CN101289968B - 确定动力系统的瞬时发动机动力损失的方法和装置 - Google Patents

确定动力系统的瞬时发动机动力损失的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN101289968B
CN101289968B CN2008100921932A CN200810092193A CN101289968B CN 101289968 B CN101289968 B CN 101289968B CN 2008100921932 A CN2008100921932 A CN 2008100921932A CN 200810092193 A CN200810092193 A CN 200810092193A CN 101289968 B CN101289968 B CN 101289968B
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power
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fuel
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CN101289968A (zh
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A·H·希普
J·L·拉蒂
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D17/00Controlling engines by cutting out individual cylinders; Rendering engines inoperative or idling
    • F02D17/02Cutting-out
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/04Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions
    • F02D41/06Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up
    • F02D41/068Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up for warming-up
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1497With detection of the mechanical response of the engine
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2200/00Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/02Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
    • F02D2200/023Temperature of lubricating oil or working fluid
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2200/00Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/02Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
    • F02D2200/08Exhaust gas treatment apparatus parameters
    • F02D2200/0802Temperature of the exhaust gas treatment apparatus
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2200/00Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/70Input parameters for engine control said parameters being related to the vehicle exterior
    • F02D2200/703Atmospheric pressure

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract

确定动力系统的瞬时发动机动力损失的方法和装置:提供一种制造品和方法,包括存储介质,存储介质具有存储在其中的机器可执行的代码,以在时间点估算内燃机的动力损失。该代码包括确定发动机操作条件的代码。基于发动机操作点确定标称动力损失。标称动力损失的动力损失修正基于大气压力、发动机温度、空/燃比和催化剂温度而确定。动力损失修正对以下是可确定的:发动机空/燃比模式、发动机汽缸工作状态以及发动机操作温度模式。

Description

确定动力系统的瞬时发动机动力损失的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及用于动力系统的控制系统。
背景技术
动力系控制系统,包括混合动力系结构,可有效满足操作者性能需求,例如转矩和加速度,该性能需求相对于其它操作者要求和调节而平衡,例如燃料经济性和排放量。为了优化动力系的控制,需要在进行操作期间量化与操作条件相关的发动机动力损失。
确定瞬时发动机动力损失的现有技术的系统依赖于存储在车载的计算机中的预校准的表以确定损失。这些系统消耗大量的计算机存储器且通常不能适应操作条件的变化。当引入其它发动机操作模式,例如汽缸休眠时,存储器空间进一步增加。
需要这样一种系统,在进行发动机操作期间快速而有效地确定发动机操作条件和操作控制的发动机动力损失。现在描述该系统。
发明内容
根据本发明的实施例,提供一种制造品,包括存储介质,存储介质具有存储在其中的机器可执行的代码,以估算内燃机的动力损失。该代码包括监测发动机操作条件的代码。标称动力损失基于发动机操作点确定,通常包括发动机速度和负载。标称动力损失的动力损失修正(power loss correction)基于大气压力、发动机温度、空/燃比和催化剂温度确定。动力损失修正对以下是可确定的:发动机空/燃比模式、发动机汽缸工作状态(activation state)以及发动机操作温度模式。
在本领域技术人员阅读和理解实施例的以下详细描述之后,本发明的这些和其他方面将变得显而易见。
附图说明
本发明会采用某些部件和部件布置的物理结构形式,其实施例在附图中详细描述和图示,附图形成本发明的部分,且其中:
图1是根据本发明,动力系和控制系统的示范性结构的示意图;
图2、3和4是根据本发明的图解描绘;和
图5是根据本发明,以表格形式的图解描绘。
具体实施方式
本发明包括控制策略,在一个或更多控制模块中作为机器可执行的代码执行,以估算在进行操作期间内燃机的动力损失。该控制策略在进行发动机操作期间计算时间点的燃料动力损失。控制策略执行多个多项式方程的一个,以快速计算关于排放量和燃料经济性的燃料动力损失,允许在短的时间周期内执行多次计算。发动机控制策略使用估算的动力损失来控制发动机的操作,以实现一个或更多的特定性能标准,例如发动机暖机、排放量和燃料经济性。
现在参考附图,其中附图仅用于图示本发明的目的而不用于限定本发明的目的,图1描绘了图示本发明的动力系和控制系统的示意图。其后所描述的元件提供动力系统的协调控制。动力系包括内燃机14和电机传动装置10,电机传动装置10经由输出轴65有效提供转矩输出给传动系统。电机传动装置10包括一对电机MA、MB 46、48。发动机、传动装置和电机根据预定的控制策略和参数在其间有效传动转矩,在此不详细讨论。
示范性的内燃机14包括多汽缸内燃机,可选择性地操作以经由轴12将转矩传递给传动装置,且能够为火花点火或压缩点火式发动机。发动机可选择性地操作在多个操作模式和发动机状态。发动机操作模式包括空/燃比控制模式,空/燃比控制模式包括当量操作模式和富操作模式之一。在采用压缩点火式发动机的系统中,可以有附加的或可替换的模式,包括贫操作模式。发动机操作模式包括通常基于发动机冷却剂温度的发动机温度管理模式,包括暖机模式(warm-up)和已暖机(warmed up)模式。暖机模式通常包括起动发动机操作期间的延迟火花定时(或燃料喷射定时),以增加燃烧期间发动机的热传递。示范性的发动机状态包括标准发动机控制(’ALL_CYL’)、和具有休眠(deactivated)汽缸的发动机控制(’DEACT’)。在标准发动机状态中,所有发动机汽缸被供以燃料并点火。在汽缸休眠状态中,通常一半汽缸休眠,例如V形发动机的一组。汽缸组通常通过中断燃料喷射而休眠。
示范性的发动机包括尾气后处理系统(未示出),尾气后处理系统有效氧化和/或减少发动机尾气供应流成分至无害气体。尾气后处理系统的操作温度是重要的,过低的温度能够导致被调节的尾气成分的低效率的转换,例如碳氢化合物(HC)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOx)、以及颗粒物质(PM)。过高的温度能够损害后处理组成部分,尤其是催化剂。为了控制尾气供应流温度和成分,发动机控制和操作策略引起非最优发动机控制,增加或降低后处理系统的温度。这包括有效地点火后处理系统的操作策略,例如在其中引入放热反应。因此,会有与发动机排放量相关的动力损失或低效率。
在所描绘的实施例中,传动装置10从包括发动机14和电机MA、MB 46、48的转矩发生设备接收输入转矩,作为从燃料的能量转换和存储在电能存储设备(ESD)25内的电势的结果。电机MA、MB 46、48优选包括三相AC电机,各具有在定子内可旋转的转子。ESD25是高压DC-经由DC传输导线27联接到传动动力变换器模块(TPIM)19。TPIM19是控制系统的元件。TPIM19通过传输导线29从MA46来回传输电能,且类似地TPIM19通过传输导线31从MA48来回传输电能。根据ESD25是充电还是放电,电能传输到ESD25或从ESD25传输。TPIM19包括一对动力变换器和相应的电动机控制模块,电动机控制模块设置为接收电动机控制指令且从其控制变换器状态,以提供电动机驱动或再生功能。
控制系统合成有关的信息和输入,并执行算法(algorithm)以控制各个致动器,从而实现控制目标,包括参数:燃料经济性、排放量、性能、操纵性能、和包括ESD电池25和MA、MB 46、48的硬件保护。示范性的实施例具有分布式控制模块结构,包括发动机控制模块(’ECM’)23、传动装置控制模块(’TCM’)17、电池组控制模块(’BPCM’)21和TPIM19。混合控制模块(’HCP’)5提供前述控制模块的总体控制(overarching control)和协调。用户界面(’UI’)13可操作地连接到多个设备,经由UI 13车辆操作者通常通过转矩输出的请求控制或指导包括传动装置10的动力系的操作。UI 13的示范性车辆操作者输入包括油门踏板、制动器踏板、传动齿轮选择器和车辆速度巡航控制系统。每个前述控制模块经由局域网络(’LAN’)总线6与其他控制模块、传感器和致动器通信。LAN总线6允许在各个控制模块之间控制参数和指令的结构化通信。采用的特定通信协议是特殊应用的。LAN总线和适当的协议提供稳定的通知和在前述控制模块和提供诸如防锁制动、牵引控制和车辆稳定性的功能的其他控制模块之间的多控制模块交互。
基于来自UI 13和包括电池组的动力系的各种输入信号,HCP 5提供混合动力系统的总体控制,用于ECM 23、TCM 17、TPIM 19和BPCM21的协调操作。ECM 23可操作地连接到发动机14,且用于从多个传感器获取数据并分别通过多个离散线路控制发动机14的多个致动器,多个离散线路汇总地显示为集合线35。除了别的以外,监测发动机操作的感测设备(未示出)包括曲柄轴传感器、歧管绝对压力(MAP)和冷却剂温度传感器。TCM17可操作地连接到传动装置10,并用于从多个传感器获取数据且提供指令信号给传动装置,包括监测压力开关的输入且选择性地致动压力控制二极管和换档二极管以致动各个离合器,从而实现各种传动操作模式。BPCM21信号连接一个或更多的传感器,传感器是可操作的以监测ESD25的电流和电压参数,从而提供关于电池状态的信息给HCP5。该信息包括电池充电状态(’SOC’)、电池电压和可得到的电池功率。
每个前述控制模块优选包括:通用数字计算机,通常包括微处理器或中央处理单元;存储介质,包括只读存储器(ROM)、随机存取存储器(RAM)、电可编程序只读存储器(EPROM),即非易失性存储器;高速时钟;模拟到数字(A/D)和数字到模拟(D/A)转换电路;以及输入/输出电路和设备(I/O)和适当的信号调节以及缓冲电路。每个控制模块具有一组控制算法,包括机器可执行代码和校准,驻留在ROM内且是可执行的以提供每个计算机的相应功能。各个计算机之间的信息传递优选使用前述LAN6实现。
在每个控制模块中用于控制和状态估算的算法通常在预定的周期内执行,使得每组算法在每个周期至少执行一次。算法通过中央处理单元之一执行且是可操作的以监测来自感测设备的输入并执行控制和诊断例行程序,从而使用预设定的校准值控制相应设备的操作。周期通常以规则的间隔执行,例如在进行发动机和车辆操作期间分别为3.125、6.25、12.5、25、50和100毫秒(msec)。可替换地,算法可以响应于事件的发生而被执行。
机器可执行代码存储在控制模块之一的存储器设备内,有效估算在时间点时示范性内燃机的动力损失,即瞬时地。这包括监测和确定发动机操作条件。标称动力损失对发动机操作点而确定,例如发动机速度和负载、或转矩输出。动力损失修正被计算且用于调节标称动力损失。
确定发动机操作条件包括来自各种发动机感测设备的输入和发动机操作时间以确定发动机速度(RPM)、发动机负载(制动器转矩,Nm)、大气压力和发动机冷却剂温度。发动机空/燃比通常是被控参数且能够基于发动机操作条件直接地测量或估算。尾气后处理系统(例如催化剂)的温度能够基于操作条件估算。
标称动力损失基于发动机操作点而确定,包括源自发动机和负载的输入速度(Ni)和输入转矩(Ti)。标称动力损失优选在每个50msec发动机周期期间确定。标称动力损失能够从预定的校正表确定,用于在温度、大气压力和当量空/燃比(即EQR=1.0)的标称发动机操作条件下对操作在发动机速度和负载条件范围内的示范性发动机而确定。示范性的校准表在图2中图解地描绘,其内容在控制模块之一的ROM内执行。
确定标称发动机动力损失和动力损失修正包括执行多个嵌入的多项式方程的一个,基于当前的实际操作条件来计算动力损失修正,即大气压力、发动机温度、空/燃比和催化剂温度。在进行操作期间来选定特定的多项式方程,基于:包括富控制模式和当量控制模式之一的空/燃比的发动机控制,标准状态和汽缸休眠状态之一的发动机控制,以及暖机模式和已暖机模式之一的发动机控制。现在将详细描述。
标称发动机动力损失使用方程1估算,如下:
P LOSSENG = m · FUEL · [ P ENG m · FUEL ] MAX - P ENG - - - [ 1 ]
方程右边的第一项表示以最大效率发生燃料能量转换时预期的发动机动力数量。项
Figure S2008100921932D00052
是对特定的发动机设计推出的常数项。项PENG表示发动机产生的实际动力。这两项的差确定标称发动机动力损失。在峰值效率的发动机速度和负载时(即最低的制动器比油耗),发动机动力损失为0。虽然该点具有最低的发动机动力损失,必须考虑其他部件的动力损失以最小化总体动力损失。参考图2所示,标称发动机动力损失在效率高或燃料消耗低的区域最低。峰值发动机效率通常在大约2000RPM发动机速度和节气门全开条件时发生。低燃料消耗在低速度和低负载时发生。
发动机动力损失通常指的是涉及燃料消耗的动力损失,但它能够可替换地关于产生的排放物数量表示,如方程2所示:
P LOSSENG = m · EMIS · [ P ENG m · EMIS ] MAX - P ENG - - - [ 2 ]
在此情况下,方程右边的第一项表示如果动力对排放率的比在最大值(即最低的制动器比排放量)时对于所产生的排放物的数量而预期的发动机动力。项
Figure S2008100921932D00062
也是对给定的发动机设计推出的常数项。该方程能够根据排放物成分表述,包括例如HC、CO和NOx
标称动力损失基于发动机操作点而确定,包括发动机速度和转矩。标称动力损失优选在每个50msec发动机周期期间从预定的校正表确定,用于在温度、大气压力和当量空/燃比(即EQR=1.0)的标称发动机操作条件下对操作在发动机速度和负载条件范围内的示范性发动机而确定。为了准确地估算发动机动力损失,燃料消耗必须贯穿各种潜在的操作条件的所有速度和负载而估算。冷却剂温度或大气压力的变化能够显著地影响这些值。为了考虑由于在非标准条件时发动机控制引起的标称动力损失的变化,动力损失修正ΔPLOSS_ENG添加到标称动力损失PLOSS_ENG
动力损失修正ΔPLOSS_ENG基于操作条件而计算,包括环境温度和催化剂温度、大气压力、和空/燃比;并执行多个嵌入的多项式方程的一个,所述方程基于当前实际操作条件计算动力损失修正。动力损失修正基于源自发动机的速度(Ni)和转矩(Ti)而确定,利用了机器可执行的方程3:
ΔPLOSS_ENG=C0+C1*Ti+C2*Ti2+C3*Ni+C4*Ni*Ti
+C5*Ni*Ti2+C6*Ni2+C7*Ni2*Ti+C8*Ni2*Ti2[3]
系数C0-C8优选使用最小方差曲线拟合校准和估算,使用在发动机输入速度和负载以及包括操作模式和状态的发动机控制的范围内产生的发动机数据。系数C0-C8对包括当量和富操作模式的空/燃比操作模式以及包括暖机和已暖机模式的发动机温度模式而产生。系数C0-C8还对标准发动机操作和汽缸休眠的发动机状态而产生。对每个操作模式和发动机状态,系数能够以阵列形式存储在存储器设备之一内,以在进行发动机操作期间取回。现在参考图3,描绘了图示性的动力损失修正,对1.0等价比(当量)时的低环境空气温度(-20℃)和低大气压力(70kPa海拔)的特定操作条件而确定。图4包括图2和3逐点求和的图解描绘,表示参考图3所述的特定条件的总体动力损失。
如前所述,有多个动力损失校正多项式方程,每个在控制模块的一个内是可执行的。在示范性实施例中,有八个多项式方程,对发动机控制的组合而推出,包括:富和当量的空/燃比控制模式,例如大约0.7(富)和1.0(当量)的空/燃等价比;标准和汽缸休眠状态;以及,包括暖机模式和已暖机模式的发动机操作温度,例如在大约90℃的冷却剂温度。操作中,发动机系统监测进行的操作,包括发动机速度(RPM)、负载(制动器转矩和NMEP,单位N-m)、大气压力、冷却剂温度和空/燃比。
动力损失校准方程的每个包括将从单独执行的多项式方程得到的结果求和,如以下所述。这些单独执行的多项式方程包括:关于发动机控制必需的补充燃料的动力损失,如方程4所示;关于HC排放量的动力损失,如方程5所示;关于NOx排放量的动力损失,如方程6所示;关于冷却剂和发动机油暖机的动力损失,如方程7所示;关于催化剂暖机以满足HC排放量的动力损失,如方程8所示;关于催化剂暖机以满足NOx排放量的动力损失,如方程9所示;关于发动机控制以防止或减轻催化剂过温的动力损失,如方程10所示;关于发动机控制以防止或减轻冷却剂过温的动力损失,如方程11所示。
关于在当前操作条件下稳定的发动机控制必需的补充燃料的动力损失优选使用方程4计算,如下:
β 1 ( t , T CAT ) [ m · FUEL · ( P ENG m · FUEL ) MAX - P ENG ] - - - [ 4 ]
关于供以燃料以优化HC排放量的动力损失优选使用方程5计算,如下:
β 2 ( t , T CAT ) [ m · HCEMIS · ( P ENG m · HCEMIS ) MAX - P ENG ] - - - [ 5 ]
关于供以燃料以优化NOx排放量的动力损失优选使用方程6计算,如下:
β 3 ( t , T CAT ) [ m · NO X EMIS · ( P ENG m · NO X EMIS ) MAX - P ENG - - - [ 6 ]
关于供以燃料以实现冷却剂和发动机油暖机的动力损失优选使用方程7计算,如下:
β 4 ( t , T CAT ) · dE FUEL ( t , T COOL ) dT COOL · dT COOL ( Ni , Ti , T COOL ) dt - - - [ 7 ]
关于供以燃料以实现催化剂暖机从而满足HC排放量的动力损失优选使用方程8计算,如下:
β 5 ( t , T CAT ) · dE HC ( t , T CAT ) dT CAT · dT CAT ( Ni , Ti , T CAT ) dt - - - [ 8 ]
关于供以燃料以实现催化剂暖机从而满足NOx排放量的动力损失优选使用方程9计算,如下:
β 6 ( t , T CAT ) · dE NO X ( t , T CAT ) dT CAT · dT CAT ( Ni , Ti , T CAT ) dt - - - [ 9 ]
关于供以燃料以防止或减轻催化剂过温的动力损失优选使用方程10计算,如下:
β 7 ( t , T CAT ) · dT CAT ( Ni , Ti , T CAT ) dt - - - [ 10 ]
关于供以燃料以防止或减轻发动机过温的动力损失优选使用方程11计算,如下:
β 8 ( t , T CAT , T COOL ) · dT COOL ( Ni , Ti , T COOL ) dt - - - [ 11 ]
方程4-11中的项基于操作条件和发动机控制预校准且作为阵列存储在存储器中。TCAT为催化剂温度,通常为估算值。项TCOOL为冷却剂温度,通常是测量值。对燃料、HC排放量和NOx排放量,项
Figure S2008100921932D00088
为燃料质量流率,涉及补充燃料的供应燃料动作并符合HC和NOx排放量。项EFUEL、EHC和ENOx为关于补充燃料和满足HC和NOx排放量的能量损失。dT/dt项是预校准的项,其随发动机速度、转矩和温度而变化。dE/dt项是预校准的项,其随经过时间和温度而变化,且基于离线能量损失计算值。这些值以发动机运行时间和催化剂温度为轴存储在表内,或可替换地,以发动机运行时间和冷却剂温度为轴存储在表内。
系数β1(t,TCAT)-β8(t,TCAT)包括用于每个动力损失方程的权重因子,且对自发动机起动经过的发动机运行时间t和估算的催化剂温度TCAT(或可替换地,冷却剂温度TCOOL)的范围而确定。系数优选利用发动机数据使用最小方差曲线拟合校准和估算。对各种操作条件,系数作为校准表以阵列形式存储在ROM内,且在进行发动机操作期间是可恢复的(retrievable)。图示该阵列的二维校准表参考图5描绘。校准表(或阵列)包括多个单元,以从0℃到1000℃范围的离散催化剂温度和从0秒到150秒或更多的离散发动机运行时间t范围设置。根据描绘,一个单元包括在t=0秒和TCAT=0℃时的系数β1(t,TCAT)到β8(t,TCAT)。应当理解的是,阵列中的每个单元包括系数β1(t,TCAT)到β8(t,TCAT)的预定值。通常,系数校准为使得β123=1、β456=1、β1=β4、β2=β5、以及β3=β6。β7项是用于补偿发动机操作(速度和负载)的主观校准,当催化剂温度高时,增加催化剂温度,即,如果操作在足以导致损害催化剂的温度或该温度附近时,维持该温度。使用该方法控制催化剂温度减少或减轻通常用于降低催化剂温度的燃料富条件的需要。β8项是用于补偿发动机操作(速度和负载)的主观校准,当冷却剂温度高时,增加冷却剂温度。当操作条件在表上的值之间时,使用线性插值确定该系数。
每个方程4-11以方程3的形式执行,具有特定校准的系数C0-C8、以及发动机速度和转矩的输入。这包括对以下操作模式产生的方程4-11的形式,包括当量操作模式和富操作模式之一的每个空/燃比操作模式,以及包括暖机和已暖机模式的每个发动机温度模式。系数C0-C8还对标准发动机操作(’ALL_CYL’)和汽缸休眠发动机操作(’DEACT’)的每个发动机状态而产生。多项式系数C0-C8在进行操作期间以每秒一次相对慢的速率对每个方程估算且然后在一个控制模块中组合到一个方程内。β项确定不同类型的发动机动力损失之间的权重,如下文所述。最终的多项式方程作为通常以更快的速率运行的优化的例行程序每秒数百次地估算。
在方程4-11中反映的动力损失多项式方程提供对标准动力损失计算值的校正。方程推导和系数对标准操作模式,即所有汽缸工作,和对汽缸休眠模式而确定,即一半汽缸工作。这些方程推导和系数还对每个标准和低大气压力而推导,例如100kPa和70kPa。这些方程推导和系数还对每个当量模式和富模式而推导,例如控制空/燃等价比为1.0和0.7之一。在特定发动机操作控制条件时确定动力损失可以包括使用标准方程确定动力损失,并在其之间插值以在实时操作条件时确定动力损失。
该途径允许发动机动力损失,包括复杂的发动机动力损失特性,使用单个查询表和多项式方程计算,例如方程3,其中系数C0-C8基于当前的发动机控制和操作条件而确定。包括求和标称动力损失和从方程4到11的结果的多项式方程表示快速执行的总体发动机动力损失。多项式方程3的最终系数基于预校准因子和权重因子,如上文所述。系数的该确定过程以相对慢的更新速率执行,例如每秒一次。多项式方程在下一次更新之前多次用于优化例行程序。由于发动机燃料消耗和排放量的详细模型用于控制软件,燃料经济性和总体排放量能够用简单的仿真例行程序预测。这允许在进行排放试验之前实现校准变化的量化,其能够改进系统校准效率。
系统需要预生产系统校准值。通常这包括操作已知的代表性的发动机和车辆,在标准发动机操作条件时可重复的车辆操作条件以获得基准线。该发动机然后能够以所有汽缸工作模式和休眠模式、当量操作模式和富操作模式、以及已暖机催化剂和催化剂暖机模式试验。发动机转矩和气流模型优选用于估算非标准条件的燃料消耗,例如低冷却剂温度和/或大气压力。发动机能够在各种冷却剂温度和大气压力时试验,以验证燃料消耗校准值并测量排放量。发动机热耗数据和发动机的热力模型能够用于预测冷却剂暖机速率,且用车辆试验验证。类似地,已知的数学模型能够用于产生校准表。催化剂冷起动热力模型能够用于预测暖机速率并被验证。
发动机控制策略使用估算的动力损失控制发动机的操作和性能以满足特定的标准。这包括控制动力损失以优化发动机的暖机和尾气后处理系统,控制动力损失以最小化发动机燃料消耗,以及控制动力损失以满足特定的排放目标。
本发明已经具体参考实施例和其变型描述。在本领域技术人员阅读并理解说明书之后,可以想到进一步的变型和变更。本发明意在包括落入本发明范围内的所有这种变型和变更。

Claims (20)

1.一种确定发动机动力损失的装置,包括存储介质,存储介质具有编码在其中的机器可执行的程序,以控制内燃机的操作,该程序包括:
监测发动机操作条件的代码;
基于发动机操作点确定标称动力损失的代码;
基于发动机操作条件和发动机操作点确定标称动力损失的动力损失修正的代码,动力损失修正对以下组合是可确定的:发动机空/燃比模式、发动机汽缸工作状态以及发动机操作温度模式;和
基于标称动力损失和动力损失修正来估算内燃机的动力损失的代码。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中对发动机空/燃比模式的组合可确定的动力损失修正还包括当量和富操作之一。
3.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中对发动机汽缸工作状态的组合可确定的动力损失修正还包括标准状态和休眠状态之一。
4.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中对发动机操作温度模式的组合可确定的动力损失修正还包括暖机和已暖机模式之一。
5.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所监测的发动机操作条件包括大气压力、发动机温度、空/燃比和催化剂温度。
6.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中发动机操作点包括发动机速度和转矩输出。
7.根据权利要求6所述的装置,其中基于发动机操作点来确定标称动力损失的代码包括基于发动机速度和转矩输出的可恢复的预校准阵列。
8.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中确定动力损失修正的代码还包括具有单个可执行的多项式方程的代码,基于发动机速度和转矩输出以及多个系数有效计算动力损失修正。
9.根据权利要求8所述的装置,其中所述多个系数对发动机空/燃比模式、发动机汽缸工作状态以及发动机操作温度模式的组合而确定。
10.根据权利要求8所述的装置,其中多项式方程的系数的确定是基于:补充燃料以操作发动机。
11.根据权利要求8所述的装置,其中多项式方程的系数的确定是基于:供应燃料以优化碳氢化合物和NOx排放量。
12.根据权利要求8所述的装置,其中多项式方程的系数的确定是基于:补充燃料以实现冷却剂和发动机油暖机。
13.根据权利要求8所述的装置,其中多项式方程的系数的确定是基于:供应燃料以实现催化剂暖机来符合碳氢化合物和NOx排放量目标。
14.根据权利要求8所述的装置,其中多项式方程的系数的确定是基于:供应燃料以防止催化剂过热操作。
15.一种确定发动机动力损失的装置,包括存储介质,存储介质具有存储在其中的机器可执行的程序,以从内燃机的标称动力损失估算修正从而控制发动机操作,该程序包括:
监测发动机操作条件的代码;
监测发动机操作的代码,包括发动机操作模式:发动机空/燃比模式、发动机操作温度模式以及发动机汽缸工作状态;
在发动机操作点基于该发动机操作条件和该发动机操作来确定动力损失修正的代码;和
基于标称动力损失和动力损失修正来控制发动机操作的代码。
16.根据权利要求15所述的装置,其中发动机操作条件包括大气压力、发动机温度、空/燃比和催化剂温度的至少一个。
17.根据权利要求15所述的装置,其中标称动力损失基于操作点确定,并且,包括基于发动机速度和转矩输出的可恢复的预定校准阵列。
18.根据权利要求15所述的装置,其中在发动机操作点来确定动力损失修正的代码还包括具有单个可执行的多项式方程的代码,基于发动机速度和转矩输出以及多个系数有效计算动力损失修正。
19.一种操作发动机的方法,包括:
估算内燃机的瞬时动力损失,包括:
监测发动机操作条件;
在发动机操作点基于该发动机操作条件确定标称动力损失;基于发动机操作条件和发动机操作点确定标称动力损失的动力损失修正,动力损失修正对以下组合是可确定的:发动机空/燃比模式、发动机汽缸工作状态以及发动机操作温度模式;以及
基于估算的瞬时动力损失控制发动机。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,用于动力损失修正的组合包括:
包括当量和富操作之一的发动机空/燃比模式;
包括标准状态和休眠状态之一的发动机汽缸工作状态;和
包括暖机和已暖机之一的发动机操作温度模式。
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