CN101573209B - 加工机械中的几何误差的补偿的方法和装置 - Google Patents

加工机械中的几何误差的补偿的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN101573209B
CN101573209B CN2007800411774A CN200780041177A CN101573209B CN 101573209 B CN101573209 B CN 101573209B CN 2007800411774 A CN2007800411774 A CN 2007800411774A CN 200780041177 A CN200780041177 A CN 200780041177A CN 101573209 B CN101573209 B CN 101573209B
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workpiece holder
machining tool
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measuring
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CN101573209A (zh
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B·彼得松
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Hexconn Stock Co.
Hexagon Technology Center GmbH
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q1/00Members which are comprised in the general build-up of a form of machine, particularly relatively large fixed members
    • B23Q1/25Movable or adjustable work or tool supports
    • B23Q1/44Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms
    • B23Q1/50Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms with rotating pairs only, the rotating pairs being the first two elements of the mechanism
    • B23Q1/54Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms with rotating pairs only, the rotating pairs being the first two elements of the mechanism two rotating pairs only
    • B23Q1/545Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms with rotating pairs only, the rotating pairs being the first two elements of the mechanism two rotating pairs only comprising spherical surfaces
    • B23Q1/5462Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms with rotating pairs only, the rotating pairs being the first two elements of the mechanism two rotating pairs only comprising spherical surfaces with one supplementary sliding pair
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q15/00Automatic control or regulation of feed movement, cutting velocity or position of tool or work
    • B23Q15/20Automatic control or regulation of feed movement, cutting velocity or position of tool or work before or after the tool acts upon the workpiece
    • B23Q15/22Control or regulation of position of tool or workpiece
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q15/00Automatic control or regulation of feed movement, cutting velocity or position of tool or work
    • B23Q15/20Automatic control or regulation of feed movement, cutting velocity or position of tool or work before or after the tool acts upon the workpiece
    • B23Q15/22Control or regulation of position of tool or workpiece
    • B23Q15/24Control or regulation of position of tool or workpiece of linear position
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q15/00Automatic control or regulation of feed movement, cutting velocity or position of tool or work
    • B23Q15/20Automatic control or regulation of feed movement, cutting velocity or position of tool or work before or after the tool acts upon the workpiece
    • B23Q15/22Control or regulation of position of tool or workpiece
    • B23Q15/26Control or regulation of position of tool or workpiece of angular position
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q16/00Equipment for precise positioning of tool or work into particular locations not otherwise provided for
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q17/00Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools
    • B23Q17/22Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools for indicating or measuring existing or desired position of tool or work
    • B23Q17/2291Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools for indicating or measuring existing or desired position of tool or work for adjusting the workpiece relative to the holder thereof
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q3/00Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
    • B23Q3/02Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine for mounting on a work-table, tool-slide, or analogous part
    • B23Q3/04Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine for mounting on a work-table, tool-slide, or analogous part adjustable in inclination
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/30Nc systems
    • G05B2219/50Machine tool, machine tool null till machine tool work handling
    • G05B2219/50125Configurable fixture, jig

Abstract

本发明涉及一种补偿加工机床中的几何误差的方法,其中工件卡具(8)被设置成通过相对于工件卡具连接的加工机床中的固定装置(9)的旋转,工件卡具(8)能够基于已接收到的测量信号而受到调节。本发明还涉及一种用于加工机床中的工件的对准的方法。本发明还涉及用于实现所述方法的装置,该装置包括工件卡具(8),该工件卡具(8)相对于工件卡具(8)连接的加工机床中的固定装置(9)的角度能够受到调节。

Description

加工机械中的几何误差的补偿的方法和装置
本发明涉及一种在例如数控机床的加工机床中的几何误差的补偿方法。本发明还涉及一种能够补偿加工机床中的几何误差的装置。
通过使用例如激光测量系统,能够测量出运动中的加工机床的几何误差。通过模拟机床中的切割力,也能够构想机床中的误差的测量(该情况中的误差通常将大于机床不加载时的误差)。所能够被测量的误差包括:来自线性度(linearity)的偏差(通常它被称为量化误差(scalingerrors),即沿轴线方向的误差,该误差通常是沿轴线的位置的函数,即在例如x轴的情况下,误差=f(x)),来自直线度(straightness)的偏差(通常它被称为正交于轴线的误差,该误差通常被分成两个分量(对于x轴来说,该误差因此具行y和z方向的分量),该误差通常是沿轴线的位置的函数,即在例如x轴的情况下,误差=f(x)),角度误差(通常所称的三种误差:艏摇、纵摇和横摇(如果我们再次考虑x轴的话,则艏摇是在xy角度的偏差,纵摇是在xz角度的偏差,而横摇是绕x轴的旋转),该误差通常是沿轴线的位置的函数,即在例如x轴的情况下,误差=f(x)),以及正交性误差(通常它被称为不同轴线,即xy、xz和yz之间的正交性),即描述轴线的运动的误差。这些误差能够在每一个轴线上被确定。
图1中显示了横摇误差如何产生的实例。该横摇误差是由层表面A和B之间的平行度中的误差所产生。所述测量能够使人们获得描述完好的机床和来自该机床的实际偏差(在其加载的状态或者在其卸载的状态)的机床的模型。
为了补偿加工机床的这些偏差,如果机床具有至少五个轴线则能够实现该目的,由此误差被提供至系统中,并且系统将已经被供给其中的误差加以考虑并且对它们进行补偿。这能够以至少两种不同的方式实现,一种方式是改变在加工过程中将要被使用的部分程序(即运动的方式被改变为这样的方式:当机床根据新的方式运动时,则所述运动将描述“理想运动”),第二种方式是将修正引进到机床的控制系统中(假如已经准备有控制系统,则这种方式是可能的,通常对于所述系统来说能够仅处理简单的误差(正交性、线性度))。然而,大多数加工机床,不仅是那些已经在市场上销售的加工机床,还有大多数那些待售的加工机床,具有三个轴线,并且角度误差的补偿对于这些机床来说是不可能的,特别是如果由于刀具机械地产生相对于工件的错误角度而使误差在轴线运动的过程中改变的话。
因此,本发明的一个目的是实现一种解决上述问题的方案,从而在三轴线加工机床中的角度误差也能够被补偿。
本发明的上述目的通过这样的方法实现:通过至少能够相对于工件卡具连接的加工机床中的固定装置而旋转工件卡具,工件卡具被设置成其能够基于已接受到的测量信号而受到调节。
术语“工件卡具”在此被用于表示直接固定工件的单元(钳具或类似的工具)或者间接固定工件的工作台(例如通过钳具)。见图1中的实例。
优选地,工件卡具被设置成其能够绕至少一个轴线旋转。
通过根据本发明所建议的方案以简单的方式还能够解决一个问题,即装配的物理对准的问题。工件的物理对准通常是加工程序中的费时的且非常重要的部分。
因此,本发明的另一目的是实现一种解决需要对工件进行物理对准的问题的方法。
该另外的方法是通过测量加工机床中的工件的物理位置和定向(例如通过使用机床中的测量探头)而实现的,在测量之后,所测量到的值与标称值相比较并且由此而向工件卡具发出信号(如果在标称值和测量值之间存在任何偏差)以对工件进行定向,从而其被定向在标称的位置上。
本发明的另一目的是实现一种允许加工机床中的至少对角度误差进行补偿的工件卡具。
本发明的该另一目的通过根据本发明的工件卡具而实现,该工件卡具能够相对于工件卡具连接的加工机床中的固定装置而进行角度调节。
根据一个优选的实施例,工件卡具在能够被压缩或者伸长的可调节的杆件的帮助下被连接于固定装置上,这意味着工件卡具能够相对于底座以自由选择的值而被移置和定向。
现在将以借助于附图所示的一对实施例的形式对本发明进行更加详细的描述,在附图中,图1示意性地显示了加工机床中的横摇误差如何出现的原理,图2示意性地显示了用于加工机床中的工件卡具相对于固定装置的角度误差的补偿的原理和非常简单的调节装置,图3A和3B示意性地显示了用于绕两个轴线而旋转的调节装置的原理,其中图3A为主视图,图3B为相对于图3A旋转90°的侧视图,图4显示了根据本发明的工件卡具的第一实施例,并且图5显示了根据本发明的工件卡具的第二实施例。
图1显示了加工机床的原理性装置,包括,通过两个支承表面A和B支承工作台D的机床底座C。工件卡具,例如钳具E,依次设置于该工作台上,该工件卡具在工件被加工机床加工的过程中将工件固定。
从而图2显示了原理性的并且非常简单的调节装置,该调节装置用于实现角度误差的补偿。在此以圆盘的形式表示的工件卡具1被枢轴关节2按照允许旋转的方式连接到固定装置3上,该固定装置3可以是依次安装在加工机床中的固定装置,所述的加工机床未在图中表示。为了相对于固定装置3操纵工件卡具1,为了使其绕枢轴关节2旋转,致动器4被另外地布置在工件卡具1和固定装置3之间。从而致动器4实现了工件卡具1相对于固定装置3的旋转,并且进而其实现了在它们之间的角度β的变化。
通过进一步设置在图3A和3B中的平板5和连接于固定装置的枢轴关节6,并且该枢轴关节6设置成垂直于所示的枢轴关节2,在原理上能够实现一种独立于角度误差的方向而补偿加工机床和工件卡具之间的角度误差的装置。
从而,根据图3A和3B,工件卡具1的表面法向能够通过改变致动器4和7的长度而采用自由选择的相对于固定装置3的角度。全部的三种类型的角度误差能够通过将完整的成套设备设置在圆台上而被处理。该圆台能够被设置在自由选择的平板(1、3或5)上。
图4显示了在不需要任何另外的平板或者两个垂直设置的枢轴关节时,这种装置在实际中能够如何设计的实例。在此情况下的工件卡具8在能够被压缩和伸长的六根杆件10的帮助下而被连接到固定装置9上。这些能够被压缩和伸长的杆件10被设置成相邻的杆件以相反的方向倾斜。这些能够被压缩和伸长的杆件10能够通过电气、液压或气动装置而操纵,从而每一根杆件能够独立于其它的杆件而受到调节。
根据优选的实施例,这些能够被压缩和伸长的杆件10从而兼具根据本发明的上述的补偿原理中的枢轴关节和致动器的作用。
通过操纵这些能够被压缩和伸长的杆件10,能够实现自由选择的角度设定。在此情况下还能够实现工件卡具8相对于附加装置9的位移。
图5显示了根据本发明的工件卡具8的另一实例,如图4中的工件卡具一样,其在能够被压缩和伸长的六根杆件10的帮助下被连接到固定装置9上。该固定装置9可以是连接于加工机床上的部件。
已经在上文中描述的能够被压缩和伸长的杆件10的装置能够实现工件卡具相对于固定装置的位移和旋转,从而能够补偿全部的角度误差。
所述的工件卡具可以是任何合适的固定工件的装置,例如嵌板、钳具或卡盘。

Claims (8)

1.一种补偿加工机床中的几何误差的方法,其特征在于,工件卡具(1、8)被设置成通过相对于工件卡具连接的加工机床中的固定装置(3、9)的旋转,工件卡具(1、8)能够基于已接收到的在加工机床的各轴线运动的过程中变化的角度误差的测量信号而受到调节。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,工件卡具被设置成工件卡具能够绕至少两个实质上互相垂直的轴线(2、6)旋转。
3.一种补偿加工机床中的工件的对准的方法,其特征在于,工件卡具(1、8)被设置成通过相对于工件卡具连接的加工机床中的固定装置(3、9)的旋转,工件卡具(1、8)能够基于已经接收到的在加工机床的各轴线运动的过程中变化的角度误差的测量信号而受到调节,所述测量信号是通过测量加工机床中的工件的物理位置和定向并且在测量之后将所测量到的值与标称值相比较而发出的。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,工件的实际对准在加工机床中测量,并且在于,基于测量的定向和标称的定向之间的偏差的测量信号随后被发出。
5.一种能够补偿加工机床中的几何误差的装置,其特征在于,该装置包括工件卡具(1、8),该工件卡具(1、8)相对于该工件卡具连接的加工机床中的固定装置(3、9)的角度能够基于已接收到的在加工机床的各轴线运动的过程中变化的角度误差的测量信号而受到调节。
6.如权利要求5所述的装置,其特征在于,工件卡具(8)在能够被压缩和伸长的可调节的杆件(10)的帮助下被连接到固定装置(9)上。
7.如权利要求5所述的装置,其特征在于,工件卡具(8)在六个能够被压缩和伸长的可调节的杆件(10)的帮助下被连接到固定装置(9)上。
8.如权利要求6或7所述的装置,其特征在于,相邻的能够被压缩和伸长的杆件(10)被布置成他们以相反的方向倾斜。
CN2007800411774A 2006-11-16 2007-11-16 加工机械中的几何误差的补偿的方法和装置 Expired - Fee Related CN101573209B (zh)

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