CN101424477A - 用于低温空气分馏的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于低温空气分馏的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN101424477A
CN101424477A CNA2008101667962A CN200810166796A CN101424477A CN 101424477 A CN101424477 A CN 101424477A CN A2008101667962 A CNA2008101667962 A CN A2008101667962A CN 200810166796 A CN200810166796 A CN 200810166796A CN 101424477 A CN101424477 A CN 101424477A
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remaining fraction
tower
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S·洛赫纳
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Linde GmbH
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Abstract

在用于获得氮的具有单塔(12)的蒸馏塔系统中低温空气分馏的方法和设备。将进料空气(8)在主热交换器(9)中冷却,并引入(11,43)单塔(12)中。单塔(12)具有顶部冷凝器(13),于其中来自单塔的上部区域的蒸汽至少部分地被冷凝。从单塔(12)的上部区域排出氮产物流(15,16,17)。从单塔(12)以液态排出第一残余馏份(14,19),在顶部冷凝器(13)中至少部分地蒸发,随后从顶部冷凝器作为蒸发的第一残余馏份(19)排出。蒸发的第一残余馏份(19)的至少第一部分(20)在膨胀机(21)内以做功的方式膨胀。从单塔(12)的下部区域或中间区域排出第二残余馏份(18,29),再压缩(30),随后至少送回(32)至单塔(12)的第一部分。

Description

用于低温空气分馏的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及用于低温空气分馏的方法,其具有用于获得氮的蒸馏塔系统。
背景技术
例如从Hausen/Linde,Tieftemperaturtechnik[Cryogenic engineering],1985年第2版,第4章(第281至337页)已知用于低温分馏空气的方法和装置。
EP 412 793 B2、EP 773 417 B1、EP 780 648 B1、EP 807 792 B1、EP932 004 A2以及US 2007/204652 A1的导言(SPECTRA)描述了空气分馏方法类型的实施例。已知在这些方法中,从单塔排出第一富含氧的残余馏份,使其蒸发,并在膨胀机中以做功的方式使已蒸发的残余馏份的至少一部分膨胀,从而产生弥补交换损失所需的冷冻,若需要用于产物液化。在膨胀机的出口压力下排出第一残余馏份,通常在大约为大气压力下,通常仅可用作用于提纯进料空气的吸附装置的再生气体。在SPECTRA方法中,在此情况下,将第二残余馏份与第一残余馏份一起从单塔排出,并至少部分地蒸发;选择性地,两种残余馏份在单塔的不同位置排出,并彼此独立地蒸发,例如在单塔的顶部冷凝器中的不同通道中。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供在经济上特别有利地实施的前述类型的方法和对应的设备。
该目的是通过本发明实现的。
一般而言,在根据本发明的方法中,使用所有富含氧的残余气体,用于通过做功膨胀产生冷冻或者用于再循环至塔内。若额外需要氧产物,则目前采用具有双塔的更复杂的方法,或者将所需的氧以液态输送并在外部蒸发。在本发明的范畴内,发现仍然有利的是,根据本发明方法的第一实施方案,仅使用一部分第一残余馏份以产生冷冻并排出残余物或一部分残余物,第一馏份直接作为不纯的气态氧产物,更精确而言,大约在膨胀机的入口压力下,即在3至6巴,优选为3.5至5.5巴的明显超过大气压的压力下。虽然因此进料空气的需要量有所增加,无论相应地增加压缩能量的需求,但是与用于额外输送不纯的氧作为产物的已知方法相比,根据本发明的方法是更加有利的。在此,“大约在膨胀机的入口压力下”是指在从该方法排出时不纯的气态氧产物的压力,由于相应的传输损失,无需精确等于膨胀机的入口压力;但是不包括用于改变压力大于0.5巴的确定的措施,例如在另一个膨胀机内膨胀。
在本发明方法的第二实施方案中,用于第二残余馏份的再压缩机同时用作不纯的气态氧产物的产物压缩机。因此,该不纯的氧产物可以在相对较高的压力下传输。在此,“作为不纯的气态氧产物排出”是指从该方法排出第二残余馏份的第二部分作为与压缩下游的主要部分(prevails)相同的组成的最终产物,而不实施另一个分离步骤。
不纯的气态氧产物可以用于需要相应的压力而无需压缩机的任何应用,例如作为诸如燃烧的化学反应中的氧化剂。在此,通常需要1.8巴或更高的压力。在仍旧较高的压力下使用的情况下,与膨胀机下游的不受压的残余气体相比,在本发明的情况下节约了用于压缩的一部分费用。
不纯的氧产物可以用于本发明,例如用于输送富含O2的燃烧空气。与空气的使用相比,这提供了许多优点。提高的氧含量导致燃烧器温度的升高。因为需要更少的氮进行共热和共压缩,所以减少了能量消耗。通过能够流过燃烧器的反应性更高的混合物提高燃烧器性能。
优选将第一残余馏份的第一和第二部分引入主热交换器内,其中在中间温度下从主热交换器排出第一部分,并送至膨胀机,以及将第二部分加热至约为环境温度,并作为不纯的气态氧产物排出。
该“主热交换器”优选由单独的热交换区段(block)形成。在相对较大的设备中,可以有利地通过与温度过程(temperature course)平行地连接的多个联动装置(trains)实现主热交换器,该联动装置是由彼此分离的组件形成的。原则上,主热交换器或者各个联动装置可以由两个或更多个串联的区段形成。
可以在顶部冷凝器的下游立即将第一残余馏份分成两个部分,然后将这两个部分彼此独立地引入主热交换器中。然而,两部分均优选至少部分地在主热交换器的相同通道内通过共同引入主热交换器中的第一残余馏份的第一和第二部分实施加热。
于再压缩的上游,可以将第二残余馏份加热至约为环境温度。在加热的情况下实施再压缩。然后在引入单塔中之前,将经再压缩的第二残余馏份再次冷却至约为该塔的操作温度。第二残余馏份的加热和冷却可以在主热交换器中或者在一个或更多个其他热交换器中实施。
然而在许多情况下,更加有利的是借助制冷压缩机再压缩第二残余馏份。然后,在压缩的上游,第二残余馏份无需加热,或者仅需相对轻微地加热。在此,“制冷压缩机”是指在入口压力低于200K,优选低于150K,特别优选为90至120K的情况下运行的压缩机。
在冷压缩和热压缩的情况下,在做功膨胀中产生的机械能可以至少部分地用于再压缩第二残余馏份。以机械方式将机械能直接传输至再压缩机,例如经由膨胀机与再压缩机所共用的轴。特别是当再压缩机以制冷压缩机构成时,优选仅将由膨胀机产生的一部分机械能传输至再压缩机;其余部分送至热制动装置,例如制动扇、发生器(generator)或散逸制动(dissipating brake)。
此外,在本发明的范畴内,可以通过以下步骤获得纯氧:在中间点排出单塔的含氧流,将其送至纯氧塔,以及从纯氧塔的下部区域以液态排出纯氧产物流,在主热交换器内与进料空气相对地,若需要在压力上升之后处于液态的纯氧产物流进行蒸发及加热,并最终获得气态产物。
该过程也称作“内部压缩”,并且在压力下获得气态产物时用作气态产物压缩(外部压缩)的代替。不包括根据本发明获得不纯的气态氧产物的对应方法在较早的德国专利申请102007024168及其对应申请中详细地述及。选择性地或者额外地,纯氧还可作为液体产物排出。
在此,术语“蒸发”包括在超临界压力下的伪蒸发。因此,将纯氧产物流引入主热交换器的压力也可以高于临界压力,恰好如同与纯氧产物流相对地(伪)冷凝的热载体的压力。
若在高于纯氧塔的操作压力的提高的压力下于原地需要氧,则有利的是对纯氧产物流施加至提高的压力成为液态。由此,在本发明的范畴内,可以省略热氧压缩机,或者至少可以相对较小地构成。若需要以大幅变化的速率排出,则可以在高于释放压力的压力下传输氧至作为缓冲器的气体压力容器中。
有利的是,在单塔的底部排出第一残余馏份。
第一和第二残余馏份原则上可以同第二一起从单塔排出,例如在底部(参见EP 412 793 B2)。然而在许多情况下,更有利的是第二残余馏份的氮含量高于第一残余馏份。然后,从单塔的设置在底部上方的中间点,特别是在排出第一残余馏份的位置的上方,排出第二残余馏份。然后使两种残余馏份在顶部冷凝器中分别蒸发,送至再压缩和/或做功膨胀,及排出产物。
此外,本发明涉及用于低温空气分馏的设备。
下面参考附图中所图示的两个实施例更详细地阐述本发明以及本发明的其他细节。
附图说明
图1所示为本发明的第一实施例,包括在膨胀机上游排出不纯的气态氧产物;及
图2所示为本发明的第二实施例,包括于再压缩机下游排出不纯的气态氧产物。
具体实施方式
借助空气压缩机抽吸大气空气1通过过滤器2,并在此压缩至绝对压力6至20巴,优选约为9巴。在流过后冷却器4和水分离器5之后,在具有一对用优选为分子筛的吸附材料填充的容器的提纯装置7内提纯经压缩的空气6。在主热交换器9内将经提纯的空气8冷却至约为露点,并部分液化。经由节流阀51将经冷却的空气10的第一部分11引入单塔12中。进料优选经过底部上方的一些实际或理论的塔板。
单塔12(位于顶部)的操作压力为6至20巴,优选约为9巴。它的顶部冷凝器通过第二残余馏份18及第一残余馏份14加以冷却。从该单塔12的底部排出第一残余馏份14,从空气进料口上方的一些实际或理论的塔板的中间点或者在与此相同的高度排出第二残余馏份18。
作为单塔12的主要产物,在顶部排出气态氮15、16,在主热交换器9内加热至约为环境温度,并最终经由管线17作为受压的气态产物(PGAN)排出。来自顶部冷凝器13的冷凝物52的一部分53可以作为产物液氮(PLIN)获得;残余物54作为回流送回单塔的顶部。
在2至9巴,优选约为4巴的压力下,在顶部冷凝器13中使第二残余馏份18蒸发,并以气态经由管线19流至制冷压缩机30,于其中被再压缩至约为单塔的操作压力。将该经再压缩的残余馏份31冷却回至主热交换器9中的塔温,并最终经由管线32送回至底部的单塔12。
在2至9巴,优选约为4巴的压力下,在顶部冷凝器13中使第一残余馏份14蒸发,并以气态经由管线19流至主热交换器9的冷端。在中间温度下再次排出(管线20)第一残余馏份的第一部分20。第二部分残留在主热交换器9中,在此再次加热至约为环境温度,并经由管线60作为不纯的气态氧产物(GOX-Imp.)排出该设备。第一残余馏份的第一部分20膨胀至高于大气压约300毫巴,从而在实施例中作为透平膨胀机构成的膨胀机21内做功。膨胀机以机械方式连接至制冷压缩机30以及在实施例中通过油制动器形成的阻断装置22。在主热交换器9中加热已膨胀的第一残余馏份23至约为环境温度。若适合在加热装置28中加热之后,将热的第一残余馏份24吹出至大气(管线25)和/或在提纯装置7中用作再生气体26、27。
从单塔12的中间点以液态排出基本上不含低挥发性杂质的含氧流36,该中间点设置在空气进料口上方的5至25个理论或实际的塔板。若合适,在纯氧塔38的底部蒸发器37中使该含氧流36过冷,并经由管线39及节流阀40送至纯氧塔38的顶部。纯氧塔38(顶部)的操作压力为1.3至4巴,优选约为2.5巴。
额外地借助经冷却的进料空气10的第二部分42冷却纯氧塔38的底部蒸发器37。在此情况下,至少部分地,例如完全地,使进料空气流42冷凝,并经由管线43流至单塔12,其中大约在残余进料空气11的进料高度处引入。
从纯氧塔38的底部以液态排出纯氧产物流41,借助泵55施加至2至100巴,优选约为12巴的提高的压力,经由管线56送至主热交换器9的冷端,在此于提高的压力下蒸发,并加热至约为环境温度,并最终经由管线57作为气态产物(GOX-IC)获得。
纯氧塔38的塔顶馏出气体58混合至经膨胀的第一残余馏份23。若合适,一部分进料空气经由侧流管线59用于泵保护该制冷压缩机30至其入口(防喘振控制)。
若需要,液态氧可以作为液态产物于该泵55(图中未示出)上游和/或下游从该设备排出。此外,在与用进料空气(图中未示出)间接热交换的情况下,来自液体罐的外部液体,例如液态氩、液态氮或液态氧可以在主热交换器9中蒸发。
根据本发明的方法及对应的设备可以特别有利地用于半导体工业中或者用于火成硅酸制造,其要求氮和不纯的氧,若需要则将纯氧作为产物。
图2与图1的区别仅在于图1的不纯的气态氧产物不是在膨胀机上游从第一残余馏份分出,而是于再压缩机30下游从第二残余馏份31分出。仅将第一部分的经再压缩的第二残余气体馏份31在主热交换器中冷却,并经由管线32引导回至该塔内;残余物流入主热交换器内至热端,并在此作为不纯的气态氧产物160排出。将第一残余馏份19/20全部送至膨胀机21。
原则上还可以将图1和图2所示的两个实施方案相结合,即在不同的压力下排出两种不纯的气态氧产物。

Claims (11)

1、在用于获得氮的具有单塔(12)的蒸馏塔系统中低温空气分馏的方法,其中
-将进料空气(8)在主热交换器(9)中冷却,并引入(11,43)该单塔(12)中,
-该单塔(12)具有顶部冷凝器(13),在该顶部冷凝器中来自该单塔的上部区域的蒸汽至少部分地被冷凝,
-从该单塔(12)的上部区域排出氮产物流(15,16,17),
-从该单塔(12)以液态排出第一残余馏份(14,19),在该顶部冷凝器(13)中至少部分地蒸发,随后从该顶部冷凝器作为蒸发的第一残余馏份(19)排出,
-该蒸发的第一残余馏份(19)的至少第一部分(20)在膨胀机(21)内以做功的方式膨胀,及
-从该单塔(12)的下部区域或中间区域排出第二残余馏份(18,29),再压缩(30),随后至少送回(32)至该单塔(12)的第一部分,
其特征在于,
-该蒸发的第一残余馏份(19)的第二部分并不是送入该膨胀机(21)中,而是大约在该膨胀机(21)的入口压力下作为不纯的气态氧产物(60)排出,和/或
-于再压缩(30)的下游排出该第二残余馏份的第二部分作为不纯的气态氧产物(160)。
2、根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,将所述第一残余馏份的第一和第二部分引入所述主热交换器(9)中,其中在中间温度下从所述主热交换器(9)排出所述第一部分(20),并送至所述膨胀机(21),将所述第二部分加热至约为环境温度,并作为不纯的气态氧产物(60)排出。
3、根据权利要求2的方法,其特征在于,将所述第一残余馏份的第一和第二部分共同引入(19)所述主热交换器(9)中。
4、根据权利要求1至3之一的方法,其特征在于,借助制冷压缩机(30)再压缩所述第二残余馏份(18,29)。
5、根据权利要求1至4之一的方法,其特征在于,在做功膨胀(21)中产生的机械能至少部分地用于对所述第二残余馏份实施再压缩(30)。
6、根据权利要求1至5之一的方法,其特征在于,
-含氧流(36)从所述单塔(12)于中间点排出,并送至(39)纯
氧塔(38),及
-从所述纯氧塔(38)的下部区域以液态排出纯氧产物流(41),
-若需要在压力上升(55)之后,使处于液态的纯氧产物流(41,56)蒸发,并在所述主热交换器(9)中与所述进料空气(8)相对地进行加热,以及
-最终获得气态产物(57)。
7、根据权利要求1至6之一的方法,其特征在于,于所述单塔(12)的底部排出所述第一残余馏份(14)。
8、根据权利要求1至7之一的方法,其特征在于,从所述单塔(12)的中间点排出所述第二残余馏份(18),该中间点设置在底部上方,特别是在排出所述第一残余馏份(14)的位置的上方。
9、根据权利要求1至8之一的方法,其特征在于,所述膨胀机(21)的出口压力高于大气压不足0.5巴。
10、根据权利要求1至9之一的方法,其特征在于,将所述第二残余馏份(18,29)再压缩(30)至高于所述单塔(12)的操作压力不足0.5巴。
11、用于低温空气分馏的设备,其
-具有用于获得氮的蒸馏塔系统(12),该系统具有单塔(12),
-具有用于冷却进料空气(8)的主热交换器(9),
-具有用于将经冷却的进料空气引入该单塔(12)内的装置,
-具有与该单塔(12)相连的氮产物管线(15,16,17),
-具有用于冷凝来自该单塔的上部区域的蒸汽的顶部冷凝器(13),
-具有用于从该单塔(12)以液态排出第一残余馏份(14,19)并将该第一残余馏份引入该顶部冷凝器内的装置,
-具有用于从该顶部冷凝器(13)至少部分地排出蒸发的第一残余馏份(19)的装置,
-具有用于将蒸发的第一残余馏份(19)的至少第一部分引入膨胀机(21)内的透平管线(20),
-具有用于从该单塔(12)的下部区域或中间区域排出第二残余馏份(18,29)的装置,
-具有用于再压缩(30)该第二残余馏份的装置,及
-具有用于将经再压缩的第二残余馏份的至少第一部分循环至该单塔(12)的装置,
其特征在于不纯的氧产物管线(60,160),
-其用于大约在该膨胀机(21)的入口压力下排出蒸发的第一残余馏份(19)的第二部分作为不纯的气态氧产物,和/或
-用于在再压缩(30)的下游排出该第二残余馏份的第二部分作为不纯的气态氧产物。
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CN102553347B (zh) * 2012-01-18 2014-06-25 高云芝 一种自动化过滤设备及其操作方法
CN107238255A (zh) * 2016-01-14 2017-10-10 林德股份公司 在空气分离设备中获得空气产品的方法和空气分离设备
CN107238255B (zh) * 2016-01-14 2021-03-16 林德股份公司 在空气分离设备中获得空气产品的方法和空气分离设备
CN107606875A (zh) * 2016-07-12 2018-01-19 林德股份公司 通过低温分离空气产生压缩氮和液氮的方法和设备

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