装送风机；颗粒燃料的螺旋 加料进口在振动炉排上方200mm左右接入一级燃烧室；送入一级燃烧室的颗粒燃料落到炽 热的料层上面，受到炉膛中烟气辐射和下方炭层加热的双面引火；耐热钢材质的振动炉排 根据热负荷、燃料种类、燃烧强度需求的不同调整频率和振动行程，控制燃烧速度；振动炉 排上通风截面比为10%，振动炉排下设2〜3个风仓送风，燃烧室顶部设有帽腔结构，即位 于烟气出口管上部高度150mm的炉膛空间；在振动炉排的震动和送风作用下，颗粒燃烧并 破碎，小颗粒则随着烟风扬析，尽管方截面炉膛的四角和顶部帽腔对强化较大颗粒的内循 环作用很大，大量碳粒随烟气经耐热钢质的烟气导流管进入二级燃烧室；烟气向下喷入后， 碳粒下落至布风板，自下而上的送风经布风板后对碳粒气力流化、进行流化燃烧，更为细密 的碳粒在二级燃烧室上部呈现悬浮状态燃烧；烟气携带部分细小碳粒和大量飞灰经出口烟 窗进入燃烬室的炉膛，为加强沉降除尘作用，燃烬室内安装有在进口下的内构件和折流式 沉降除尘挡墙；挡墙将燃烬室在纵向上一分为二，挡墙由耐火砖嵌套水冷壁管组成，水冷壁 管的管间距稀疏，间距S与管直径d之比S/d = 3. 33 ;管排接入下集箱，下部管段曝光，长 度为炉膛高度的l/3;进口下的内构件为一个30。 /60°直角三角形状，长直角边贴水冷壁 砌筑，短直角边在上部，用以维持烟气进口直行一段距离，短边尺寸伸展到水冷壁管与挡墙 间距的1/3，烟气进入燃烬室时，在内构件短边限制下，直行并充满顶部空间，烟气遇挡墙后 下行，因流通截面逐渐扩大，流速降低，内构件的扰动加速了烟气与颗粒的分离；烟气在折 流经过烟窗上行时，灰尘颗粒沉降入积灰室；烟气上行进入燃烬室第二部分后，先扩散后集 中通过出口烟窗进入后面的对流管束，流通方向和流通面积的不断变化进一步沉降除尘； 燃烬室出口烟窗高为炉膛高度一半的狭长长方形，积灰室四个侧面砌成与水平面夹角大于 45°的斜面，利于灰收集；积灰室通过定期除灰口进行定期开启除灰。
[0007] 本发明与现有技术比较，炉体组装方便，采用方形截面燃烧室，炉膛相对容积大；
4四角在轴向上强化内循环，促进未燃烬颗粒的大量回流，利于充分燃烧；振动、摩擦和撞击 将燃烧中的颗粒破碎，因此，随烟气进入二级燃烧室的碳粒粒径减小至1〜5mm左右，在布 风板上形成流态化和燃烧室上部的悬浮燃烧，进一步提高燃烧效率；进入燃烬室的烟气中 可燃成分为一部分挥发份气体和更细密的碳粒，经过进出口以及内构件的扰动下，空气与 可燃成分充分混合接触，进一步燃烬；两次沉降除尘，除尘效率高，可降低炉尾的除尘负荷 甚至省去炉尾除尘器；烟气通过出口烟窗进入对流管束以及后面的省煤器进行对流换热， 排入大气的烟气温度和烟尘含量均可达到城市A区供热锅炉的排放指标；两次燃烧室中均 可自动控制炉温水平，避免在高温腐蚀率较高的温度区间运行；二级燃烧室和燃烬室中周 期除灰，因除尘效率高，可防止对流受热面上的低温腐蚀；整体装置具有热效率高、工作稳 定、维修方便、运行可靠、负荷可调整范围大，自动化控制、节能等突出优点；特别是燃烧后 污染物排放非常低、环保性能优越，非常适宜环保城市的分散供热或集中供热等。
附图说明：
[0008] 图1为本发明的燃烧装置结构原理示意图。
[0009] 图2为本发明的燃烧装置横向剖面结构原理示意图。
[0010] 图3为本发明实现燃烧方法的流程原理示意图。
具体实施方式：
[0011] 下面结合附图和实施例对本发明做进一步说明。
[0012] 本实施例的主体结构包括一次风室1、定期出灰口 2、振动炉排3、一级燃烧室4、螺 旋加料进口 5、顶部帽腔6、烟气导流管7、二次风室8、定期出灰管9、布风板10、二级燃烧室 11、内构件12、燃烬室13、沉降除尘挡墙14、定期除灰口 15、出口烟窗16、积灰室17、送风管 18和水冷壁管19 ;其辅助设备包括对流管束、下集箱、上锅筒、省煤器、送风机、引风机、循 环水泵、烟闺、控制和显示平台等；其一级燃烧室4、二级燃烧室11和燃烬室13三者顺序排 列连通式结构组合成燃烧装置主体，一级燃烧室4底部制有台式结构的一次风室l，一次风 室1底端上分别制有定期出灰口 2和送风管18， 一级燃烧室4和一次风室1对接处排列式 制有振动炉排3 ;—级燃烧室4左侧边下部处制有螺旋加料进口 5， 一级燃烧室4顶部空间 处制有顶部帽腔6 ;—级燃烧室4右边上部处制有下斜弯式烟气导流管7，其出口伸入二级 燃烧室11中部处， 一级燃烧室4和二级燃烧室11通过烟气导流管7对接式连通；二级燃烧 室11右侧顶部处开放式制有内构件12，将燃烬室13与二级燃烧室11连通式对接，燃烬室 13中间处竖向制有半截结构的沉降除尘挡墙14，燃烬室13底端制有台式积灰室17，积灰 室17底部制有定期除灰口 15，燃烬室13右侧内竖向制有出口烟窗16 ;二级燃烧室11底端 制有台式二次风室8和定期出灰管9， 二次风室8底部制有送风管18，该送风管18和一次 风室1底部的送风管18结构相同，并组合连通；在装置工作时，生物质颗粒进入一级燃烧室 4，燃烧后，其未燃烬混合物进入二级燃烧室ll，燃烧后未燃烬物随高温烟气进入燃烬室13 完全燃烧后，其灰渣定期经除灰口 15排除；在一级燃烧室4和二级燃烧室11中燃烧完全的 灰渣分别经定期除灰口 15和定期出灰管9排除。
[0013] 本实施例根据热负荷所需设定螺旋送料电机和关风器转数，从而控制输入燃料 量；燃料自螺旋进料口 5的扩展槽进入一级燃烧室4，铺到振动炉排3上；启动振动炉排3的电机，将燃料平铺开来；当燃料料层达到一定厚度后停止送料，启动点火系统和引风机，颗 粒燃料被引燃、稳定着火、炉温持续上升后，振动炉排3先慢速和短行程振动，使燃料在振 动炉排3上均匀着火，防止结焦；当一级燃烧室4中温度上升到50(TC左右时，启动螺旋入 料，并逐渐加大振动炉排3的传动电机频率；当一级燃烧室4中温度上升至700°C以上时， 调整送料电机转数至正常，启动送风机，调节一次风室1的开度；一、二次风可由一个较大 规格的送风机提供，总风道上分路供应，阀门调节；打开二次风室8的供风管路阀门，风通 过布风板IO进入二级燃烧室ll，使落下的碳粒层流化燃烧；调节一、二次风阀门和引风机 开度，控制一级燃烧室4和二级燃烧室11的炉膛内微负压或者微正压，温度均低于IOO(TC， 保证燃烧安全、高温水平但防止灰熔和结焦；方形截面燃烧室四角对未燃尽碳粒形成的回 流作用与顶部帽腔6的高度密切相关，即方形截面与顶部帽腔6的组合能够增强未燃尽碳 粒回流，提高一级燃烧室4内的燃烧热强度，并利用颗粒与壁面以及颗粒间的摩擦和撞击， 将碳粒破碎；气固混合物经烟气导流管7喷入二级燃烧室ll，烟气中含有大量的挥发份和 细小碳粒，则在二级燃烧室11中进行空气流化燃烧和悬浮燃烧；高温烟气进入燃烬室13 时，受限于内构件12和沉降除尘挡墙14的作用，因转向流动，且流通面积突扩，烟气速度 骤然降低，颗粒在重力和惯性力作用下沉降下来，烟气横向冲刷辐射对流管排烟窗后继而 折流向上，进入出口烟窗16去往对流管束，因流动方向和流通截面积的再次改变，进一步 沉降除尘；底部较大储灰空间的积灰室17，定期除灰口 15定期开启，亦可安装螺旋除灰装 置；其外辅设备上锅筒上安装的压力表、安全阀、水位计等安全仪表可确保产生热用户所需 参数的热水或蒸汽；烟气流经省煤器后经引风机由烟闺排出；一次风室1下的定期出灰口2 和布风板10下的定期出灰管9均为定期打开进行除灰。
[0014] 本实施例的组合燃烧方式使流态化燃烧炉小型化，适用于生物质颗粒燃料，颗粒 燃料的直径5〜10mm，相对密度1〜1. 4，振动燃烧室中，因颗粒回流的强化使得碳粒表面 的灰壳破碎，碳粒破碎，细密碳粒易于燃烬；大量挥发份和细密碳粒在二级燃烧室中悬浮燃 烧，较大的碳粒在布风板上流化燃烧；此燃烧装置的优势还在于启动快，15分钟左右即可 达到满负荷燃烧；停炉时，10分钟左右即可熄火。振动炉排、流化燃烧、悬浮燃烧相结合的 燃烧方式，可以达到高燃烧强度和高的单位容积热负荷，热效率高；这些特点近似于燃油燃 气锅炉，较其他层燃锅炉具有不可比拟的优势。
Claims (2)
- 一种生物质颗粒燃料燃烧装置，其主体结构包括一次风室、定期出灰口、振动炉排、一级燃烧室、螺旋加料进口、顶部帽腔、烟气导流管、二次风室、定期出灰管、布风板、二级燃烧室、内构件、燃烬室、沉降除尘挡墙、定期除灰口、出口烟窗、积灰室、送风管和水冷壁管，其特征在于一级燃烧室、二级燃烧室和燃烬室三者顺序排列连通式结构组合成燃烧装置主体，一级燃烧室底部制有台式结构的一次风室，一次风室底端上分别制有定期出灰口和送风管，一级燃烧室和一次风室对接处排列式制有振动炉排；一级燃烧室左侧边下部处制有螺旋加料进口，一级燃烧室顶部空间处制有顶部帽腔；一级燃烧室右边上部处制有下斜弯式烟气导流管，其出口伸入二级燃烧室中部处，一级燃烧室和二级燃烧室通过烟气导流管对接式连通；二级燃烧室右侧顶部处开放式制有内构件，将燃烬室与二级燃烧室连通式对接，燃烬室中间处竖向制有半截结构的沉降除尘挡墙，燃烬室底端制有台式结构的积灰室，积灰室底部制有定期除灰口，燃烬室右侧内竖向制有出口烟窗；二级燃烧室底端制有台式结构的二次风室和定期出灰管，二次风室底部制有送风管。
- 2. 根据权利要求1所述的生物质颗粒燃料燃烧装置，其特征在于顺序横向连排结构的 三个燃烧室四周炉墙均制有水冷壁管和耐火砖，相邻炉膛两层水冷壁管之间共用耐火砖炉 墙，耐火砖炉墙厚度为100〜150mm;—级和二级燃烧室均为方形截面的炉膛，燃烬室为长 方形截面，其长度大于等于两倍的炉宽；颗粒燃料的螺旋加料进口在振动炉排上方200mm 接入一级燃烧室；振动炉排上通风截面比为10%，燃烬室内安装有在进口下的内构件和折 流式沉降除尘挡墙；折流式沉降除尘挡墙将燃烬室在纵向上一分为二，折流式沉降除尘挡 墙由耐火砖嵌套水冷壁管组成，水冷壁管的管间距稀疏，管间距与管直径之比为3. 33 ;燃 烬室出口烟窗高为炉膛高度一半的狭长长方形，积灰室四个侧面砌成与水平面夹角大于 45°的斜面。
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