CN101446238A - 控制混合动力系的排气后处理系统的升温的方法和装置 - Google Patents

控制混合动力系的排气后处理系统的升温的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN101446238A
CN101446238A CNA2008101744545A CN200810174454A CN101446238A CN 101446238 A CN101446238 A CN 101446238A CN A2008101744545 A CNA2008101744545 A CN A2008101744545A CN 200810174454 A CN200810174454 A CN 200810174454A CN 101446238 A CN101446238 A CN 101446238A
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engine
code
loss
power loss
energy loss
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CN101446238B (zh
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A·H·希普
J·L·拉蒂
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • Y02T10/64Electric machine technologies in electromobility
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/80Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
    • Y02T10/84Data processing systems or methods, management, administration

Abstract

控制混合动力系的排气后处理系统的升温的方法和装置:控制内燃发动机以达到排气后处理系统的适宜温度并最小化总发动机能量损失。基于优选的发动机运转控制变速器来获得扭矩输出。

Description

控制混合动力系的排气后处理系统的升温的方法和装置
相关申请的参见
[0001]本申请要求2007年11月7日提交的美国临时申请No.60/985,980的受益权,在此以参见的方式将其引入。
技术领域
[0002]本发明总体涉及用于混合动力系统的控制系统。
背景技术
[0003]本部分的说明仅提供与本发明相关的背景资料,可能不构成现有技术。
[0004]包括混合动力系结构的动力系控制系统用于满足操作者对性能的要求,例如扭矩和加速度。操作者对性能的要求与其它的操作者需求和调节(比如燃料经济性和排放物)保持平衡。操作者对性能的要求与其它操作者的需求和规则的平衡可通过量化与正在进行的运转期间的特定运行条件有关的发动机功率损失来完成。
[0005]确定瞬时发动机功率损失的已知系统利用存储在在线计算机中的预校准表基于所测量的运转期间的运行条件来确定损失。该系统占用相当大数量的计算机存储器。该存储空间由发动机运行状态(例如汽缸断缸)进一步地复合。这种系统不能适应变异的运行条件,包括发动机升温和排气后处理系统的升温。
发明内容
[0006]一种控制流体地连接到排气后处理系统并可操作地连接到变速器上以向传动系传递牵引力的内燃发动机的方法,该方法包括监视周围环境运行条件和发动机运行条件,并确定所述排气后处理系统的温度。确定优选的发动机运转以达到排气后处理系统的适宜温度并最小化发动机运行周期期间的总能量损失。基于优选的发动机运转,控制发动机至优选的发动机运转并控制变速器以获得扭矩输出。
附图说明
[0007]现在参照附图,以举例的方式说明一个或多个实施例,其中:
[0008]图1是根据本发明的动力系和控制系统的示范性结构的原理图;
[0009]图2是根据本发明的示意性绘图;以及
[0010]图3是根据本发明的图表式绘图。
具体实施方式
[0011]现在参考附图,其中,视图仅用于说明某些示范性实施例而非对其限制,图1描述的是用于执行控制例行程序(controlroutines)的示范性动力系和控制系统的原理图。动力系包括内燃发动机14与第一和第二电机(‘MG-A’)56和(‘MG-B’)72。内燃发动机14与第一和第二电机56和72中的每一个都产生经由变速器10传递至输出部件64(例如车辆的传动系,未示出)的动力。由发动机14与第一和第二电机56和72产生并传递至变速器10的动力被以输入扭矩和速度来表征并说明,输入扭矩在此称之为Ti、TA和TB,速度在此称之为Ni、NA和NB
[0012]示范性的发动机14包括可选择性地在几个状态下运转以经由输入部件12,例如转轴,向变速器传递动力的多缸内燃发动机。发动机14可以是火花点火式或压燃式发动机。发动机14包括可操作地耦合到变速器10的输入部件12上的曲轴。转速传感器监视输入部件12的转速。发动机由发动机控制模块23(以下称‘ECM’)监视并控制。包括发动机转速NE和扭矩输出TE的发动机运行点表示发动机的动力输出。由于发动机14和变速器10之间的输入轴12上的扭矩消耗部件(例如液压泵和/或扭矩管理装置)的设置,使得发动机运行点不同于变速器10的输入速度Ni和输入扭矩Ti
[0013]发动机14流体地连接到排气后处理系统16(以下称‘催化剂’),该排气后处理系统16包括一个或多个用于氧化和/或还原(即转换)发动机排气供入流成分和/或捕集并燃烧颗粒物质的装置。所关注的示范性排气供入流成分包括碳氢化合物(以下称‘HC’)、一氧化碳(以下称‘CO’)、氮氧化物(以下称‘NOx’)以及颗粒物质(以下称‘PM’)。催化剂16装置设置成在这样的条件内运转,即可以优化HC、CO、NOx和PM中的一个或多个的转化效率的温度和流率的优选范围。当催化剂16暴露于并达到优选运行温度范围以下的温度时,将会产生排气成分低效率转化的结果,这包括HC和CO的低效率氧化、NOx的低效率还原以及PM的不完全燃烧。当催化剂16暴露于并达到大于优选工作范围的温度时,将会产生包括热损伤的结果。一种包括三路催化转化器的示范性催化剂16具有大约300℃的点火温度(light-off temperature)以及低于大约600℃的优选运行温度。
[0014]发动机运转依据发动机运行点、发动机运行模式和发动机状态进行说明,其中发动机可选择性地运转。发动机运行模式包括的空/燃比运转以化学计量运行模式和富运行模式之一进行。该空/燃比运转另外还包括贫运行模式,例如当发动机作为压燃式发动机运转时。发动机运行模式还包括发动机温度管理,该发动机温度管理包括催化剂升温模式和一般基于催化剂16的温度的升温后催化剂模式。对于示范性的催化剂16,当催化剂16的温度低于大约300℃时执行升温模式(warm-up mode),当催化剂温度为600℃或在600℃以上时执行变热模式(warmed-up mode)。
[0015]发动机升温模式包括发动机运行控制例行程序,该发动机运行控制例行程序包括在起动之后为提高由发动机产生的燃烧热的发动机运转期间的延迟火花点火定时(当发动机包括火花点火发动机时)或延迟燃料喷射定时(当发动机包括压燃式发动机时)。在燃烧期间产生的增加的热量被传递至后处理系统16。发动机状态包括正常发动机状态和断缸状态。在正常发动机状态中,全部发动机气缸被供以燃料并点火。在断缸状态中,一般地一半气缸,例如V形设置的发动机的一侧,被断缸。一侧气缸一般通过对其停止燃料喷射和停用阀来使其断缸。
[0016]第一和第二电机56和72中的每一个都包括具有可在定子内旋转的转子的三相交流电机。电能存储装置(以下称‘ESD’)74经由直流传送导体27高压直流耦合到变速器动力变换器模块(以下称‘TPIM’)19上。TPIM19是控制系统的一个单元。
[0017]示范性的变速器10优选地包括:具有可操作地耦合到发动机14的曲轴上的输入部件12的装置;一个或多个行星齿轮组;一个或多个扭矩传递装置(例如离合器、制动器);和输出部件64。每个第一和第二电机56和72的定子都通过变速器10的壳体接地,两个转子可操作地耦合到行星齿轮组的旋转元件上以向其传递扭矩。一个行星齿轮组的一个元件可操作地耦合到输入部件12,一个行星齿轮组的一个元件可操作地耦合到输出部件64。变速器10从扭矩产生装置接收输入动力,该扭矩产生装置包括发动机14和分别从存储在ESD74内的燃料或电势进行能量转换的第一和第二电机56和72。
[0018]在此说明的控制系统由全部车辆控制结构的子结构组成,并提供示范性动力系的相配的系统控制。控制系统综合处理有关信息和输入,并执行算法以控制各个致动器来实现比如燃料经济性、排放物、性能、驱动性能以及包括ESD74的电池和第一和第二电机56和72的硬件保护的控制目标。分布的控制模块系统包括ECM23、变速器控制模块(以下称‘TCM’)17、蓄电池组控制模块(以下称‘BPCM’)21和TPIM19。混合控制模块(以下称‘HCP’)5提供ECM23、TCM17、BPCM21和TPIM19的监控和协调。用户界面(‘UI’)13可操作地连接到多个装置上,车辆操作者通过所述多个装置控制或引导电力-机械混合动力系的运转。上述装置包括判定操作者扭矩请求的加速踏板113(‘AP’)、操作者制动踏板112(‘BP’)、变速器齿轮选择器114(‘PRNDL’)和车速巡航控制(未示出)。变速器齿轮选择器114可具有不连续数量的操作者可选择位置以使输出部件64沿向前和相反方向中的一个。
[0019]ECM23可操作地连接到发动机14上并起到从若干传感器获得数据并通过总体显示为总线35的多个不连续线路分别控制发动机14的若干致动器的作用。ECM23监视发动机运行条件,包括监视来自各个发动机传感装置的输入和发动机运转以确定发动机转速(RPM)、发动机负荷(制动扭矩,N-m)、大气压以及发动机冷却液温度。用于监视发动机运行条件的发动机传感装置包括曲轴传感器和空气质量流量传感器,ECM23根据曲轴传感器确定发动机转速NE(RPM),ECM利用空气质量流量传感器确定发动机扭矩TE或负载(例如,NMEP,以N-m为单位)。发动机负荷还可由监视操作者对加速踏板113的输入来测定。发动机传感装置还包括冷却剂温度传感器和排气传感器,ECM23通过冷却剂温度传感器监视发动机温度,ECM23通过排气传感器监视排气供入流,比如空/燃比、温度或排气成分。ECM23监视发动机运行条件,包括发动机转速(RPM)、负载(制动扭矩或NMEP,以N-m为单位)、大气压、冷却剂温度和排气,例如空/燃比。发动机空/燃比可用传感器直接测量或基于发动机运行条件进行估算。ECM23基于发动机运行条件来估算催化剂16的温度。可选择的,可采用一个或多个温度传感装置监视排气后处理系统16的某一个元件的温度。ECM23产生并传达指令信号以控制发动机致动器,包括例如燃料喷射器、点火模块和节流控制模块。
[0020]TCM17可操作地连接到变速器10上并起到从若干传感器获得数据并向变速器10提供指令信号的作用,包括监视来自压力开关的输入并可选择性地驱动压力控制电磁线圈和转换电磁线圈以致动离合器来获得各种变速器运行模式。BPCM21信号连接到一个或多个传感器,操作一个或多个传感器来监视ESD74的电流或电压参数以提供HCP5的电池状态的信息。这些信息包括电池充电状态(‘SOC’)、电池电压、安培小时容量和可用电池电力。
[0021]根据第一和第二电机56和72的电机扭矩指令,TPIM19通过传送导体29向第一电机56并从第一电机56传递电力,TPIM19同样通过传送导体31向第二电机72并从第二电机72传递电力。根据ESD74处于充电或放电状态向ESD74输入或从ESD74输出电流。TPIM19包括一对功率变换器和相应的马达控制模块,马达控制模块设置成接收马达控制指令并由此控制变换器状态以提供电机驱动或再生功能。
[0022]每个上述控制模块优选地包括通用的数字计算机,通用的数字计算机大体包括:微处理器或中央处理器;包括随机存贮器、非易失存储器(只读存储器和电可编程序只读存储器)的存储介质;高速时钟;模数转换和数模转换电路;输入/输出电路和装置;以及适当的信号调节和缓冲电路。每个控制模块具有一组控制算法,包括记录在只读存储器中并可执行以提供每个控制模块的相应功能的机器可执行码和校准。每个上述控制模块通过局域网(‘LAN’)总线6与其它控制模块、传感器和致动器通信。LAN总线6允许在各个控制模块之间有条理地进行控制参数和指令的通信。所利用的特定通信协议为特定应用(application-specific)。LAN总线和适当的协议为上述控制模块和提供功能(比如防抱死制动器、附着力控制和车辆稳定性)的其它控制模块之间提供稳定通信和多控制模块接口。
[0023]在每个控制模块中用于控制和状态估算的算法一般在预定周期期间执行,以使每个算法每个周期至少执行一次。存储在非易失存储器装置中的算法通过中央处理器的相应算法执行,并用于监视来自传感装置、执行控制以及诊断程序的输入从而利用预定校准控制相应装置的运转。循环周期一般被定期执行,比如在发动机运行和车辆运转期间的每3.125、6.25、12.5、25、50和100毫秒内。可选择地,算法可响应于事件的发生而被执行。
[0024]在发动机运行周期期间,即从发动机起动到随后的发动机停止的发动机运转时间,控制模块执行控制例行程序以监视并控制发动机14,包括控制发动机运转和控制电力-机械变速器10的运转以通过优化总动力损失并影响发动机14的升温和催化剂16来最小化总能量损失。这包括执行控制例行程序以监视周围环境运行条件、发动机运行条件和动力系运行条件。周围环境运行条件包括环境温度和大气压,优选地用车辆上的传感装置进行监视。监视车辆运转包括确定催化剂16的温度。当控制例行程序确定催化剂16在适宜温度之下时,例如在冷启动运行周期期间,控制例行程序识别优选的发动机运转以达到适宜的温度而最小化总能量损失。控制发动机14的运转以达到催化剂16的适宜温度。基于优选的发动机运转和操作者扭矩请求以及其它因素,控制电力-机械变速器10以获得扭矩输出。达到适宜温度并最小化总能量损失的优选发动机运转包括估算未来能量损失并确定动力损失和所估算的未来能量损失的变化率,然后确定优选的发动机运转以最小化动力损失和所估算的未来能量损失的变化率。控制例行程序包括以机器可执行码的形式优选地存储在一个控制模块(比如HCP5)的非易失存储器装置中的算法。HCP5执行估算发动机运行周期的未来能量损失的控制例行程序,并确定发动机运转的范围中发动机运行周期的所估算的未来能量损失的电流动力损失和时间变化率。
[0025]电流总功率损失(‘PLOSS_TOT’)包括通过电力-机械变速器10与第一和第二电机56和72的功率损失(在此也称为PLOSS_OTHER)和发动机功率损失(在此也称为PLOSS_ENG)。发动机功率损失包括在当前发动机运转时、在当前发动机运行条件下,在那段时间的发动机14的功率损失的估算值。这包括监视并确定发动机运行条件和发动机运转以确定瞬时功率损失,瞬时功率损失包括发动机运行点的标称发动机功率损失(‘PLOSS_ENG_NOM’)和功率损失修正,在此也称为ΔPLOSSENG
[0026]标称发动机功率损失PLOSS_ENG_NOM利用下述方程1确定。
P LOSS _ ENG _ NOM = m . EMISS × ( P ENG m . EMISS ) MAX - P ENG - - - [ 1 ]
其中
Figure A200810174454D00112
包括所产生排放物的速率,比如当前发动机运行条件下碳氢化合物的克数。项目
Figure A200810174454D00113
是常数项,由特定的发动机设计得出,代表某一产生排放物速率的最大发动机功率,比如每克碳氢化合物的KW-s,(KW/(g/s))。发动机功率项目PENG,包括由发动机产生的实际功率。两项之间的差异决定标称发动机功率损失PLOSS_ENG_NOM
[0027]排放物性能的系统优化与运转保持平衡以升温发动机14和催化剂16,从而实现发动机运行周期内的最小总能量损失。为了最小化发动机运行周期内的燃料消耗和废气排放,优化程序确定循环期间的未来能量损失。
[0028]未来能量损失,在此也称为ELOSS_FUTURE,包括基于如下述方程2所示的当前运行条件完成发动机运行周期所需要的能量。
E LOSS _ FUTURE = ∫ t t MAX P LOSS _ TOT dt - - - [ 2 ]
[0029]积分的极限范围从发动机运行周期期间的当前时间t到最大时间tMAX。运转期间,随着时间t的增加,积分值减小,即需要更少的能量来将催化剂16升温到适宜温度,比如600℃。这将参照下文所述的图3进行图解描述。
[0030]最小化总能量损失包括运转发动机以最小化发动机运行周期的残余期间的能量损失,比如直到催化剂16的温度达到适宜温度,比如600℃,或基于催化剂16的设计和运转特性确定的另一温度。在此说明的优化基于总系统功率损失。总系统功率损失包括防止ESD74过量充电并确定利用第一和第二电机56和72的成本的预定校准。这允许该系统根据操作者的扭矩请求改变发动机负荷。在催化剂升温模式的运转期间,操作电机以将发动机负荷保持在最佳范围内。
[0031]可改写方程2来表示下述方程3中的未来能量损失。
ELOSSFUTURE(t,TCAT)=PLOSSTOT(t,TCAT)×Δt+ELOSSFUTURE(t+Δt,TCAT+ΔTCAT)      [3]
其中TCAT包括催化剂16的温度。这可简化为下述的方程4。
( - Δ E LOSSFUTURE ) T CAT = Const Δt = P LOSS _ TOT + ( Δ E LOSS FUTURE ) t + Δt Δt - - - [ 4 ]
[0032]最小化总能量损失可通过最小化功率损失和未来能量损失的变化率来完成。以上方程4的推导可用下述方程5的偏导数的连续形式表示。
- ∂ E ∂ t = P LOSS _ TOT + ∂ E ∂ T COOL · dT COOL dt + ∂ E ∂ T CAT · dT CAT dt - - - [ 5 ]
其中偏导数基于冷却剂温度和催化剂16的温度导出能量的变化。
[0033]项目
Figure A200810174454D00123
包括作为数组存储在存储器内的预校准因子,并基于发动机运转时间和催化剂从低温(比如0℃)到升温(比如600℃)的温度变化来确定。项目
Figure A200810174454D00124
包括作为数组存储在存储器内并作为发动机运转时间和利用从低温(比如-30℃)到升温(比如90℃)的不连续冷却剂温度的冷却剂温度的函数来确定的预校准因子。发动机14的校准值优选地利用标准化的发动机和车辆试验程序来推导。项目
Figure A200810174454D00125
包括基于特定车辆和系统应用的时间的催化剂16的温度变化的预校准多项式方程。有多个用于项目
Figure A200810174454D00131
的多项式方程,在进行中的运转期间基于包括正常发动机运转和具有断缸的发动机运转的发动机状态选择。此外,还有用于从上述的低温(比如0℃)到升温(比如600℃)的不连续催化剂温度导出的多项式方程。该多项式方程优选地利用热损失数据和发动机14的热模型导出以预测催化剂16的升温速率。催化剂升温模式期间估算的未来能量损失的变化率通过基于以上方程5计算未来能量损失的变化率,并基于瞬时功率损失和未来能量损失的变化率的组合确定包括最小系统功率损失PLOSS_FINAL
Figure A200810174454D00132
的发动机运行点来确定。
[0034]标称发动机功率损失PLOSS_ENG_NOM基于发动机运行点确定。标称发动机功率损失优选地在发动机周期的每50毫秒期间由预定的校准表确定,确定标称发动机功率损失使发动机14在标称发动机运行条件温度、大气压和化学计量空/燃比下的发动机转速和负载状态范围内运转。排放物功率损失基于在此说明的催化剂16的温度利用修正的九项目多项式方程计算。为了准确地计算标称发动机功率损失,通过在发动机运行条件的容许范围的全部速度和负载估算排放物的产生。冷却剂温度或大气压的变化会显著地影响估算的燃料消耗。为了说明由发动机在非标准发动机运行条件时的运转导致的标称功率损失的变化,将发动机功率损失修正ΔPLOSS ENG加到标称发动机功率损失PLOSS ENG上,如以下方程15所描述和说明。
[0035]基于周围环境运行条件和发动机运行条件算出发动机功率损失修正ΔPLOSS ENG。多个多项式方程简化为程序代码,并被前进地执行以基于在此说明的发动机运行条件、发动机运转和周围环境运行条件计算功率损失修正和未来能量损失修正。功率损失修正基于输入速度Ni和输入扭矩Ti来确定。每个功率损失修正和未来能量损失修正参照下述方程6确定。
ΔPLOSS ENG=C0+C1×Ti+C2×Ti2+C3×Ni+C4×Ni×Ti
                                                                 [6]
             +C5×Ni×Ti2+C6×Ni2+C7×Ni2×Ti+C8×Ni2×Ti2
[0036]参照以下方程7-14说明包括多个多项式方程之和的发动机功率损失修正ΔPLOSS ENG
[0037]与在当前运行条件下稳定发动机运转所需的附加燃料有关的功率损失优选地利用下述方程7计算。
β 1 ( t , T CAT ) × [ m . FUEL × ( P ENG m . FUEL ) MAX - P ENG ] - - - [ 7 ]
其中
Figure A200810174454D00142
是燃料流速,
Figure A200810174454D00143
是发动机14的燃料流速的最大功率,TCAT包括催化剂16的温度,t包括当前发动机运行周期的经过的时间。
[0038]与供给燃料以优化HC排放物有关的功率损失优选地利用下述方程8计算。
β 2 ( t , T CAT ) × [ m . HC EMIS × ( P ENG m . HC EMIS ) MAX - P ENG ] - - - [ 8 ]
其中
Figure A200810174454D00145
是HC排放物的燃料流速,
Figure A200810174454D00146
是优化发动机14的HC排放物的燃料流速的最大功率。
[0039]与供给燃料以优化NOx排放物有关的功率损失优选地利用下述方程9计算。
β 3 ( t , T CAT ) × [ m . NOx EMIS × ( P ENG m . NOx EMIS ) MAX - P ENG ] - - - [ 9 ]
其中是NOx排放物的燃料流速,
Figure A200810174454D00153
是优化发动机14的NOx排放物的燃料流速的最大功率。
[0040]与供给燃料以影响冷却液和机油有关的未来能量损失优选地利用以下方程10计算:
β 4 ( t , T CAT ) × dE FUEL ( t , T COOL ) dT COOL × dT COOL ( Ni , Ti , T COOL ) dt - - - [ 10 ]
[0041]与供给燃料以影响催化剂升温来满足HC排放物有关的未来能量损失优选地利用下述方程11计算。
β 5 ( t , T CAT ) × dE HC ( t , T CAT ) dT CAT × dT CAT ( Ni , Ti , T CAT ) dt - - - [ 11 ]
[0042]与供给燃料以影响催化剂升温来满足NOx排放物有关的未来能量损失优选地利用下述方程12计算。
β 6 ( t , T CAT ) × dE NOx ( t , T CAT ) dT CAT × dT CAT ( Ni , Ti , T CAT ) dt - - - [ 12 ]
[0043]与供给燃料以防止催化剂过热运转有关的未来能量损失优选地利用下述方程13计算。
β 7 ( t , T CAT ) × dT CAT ( Ni , Ti , T CAT ) dt - - - [ 13 ]
[0044]与供给燃料以防止发动机过热运转有关的未来能量损失优选地利用下述方程14计算。
β 8 ( t , T CAT , T COOL ) × dT COOL ( Ni , Ti , T COOL ) dt - - - [ 14 ]
[0045]基于发动机周围环境运行条件和发动机运转,方程7-14中的项目作为数组被预校准并存储在HCP5的一个存储装置中。项目TCOOL包括冷却剂温度。项目EFUEL、EHC和ENOX包括与供给附加燃料以满足HC和NOx排放物有关的能量损失。项目
Figure A200810174454D00162
Figure A200810174454D00163
包括随输入速度、扭矩和对应温度而变化的温度的预校准的基于时间的变化。项目
Figure A200810174454D00164
Figure A200810174454D00165
是基于催化剂16温度的能量预校准变化,随经过时间t和催化剂16温度而变化,并优选地基于离线能量损失计算。项目
Figure A200810174454D00166
包括冷却剂温度的时间-比率变化,基于速度、负载和冷却剂温度。
[0046]系数β1-β8包括功率损失方程,即方程7-14的加权因子,并由经过的发动机运行时间t的范围、发动机运行周期、催化剂温度TCAT以及冷却剂温度TCOOL确定。它们优选地用利用发动机数据的最小二乘法曲线拟合进行校准和计算。该系数存储在ROM内的校准表中,用于各种运行条件并在进行中的发动机运转期间是可恢复的。优选地,系数如下校准β1+β2+β3=1,β4+β5+β6=1,β1=β4,β2=β5,以及β3=β6。β7项是主观校准(subject calibration),用于在催化剂温度高时使增加催化剂温度的发动机运转(速度和负载)下降。利用本方法控制催化剂16的温度可以减少或消除对通常用来降低催化剂温度的燃料增浓状态的需求。β8项是主观校准,用于在冷却剂温度高时使增加冷却剂温度的发动机运转(速度和负载)下降。当运行条件处于表值之间时采用线性插值法确定该系数。
[0047]方程7-14的每一个都利用特别校准的系数C0-C8以及输入速度Ni和输入扭矩Ti以方程6的形式来执行。方程7-14的每一个的系数C0-C8优选地在运转状态和运行模式中的发动机运转期间用利用输入速度Ni和负载Ti的整个范围内产生的发动机数据导出的最小二乘法曲线拟合来校准和计算。因此,产生的一组系数C0-C8用于包括化学计量模式和富运行模式的空/燃比运行模式,比如空/燃比等于1.0和0.7,并用于包括升温和变热模式的各发动机温度管理模式。还为每个正常发动机状态和断缸状态产生一组系数C0-C8。还为每个标准和低大气压(比如100kPa和70kPa)导出一组系数C0-C8。为了在进行中的运转期间能够取回,上述多组系数C0-C8能以数组存储在一个存储装置内,用于每个运行模式和发动机状态。如上所述,产生并存储八组系数C0-C8。反映在方程式7-14中的用于发动机功率损失的多项式方程的增加产生了标准功率损失计算的功率损失修正。
[0048]在进行中的运转期间为方程式7-14中的每一个估算出多项式系数C0-C8,然后被加入以产生用于方程6的单组系数C0-C8,并以相对较慢的每秒一次的速度更新。加权因子β1-β8如下所述地确定不同类型的发动机功率损失之间的加权。最终的多项式方程作为扭矩优化程序的要素每秒钟计算数百次。确定特定发动机运行条件下的功率损失包括利用在此说明的方程式确定功率损失,并在其间插值以确定实时运行条件的功率损失。
[0049]控制例行程序通过对标称功率损失和功率损失修正求和来确定总发动机功率损失,如下方程15所示。
PLOSS_ENG_TOT=PLOSS ENG+ΔPLOSS ENG       [15]
[0050]标称发动机功率损失如方程1所述确定,功率损失修正由具有通过组合方程式7-14的结果确定的系数C0-C8的所述方程6确定,方程7-14基于之前所述的当前发动机运转和发动机周围环境运行条件确定。该运转允许包括复合的发动机功率损失特征以计算单个发动机功率损失。方程6的多项式方程的最终的系数C0-C8根据预校准的因子和β1-β8加权因子确定。系数C0-C8的上述确定能在相对较低的更新速度(比如每秒一次)时执行。该最终的多项式方程在下一次更新之前多次用于优化程序中。
[0051]因此总功率损失PLOSS_TOT可由以下所述的方程16确定。
PLOSS_TOT=PLOSS ENG+ΔPLOSS ENG+PLOSS_OTHER        [16]
[0052]现在参考图2,对用于确定最小总功率损失PLOSS_TOT以最小化总能量损失的示范性最小化程序作以描述。执行最小化程序以确定优选的发动机用于最小化总发动机功率损失。该最小化程序优选地包括执行已被编码在HCP5中的二维搜索引擎260。二维搜索引擎260在可容许的发动机运行点范围内重复产生(iteratively generate)发动机运行点。发动机运行点包括输入速度和输入扭矩[Ni、Ti]j,其范围在最小和最大输入速度和输入扭矩(‘NiMin’、‘NiMax’、‘TiMin’、‘TiMax’)内。最小和最大输入速度和输入扭矩包括可达到的输入速度和输入扭矩,比如从发动机空转到发动机红线运转(engine red-lineoperation),或可以包括其中的子范围,其中该范围由于与运转特性,比如噪音、振动和不平顺性有关的原因而受到限制。
[0053]产生的发动机运行点[Ni、Ti]j在迭代循环(iterativeloop)266内执行。下标“j”指的是特定迭代,其数值范围从1到n。迭代n的数量可通过若干方法中的任意一个产生,或者内在于搜索引擎,或为全方法的一部分。迭代循环266包括将所产生的发动机运行点[Ni、Ti]j中的每一个输入系统方程262,总功率损失(PLOSS_TOT)j的值由系统方程262通过特定迭代确定。系统方程262包括以上执行方程16的算法。在发动机运行周期内,当确定催化剂16的温度低于适宜温度时,比如在冷启动期间,β2=1,如方程8中所用,并且β1=0、β3=0,β5=1,且β4=0、β6=0,如上文所述导出一组系数C0-C8。
[0054]为特定迭代所确定的总功率损失(PLOSS_TOT)j依据其特殊性在二维搜索引擎260中被返回并被捕获或被解析。二维搜索引擎260重复估算总功率损失(PLOSS_TOT)j的值,并基于反馈为[Ni、Ti]选择新的值以搜索最小总功率损失。二维搜索引擎260在优选的功率损失处,即来源于全部重复计算出的值的最小总功率损失(PLOSS_TOT)j,为[Ni、Ti]识别优选值。优选的总功率损失与输入速度和输入扭矩[Ni、Ti、PLOSS_TOT]pref的对应值从HCP5输出到ECM23。ECM23将优选的输入速度和输入扭矩[Ni、Ti]pref转换成包括发动机速度和扭矩[NE、TE]pref的对应发动机运行点,ECM23利用发动机运行点控制发动机14的运转。
[0055]如前所述,存在多个可执行的功率损失修正多项式方程。在示范性的实施例中,有导出用于发动机运转的组合的八组多项式方程,包括:富和化学计量的空/燃比控制模式,即空气/燃料当量比大约为0.7(富)和1.0(化学计量);正常发动机状态和断缸状态;以及包括升温模式和变热模式的发动机运行温度,即冷却剂温度处于90℃或大约90℃。操作中,发动机系统监视进行中的运转,包括发动机转速(RPM)、负载(制动扭矩或以N-m为单位的NMEP)、大气压、冷却剂温度和空/燃比。
[0056]再次参考图3,图解描述催化剂升温期间运转示范性系统的性能结果。这些结果基于系统模型。该结果表明用于非优化发动机运转(‘TCATALYST’)和用于优化运转(‘TCAT_OPT’)的催化剂16的温度,并从上述方程16表明优化的总功率损失PLOSS_TOT以在预定的发动机运行周期上升温催化剂16,优化总功率损失由利用在此说明的优化系统运转发动机而获得。还描述的是在非优化模式中运转的总功率损失。未来能量损失ELOSS FUTURE类似地被绘制以用于优化系统(‘ELOSS_OPT’)的运转,并用于非优化系统(‘ELOSS’)的运转。优化模式中的运转导致在‘t’和‘t+Δt’之间的时间内用于优化运转的初始较大的总功率损失PLOSS_TOT。但是,在时间‘t’和‘tmax’之间的时间内,与非优化运转相比,提高催化剂16的温度的总能量成本降低,在时间‘t’和‘tmax’期间表明催化剂16获得600℃的目标温度。
[0057]在示范性的运转中,控制例行程序确定发动机14和催化剂16的温度等于环境温度或接近环境温度,表明包括催化剂16的升温的发动机运行周期。在该运行周期内,用于方程4中的β2因子最初设为1,初始运转期间使β1和β3都等于0。确定优选的功率损失,以及为功率损失确定优选的发动机转速和优选的发动机扭矩输出。产生的超过操作者扭矩请求的发动机功率被吸收以产生存储在ESD74内的电能。一段时间之后,比如运转1-2秒,随着催化剂16温度的升高以及补偿或调整发动机功率来实现排放物减少的需要减轻,β2因子减小,β1和β3相应地增大。这导致后续的发动机运转处于最小化排放物的功率损失水平。
[0058]可选择的实施例包括由发动机和常规变速器系统构成的混合动力系系统(也称为带式-交流发电机-起动机系统),其中在车辆运行周期期间,发动机可选择性地停机和重新起动。所述控制系统可用于利用电机调整和优化发动机负荷。
[0059]本公开已说明了一些优选实施例及其改进。通过阅读和理解该说明书,另外的改进和变化可被其他的人想到。因此,本公开并不限制在作为实施本公开的具体实施例上,而是将包括落入所附权利要求范围内的所有实施例。

Claims (19)

1.一种在运行周期期间控制内燃发动机的方法,发动机流体地连接到排气后处理系统并可操作地连接到变速器以向传动系传递牵引动力,该方法包括:
监视周围环境运行条件和发动机运行条件;
确定排气后处理系统的温度;
确定优选的发动机运转以达到排气后处理系统的适宜温度并最小化发动机运行周期期间的总能量损失;
控制发动机处于所述优选的发动机运转;以及
基于所述优选的发动机运转来控制所述变速器以获得扭矩输出。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中确定优选的发动机运转包括:
估算未来能量损失;
确定总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率;以及
其中,确定优选的发动机运转使所述总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率最小化。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,还包括:
重复产生多个发动机转速状态和发动机扭矩状态,其中,确定总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率来确定对应的多个总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率;以及
确定多个总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率之最小者;
其中,确定优选的发动机运转包括确定与多个总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率之最小者对应的多个发动机转速状态和发动机扭矩状态之相应者。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中,所述优选的发动机运转还包括全气缸运转和断缸运转之一。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中,所述优选的发动机运转还包括化学计量空/燃比运转和富空/燃比运转之一。
6.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中,重复产生多个发动机转速状态和发动机扭矩状态包括执行二维搜索引擎的代码。
7.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中,所述总功率损失包括发动机功率损失和其它动力系损失。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中,发动机功率损失包括标称功率损失和功率损失修正。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中,所述功率损失修正基于发动机空/燃比模式、发动机气缸激活状态和发动机运行温度模式。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述变速器包括电力-机械变速器,所述电力-机械变速器包括可选择性地操作以将扭矩传递至所述变速器来产生扭矩输出的第一和第二电机。
11.一种制品,包括:
计算机可读介质,该计算机可读介质用程序来编码以在发动机运行周期期间控制内燃发动机,发动机流体地连接到排气后处理系统并可操作地连接到变速器以向传动系传递牵引动力,所述程序包括:
监视周围环境运行条件和发动机运行条件的代码;
确定所述排气后处理系统的温度的代码;
确定优选的发动机运转以在发动机运行周期期间达到所述排气后处理系统的适宜温度并最小化总能量损失的代码;和
控制发动机处于所述优选的发动机运转的代码。
12.如权利要求11所述的制品,其中,确定优选的发动机运转的所述代码包括:
估算未来能量损失的代码;
确定总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率的代码;和
其中,确定优选的发动机运转的代码使所述总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率最小化。
13.如权利要求12所述的制品,还包括:
重复产生多个发动机转速状态和发动机扭矩状态的代码,其中确定总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率的代码确定对应的多个总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率;以及
确定多个总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率之最小者的代码;
其中,确定优选的发动机运转的代码包括确定与多个总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率之最小者对应的多个发动机转速状态和发动机扭矩状态之相应者的代码。
14.如权利要求11所述的制品,还包括基于所述优选的发动机运转控制所述变速器以获得扭矩输出的代码。
15.如权利要求14所述的制品,其中,所述变速器包括电力-机械变速器,所述电力-机械变速器包括可选择性地操作以将扭矩传递至所述变速器来产生扭矩输出的第一和第二电机。
16.一种制品,包括:
计算机可读介质,该计算机可读介质用程序来编码以在发动机运行周期期间控制内燃发动机,发动机流体地连接到排气后处理系统并可操作地连接到电力-机械变速器,所述程序包括:
确定优选的发动机运转以在发动机运行周期期间达到排气后处理系统的适宜温度并最小化总能量损失的代码;
控制发动机处于所述优选的发动机运转的代码;以及
基于所述优选的发动机运转控制所述电力-机械变速器以获得扭矩输出的代码。
17.如权利要求16所述的制品,其中,确定优选的发动机运转的所述代码包括:
估算发动机运行周期的未来能量损失的代码;
确定功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率的代码;和
其中,确定优选的发动机运转的代码使所述功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率最小化。
18.如权利要求17所述的制品,其中,确定所述优选的发动机运转使所述功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率最小化的代码包括:
重复产生多个发动机转速状态和发动机扭矩状态的代码,其中确定功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率的代码确定对应的多个总功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率;以及
确定多个功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率之最小者的代码;
其中,确定优选的发动机运转的代码包括确定与多个功率损失和估算的未来能量损失的变化率之最小者对应的多个发动机转速状态和发动机扭矩状态之相应者的代码。
19.如权利要求18所述的制品,其中,多个估算的未来能量的变化率中的每一个基于能量的改变而确定,所述能量的改变基于所述排气后处理系统的温度的改变而确定。
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