CN101400864A - 具有凹穴的多层泡沫复合元件 - Google Patents
具有凹穴的多层泡沫复合元件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101400864A CN101400864A CNA2007800086693A CN200780008669A CN101400864A CN 101400864 A CN101400864 A CN 101400864A CN A2007800086693 A CNA2007800086693 A CN A2007800086693A CN 200780008669 A CN200780008669 A CN 200780008669A CN 101400864 A CN101400864 A CN 101400864A
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- depression
- layer
- composite component
- foam
- layers
- Prior art date
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Images
Classifications
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- E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种总厚度为d的多层泡沫复合元件,其包括至少三个由开孔泡沫组成的层。至少一个内层包含凹穴,而两个最外层没有凹穴。所述复合元件的特征在于:i)包含凹穴的内层中凹穴体积为20-70体积%,和ii)包含凹穴的层厚度为总厚度d的20-80%。
Description
本发明涉及一种多层泡沫复合元件,其总厚度d包含至少三个由开孔泡沫组成的层,其中至少一个内层具有凹穴而两个最外层没有凹穴,其中
i)具有凹穴的内层中凹穴体积为20-70体积%,和
ii)具有凹穴的层厚度为总厚度d的20-80%。
本发明还涉及权利要求1-9所述的复合元件作为吸音元件的用途。
开孔泡沫,例如基于蜜胺树脂或基于聚氨酯的那些,被用作绝缘元件(例如绝缘层、绝缘片或绝缘网)用于绝热,并且特别地还用于隔音,因为它们的开孔结构能有效吸音。
已知绝缘元件可以具有凹穴(空腔)以减少重量——这很重要,例如对于最小化汽车和航空器的燃料消耗——或优化吸音效果。在本申请中术语凹穴与空腔含义相同。
例如,EP 1336 695 A1描述了一种片状隔音组件,其表面面向建筑中房间的内侧,具有皱纹和凹槽。
DE 35 13 662 A1公开了一种隔音装置,其由外形具有圆形突出部分的泡沫网组成,具有圆形突出部分的网侧被安排成背向传入的声音。可以有箔片覆盖在具有圆形突出部分的网侧。还描述了由至少两个相邻泡沫网组成的隔音装置,每一个泡沫网外形具有圆形突出部分。
WO 2005/095206 A1描述了用于航空器机身的热和声音绝缘的绝缘体系,这些被连接在机架和纵梁之间的机身内侧。它们具有至少一个由开孔拒水性泡沫如基于蜜胺的泡沫组成的层和一层装饰性外层(外部装饰)。图5和说明书[0037]-[0041]段公开了一个多层体系,其由第一泡沫层和具有纤维层的第二泡沫层组成。这两层通过同样由泡沫组成的分隔层彼此连接,因此在分隔层之间形成空气填充的凹穴(间隙)。图8和9或[0046]-[0053]段描述了具有多层的其它实施方案,同样每层具有间隔层和中间凹穴。
现有技术中的隔音元件在满足吸音或减重应用的需求上并不总是令人满意。
本发明目的是消除所述缺点。本发明的另一个目的是提供由开孔泡沫组成的改进复合元件。
复合元件的特征在于重量轻且同时具有良好的吸音效果。具体而言,本发明是要寻找复合元件,与由没有凹穴的“实心”元件相比,其通过引入凹穴造成的重量减少产生低于比例的吸音效果降低。
因此,发现了在前面定义的复合元件,以及它们作为吸音元件的用途。本发明优选实施方案在从属权利要求中描述。
复合元件的泡沫是开孔泡沫。闭孔的比例通常至多10%,优选至多5%。开孔泡沫优选选自蜜胺树脂泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫和聚酰亚胺泡沫。
优选适用的蜜胺树脂泡沫是由衍生自蜜胺和甲醛的缩合物组成的那些之一,那些也称为蜜胺-甲醛树脂、MF树脂或蜜胺树脂。这些弹性的开孔蜜胺树脂泡沫是已知的,并且通过实例描述于说明书EP-A17 671、17 672、37 470、和WO 01/94436中。
蜜胺树脂泡沫的制备从蜜胺-甲醛预缩合物开始。缩合成蜜胺-甲醛缩合物的材料不仅可以包含蜜胺,还可以包含至多50重量%,优选至多20重量%的其它形成热固性材料的化合物,以及不仅包含甲醛,还包含至多50重量%,优选至多20重量%的其它醛。特别优选未改性的蜜胺-甲醛缩合物。可用的形成热固性材料的材料实例为:烷基-和芳基取代的蜜胺、脲、氨基甲酸酯、羧酰胺、双氰胺、胍、硫酰胺、磺酰胺、脂族胺、二醇、酚及其衍生物。可用醛的实例为:乙醛、三羟甲基乙醛、丙烯醛、苯甲醛、糠醛、乙二醛、戊二醛、邻苯二甲醛和对苯二甲醛。关于蜜胺-甲醛缩合物的进一步详细描述见Houben-Weyl,Methoden der organischen Chemie[有机化学方法],14/2卷,1963,319-402页。
蜜胺对甲醛的摩尔比通常为1:1.3-1:3.5,特别是1:1.6-1:3.1。缩合成蜜胺树脂的材料可以进一步包含亚硫酸盐基团,这可以通过例如在树脂缩合过程中添加1-20重量%亚硫酸氢钠完成(见EP-A37470)。
蜜胺-甲醛预缩合物通常呈溶液或分散体的形式,并与制备泡沫所需的常见添加剂混合。这些添加剂具体为用于发泡剂的乳化和泡沫的稳定的乳化剂(阴离子型、阳离子型或非离子型表面活性剂,例如烷基硫酸盐),用于从蜜胺树脂溶液生产泡沫的发泡剂(化学或物理发泡剂如戊烷),以及催化蜜胺树脂的进一步缩合的硬化剂(大多数为酸,如甲酸)。
例如,添加剂在挤出机中与蜜胺树脂的水溶液或分散体混合,并且这里发泡剂合适的话也可以在加压下注入。但是,还可以从固体,例如喷雾干燥的蜜胺树脂开始,然后将其与乳化剂的水溶液、硬化剂以及发泡剂混合。混合过程后,溶液或分散体通过喷嘴排放,然后立即加热,例如通过2.45GHz下的高频辐照或通过微波辐照,由此发泡。由于温度升高并且发泡剂蒸发而发泡的混合物例如模制成泡沫挤出物,并将其切割成厚块。
关于原料如乳化剂、发泡剂和硬化剂的进一步信息以及关于蜜胺树脂泡沫制备的进一步工艺细节例如在上面所述的说明书WO01/94436、EP-A17671、17672和37470中可以找到。
为了生产本发明泡沫复合元件,优选使用外壳密度(根据EN ISO 845测得)为3-50千克/立方米,特别是7-15千克/立方米的蜜胺树脂泡沫。合适的蜜胺树脂泡沫可以购买得到,例如购自BASF的
聚氨酯泡沫是多异氰酸酯加聚产物。在此聚氨酯也表示其它多异氰酸酯加聚产物,特别是聚异氰脲酸酯或聚脲。软质、半硬质或硬质、或热塑性或交联的聚氨酯级别适用于本发明的复合元件。
聚氨酯的制备已有广泛描述,并通常通过异氰酸酯a)与对异氰酸酯呈反应性的化合物b)在已知条件下反应进行。该反应优选在催化剂c)和/或助剂d)存在下进行。如果涉及发泡的多异氰酸酯加聚产物,则它们在常规发泡剂e)的存在下生产。
可用的异氰酸酯a)是本身已知的芳族、芳脂族、脂族和/或环脂族有机异氰酸酯,优选二异氰酸酯。可用的对异氰酸酯呈反应性的化合物b)是公知化合物,其分子量为60-10000,相对于异氰酸酯的官能度为1-8,优选2-6(在热塑性聚氨酯TPU的情况下官能度为大约2),实例为分子量为500-10000的多元醇,例如聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇、聚醚聚酯多元醇和/或二醇、三醇和/或分子量小于500的多元醇。
合适的话可用于产物制备的催化剂c)是显著加速异氰酸酯与对异氰酸酯呈反应性的化合物之间反应的公知化合物,在此使用的总催化剂含量优选为0.001-15重量%,特别是0.05-6重量%,以所有所用对异氰酸酯呈反应性的化合物b)的重量计;实例为叔胺和/或金属盐,例如在金属常见氧化态下的铁、铅、锌和/或锡的无机和/或有机化合物。
合适的话可使用的助剂d)是在下一段中提及的添加剂。
本领域熟练技术人员可以在Kunststoff-Handbuch[塑料手册],第三版,第7卷,“Polyurethane”[聚氨酯],Hanser Verlag,Munich1993中找到关于聚氨酯、聚异氰脲酸酯和聚脲的详细内容。
聚酰亚胺是其重复单元通过线性或环状酰亚胺基团键合的聚合物。例如它们通过脂族或芳族二胺与芳族四羧酸二酐(例如来自4,4′-氧双苯胺和苯均四酸二酐)以聚酰胺羧酸为中间体进行缩聚而制备。在此酰亚胺基团在聚合物的合成中制备。但是缩合反应不仅在分子内以环化进行,也在分子间进行。由于所形成的交联,使得后续的成形工艺变得更加困难,该成形工艺(在此为发泡)优选与闭环反应同时进行。在环化中消除的水可以引发难以解决的链降解,因此聚酰胺羧酸泡沫在酰亚胺化之前大部分被结合水的受体饱和。交联和水解同样可以通过用例如二异氰酸酯替换二胺来避免。
原位形成酰亚胺所需的两个官能度同样可以在单个单体分子中结合,这样不仅获得AA-BB聚酰亚胺,还获得AB聚酰亚胺,这些都没有交联。聚酰亚胺合成中的交联也可以通过使用包含前面形成的酰亚胺基团的单体来避免。这些单体的实例为从马来酐和二胺获得的双马来酰亚胺,然后这些通过加聚反应与例如二胺、醛肟或二硫化物反应形成聚酰亚胺。
其它用于本发明的聚酰亚胺是如下聚合物,这些聚合物不仅包含酰亚胺基团,还包含酰胺基团(聚酰胺酰亚胺)、酯基团(聚酯酰亚胺)、或醚基团(聚醚酰亚胺)。
聚酰亚胺泡沫通过常规发泡剂以公知方式发泡。关于聚酰亚胺的进一步详细描述例如在电子百科全书Lexikon Online,2.8版,Thieme-Verlag Stuttgart,2006中可以找到,关键词为“聚酰亚胺”[Polyimides]。
对于许多用途,有利的是以未发泡聚合物计向蜜胺树脂泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫或聚酰亚胺泡沫中添加至多20重量%,优选至多10重量%添加剂。这些添加剂的例子为染料、颜料、阻燃剂、抗氧化剂、紫外线稳定剂、热稳定剂、水解稳定剂、表面活性剂、具有抑制真菌和抑制细菌作用的物质、用于减少可燃气体毒性或促进碳化的试剂。还可以同时使用疏水剂或疏油剂,参见下文。这类添加剂为本领域熟练技术人员所知且可以市购。
本发明泡沫复合元件是具有至少三层的多层元件。所有的层由开孔泡沫组成。所有的层优选由所述蜜胺树脂泡沫组成或由所述聚氨酯泡沫组成或由所述聚酰亚胺泡沫组成。这里各种层可以包含相同泡沫或不同泡沫,它们即使全部为蜜胺树脂泡沫或聚氨酯泡沫或聚酰亚胺泡沫,其构成(特别是单体和单体比例、添加剂等)、结构(例如孔度、孔壁长度、闭孔比例)和/或性能(例如密度、透气性、硬度、弹性、压缩性能和回弹性能、绝热性能、吸音效果等)却不同。优选所有的层包含相同泡沫。
但是也可以是包含两种或更多种选自蜜胺树脂、聚氨酯和聚酰亚胺的泡沫的复合元件。
层数(在此也记作n)优选为3-10,特别优选3-6,特别是3-5,非常特别优选3或5。至少三层连续排列,例如互相重叠。因此该复合元件具有两个最外层—如果该元件是扁平形状,即上侧和下侧—和(n-2)个内层。
根据本发明,至少一个内层具有凹穴(空腔),两个最外层没有凹穴。
一个优选实施方案给出了具有A、B、C三层的复合元件,其中内层B具有凹穴,外层A和C没有凹穴。
在另一个实施方案中,复合元件具有A、B、C和D四层,其中内层B和C至少一个具有凹穴,其它层(至少外层A和D)没有凹穴。优选层B和C只有一层具有凹穴,另一层没有。
在另一个实施方案中,复合元件具有A、B、C、D和E五层,其中内层B、C和D至少一个具有凹穴,其它层(至少外层A和E)没有凹穴。优选B、C和D三层中两层有凹穴,这三层中的其它层没有。
特别优选具有A、B、C、D和E五层的复合元件,其中内层B和D中至少一层具有凹穴,其它层没有凹穴。特别优选两个内层B和D具有凹穴而其它层没有凹穴,由此得到序列为无-有-无-有-无凹穴的层。
如果在复合元件中两层或更多层具有凹穴,则排列优选可以是—或可以不是—在这些凹穴层之间具有一个或多个没有凹穴的层。在后一种情况中,即在两个或更多个凹穴层直接连续的情况下,优选在各个层的凹穴之间没有重叠,或仅有很少程度的重叠。
根据特征i),具有凹穴的内层中凹穴体积为20-70体积%,优选25-60体积%,特别优选27-55体积%。因此该层100体积%比例的余量由泡沫组成。
如果复合元件具有两个或更多个有凹穴的层,则这些凹穴层各自符合特征i)。各凹穴层中凹穴的比例可相同,或在提及的体积%范围内变化。
复合元件的总厚度d是横跨所有泡沫层的厚度,并且通常达到1毫米-100厘米,优选2毫米-50厘米,特别是5毫米-20厘米。
根据特征ii),具有凹穴的层厚度为复合元件总厚度d的20-80%,优选30-75%,特别优选35-70%。如果复合元件具有两个或更多个凹穴层,则该特征ii)涉及所有凹穴层加在一起,即所有凹穴层的厚度加在一起获得厚度d*,计算d*/d的商,其必须在特征ii)的%范围内。
各个层的厚度比例可以大范围变化,并且有凹穴层:无凹穴层的比例通常为100:1-0.1:1,优选5:1-1:1,特别优选2:1-1:1。在此至少两个无凹穴层的厚度可以相同或不同。例如,两个最外层的厚度比可以为5:1-1:1,优选2:1-1:1。在一个优选实施方案中,两个最外层的厚度相同。同样优选在层序列为无-有-无-有-无凹穴的所述五层复合元件情况下,没有凹穴的A、C和E三层厚度相同。
在两个或更多个凹穴层的情况下,这些层的厚度也可以相同或不同。在所述层序列为无-有-无-有-无凹穴的五层元件情况下,优选两个凹穴层B和D厚度相同。
如果排列是凹穴层不处于复合元件中心,而是与另一表面相比更接近复合元件的一个表面,则由于各个层的厚度和层序列,优选该凹穴层背向传入的声波。
由于泡沫是开孔泡沫,围绕复合元件的大气,通常是空气,通常填充凹穴。
关于凹穴的三维形状,发现某些实施方案使复合元件具有特别好的性能,特别是良好的吸音性能。凹穴的形状可以进行二维描述,例如通过它们的横截面,即观察垂直于复合元件层的截面,和通过它们的平面图,即观察平行于复合元件层的截面。在横截面情况下,从侧面观察复合元件,在平面图情况下,从下方或上方观察复合元件。
复合元件优选是一种其中凹穴的横截面为矩形、正方形、U-形、梯形、三角形、圆形或椭圆形的复合元件。U-形凹穴对应于具有圆形突出部分的发泡表面。
优选横截面形状为矩形、正方形、U-形或梯形。特别优选凹穴的横截面形状为矩形或梯形。为梯形时,梯形的长边可面向或背向传入的声音。类似地,U形时,凹穴的较宽基线(不是较窄顶端)可面向或背向传入的声音。
如果凹穴的横截面为矩形或梯形,则矩形或梯形各边之间的比例优选为4:1-0.5:1,特别是2:1-1:1。在梯形的情况下,该表述表示平均边长。凹穴的排列优选使得在观察复合元件横截面时,矩形或梯形的最长边与层平行,即凹穴优选“平放”而不是“竖放”。
凹穴可以—优选—在凹穴层的整个厚度(高度)上延伸或可以仅在一部分厚度上延伸。
同样复合元件优选是一种其中凹穴平面图为圆形、卵形、矩形、正方形或带状形状的复合元件。带状形状表示凹穴在复合元件的纵向或横向“连续”,即凹穴在该方向上贯穿整个元件。
平面图形状优选为圆形、矩形、正方形或带状。对于矩形凹穴,矩形边之间的比率优选为5:1-1:1。
如果三维观察凹穴,则优选凹穴形状为平行六面体、立方体、圆筒形、圆锥形、平截头体、球形、椭球体、环形(环)、四面体、平截四面体、棱锥体、平截棱锥体或凹陷形状(具有圆形突出部分的泡沫)。
制备本发明复合元件方法的一个例子是将各层彼此单独制备,然后将它们彼此邻接在一起。具体而言由蜜胺树脂泡沫组成的层通常在其表面具有制备工艺中形成的细针状结构;在各层互相重叠时,这些针状结构彼此以搭扣方式互锁。由蜜胺树脂泡沫组成的层特别优选以这种类型的互相重叠方式彼此结合。各层的互锁(以及因此各层的彼此粘合)可以根据需要通过加压增强。
但是,还有其它方式将各层彼此粘合在一起,例如通过:
粘合剂粘合:适于该目的的粘合剂(粘合促进剂)可以在粘合期间使用,实例为单组分或双组分粘合剂或基于分散体的粘合剂。可用的粘合剂为基于聚氯丁二烯、聚丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物、聚氨酯、环氧化物或蜜胺-甲醛缩合物的那些。粘合剂可以通过喷淋、涂抹、辊涂、浸渍、润湿或其它适于该目的的方法施加到泡沫上。
挤压:各层可以通过挤压彼此粘合。例如多层压机或其它常规压机适于该目的,并且压机中使用的压力、温度和时间本身已知。
机械方法:机械方法也可以用于将各层彼此粘合,例子为缝合、绗缝、缝筒(锁环)、针刺或铆接。在没有线、图钉、针、铆钉或其它助件下也可以通过利用泡沫的韧性和回弹性并且适当设计泡沫层的形状进行机械粘合。例如,这些层可以具有某些要素,如咬边、凹穴、舌和/或栓钉,它们用于将一层与另一层夹在一起,或在将各层挤压在一起时将一层插入另一层,抓握各层并使各层保持在一起。
各层的互相重叠或它们的机械粘合具有的优点是在后续的复合元件再循环中各层可以容易地彼此分离。优选各层通过互相重叠或机械方式彼此粘合。
除了如上所述彼此单独地制备各层并且合适的话将它们彼此粘合,可以通过共挤出或其它合适的方法同时制备很多层。
可以使用许多所述粘合方法粘合两层,和/或使用各种粘合方法制备复合元件。
在获得具有凹穴的层的方法实例(方法I)中,首先制备没有凹穴的普通层,然后施加凹穴。切割、钻孔、冲压、用弹丸轰击或其它常规方法可以用于施加凹穴,根据泡沫的构成、硬度和弹性以及凹穴的形状采用这些方法。在此切割或钻孔通常可以通过使用刀、钻子、磨机或锯、或通过高能辐射,如激光(激光切割)进行。其它可能是用液体(如水)或气体(如空气)进行切割或钻孔,这些液体或气体从喷嘴高压排出,分开泡沫。
作为可选方案(方法II),并且例如如果凹穴的体积处于特征i)的较高区域,则在获得具有凹穴的层的可能方法中,泡沫片铺设在底层(其可有凹穴或没有凹穴)上,然后将一层(其也可有凹穴或没有凹穴)置于其上。例如,泡沫片可以是带状、平行六面体、立方体、圆筒形或环。在此泡沫片的彼此分离对应于所需凹穴,而泡沫片的厚度(高度)对应于凹穴层的厚度。如果需要,泡沫片可以如上所述粘合到位于其下的层和/或位于其上的层。
如果复合元件包含两个或更多个凹穴层,所有这些可以通过相同的方法I或II制备,或可以使用两个方法I和II制备。
在一个优选实施方案中,复合元件是其中至少一个最外层已经被疏水化或疏油化,或(特别优选)已经既被疏水化又被疏油化的复合元件。非常特别优选复合元件整个表面已经被疏水化或疏油化,或(同样特别优选)已经既被疏水化又被疏油化。术语疏水化包括耐水和防水,术语疏油化包括耐油和防油。
进行疏水化或疏油化的可能方法是疏水剂和疏油剂在完成泡沫制备之前各自伴随使用。也可以用该试剂处理完成的泡沫,例如通过用该试剂润湿或涂布泡沫表面或用该试剂浸透泡沫。
进行疏水化或疏油化的另一个成功方法是将疏水层和疏油层各自层压到复合元件的一个或多个表面。层压材料的选择应使对复合元件吸音效果的损害达到最小。
这些可用的层压层特别可以是箔片,例如聚合物箔片,以及由纺织品或玻璃纤维组成的织物或非织造织物。施用的层压材料可以疏水或疏油,或—优选—疏水和疏油层压材料可以彼此紧接施用。层压材料通常以本文前面部分所述粘合方法粘合到最外泡沫层,优选通过粘合剂粘合或通过挤压粘合。
合适的聚合物箔片为由聚酰胺组成的箔片,由聚烯烃如聚乙烯或聚丙烯组成的箔片或由聚酯如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯或聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯组成的箔片。箔片的总厚度通常为5-100μm,优选5-60μm,特别是10-20μm。
用于织物或非织造织物的合适纺织品纤维的例子为纤维素纤维、聚酯纤维或聚酰胺纤维。
合适疏水剂的实例为聚硅氧烷、石蜡、聚硅氧烷表面活性剂和氟化表面活性剂。特别合适的市售产品为来自Rotta的氟代烷烃乳液;来自Degussa的聚硅氧烷乳液;和来自BASF的石蜡乳液以及类似产品。合适疏油剂的实例为氟代烷烃乳液,例如购自Clariant的产品,上述以及类似产品。
提及的疏水剂或疏油剂可以在此用于直接处理泡沫,或这些试剂可以在制备层压材料期间伴随使用,该层压材料即为箔片、纺织品层或玻璃纤维层,或这些试剂可以施用到层压材料。
本发明复合元件的一侧,优选背向传入的声波的一侧,如果需要可以具有稳定化支承层。合适支承层的实例为由金属如铝或钢、纸板、石膏板、塑料或其它机械稳定材料组成的那些。支承层可以是表面不间断的片材,或可以具有凹穴,例如呈多孔片材或格栅或网的形式。可以优选具有凹穴的支承层,因为其节省重量并较少损害所希望的吸音效果。
也可以使支承层排列在复合元件的内部,即在支承层的两侧有泡沫层。如果声音从两边冲击复合元件,这种排列特别有利。
复合元件和/或其支承层可以具有安装助件或紧固助件。这些助件使得大量复合元件容易彼此连接在一起得到单一表面,并将复合元件紧固到基材。合适助件的例子为粘合平面、粘合带、粘合点、螺旋或螺纹、铆钉、紧箍连接器、夹具、互锁连接器或其它助件。例如,它们可以通过空穴、褶皱、圆角嵌条、槽、切口,或通过模制舌、钉、带等实现。
本发明还提供所述复合元件作为吸音元件的用途,例如用于建筑物、机器或车辆之上或之中。
本发明复合元件优于现有技术中的那些。它们的特征在于重量轻而吸音效果好。如果将本发明复合元件与没有凹穴的“实心”元件相比,由于引入凹穴,吸音效果降低的比例低于重量减少的比例。例如如果元件的重量与没有凹穴的元件相比由于凹穴而减少1/3,则吸音效果的降低少于1/3。
实施例
将蜜胺树脂泡沫用于制备多层复合元件(测试样品)。该泡沫是衍生自蜜胺和甲醛的缩合物。该蜜胺-甲醛泡沫的外壳密度(根据EN ISO845测得)为9千克/立方米。使用购自BASF的产品以下厚度表示圆筒形测试样品的高度。
测试样品I:用于比较
直径为100毫米且厚度d为50毫米的实心圆筒,没有凹穴。
测试样品II:具有凹穴层的三层复合元件
直径为100毫米且总厚度d为50毫米的圆筒,具有如下层序列:
·第一层(最外层),厚10毫米,无凹穴
·第二层(内层),厚30毫米,具有19个直径15毫米的圆筒形对称排列凹穴,该凹穴通过钻孔获得
·第三层(最外层),厚10毫米,无凹穴。
各层手工互相重叠并彼此粘合。
凹穴的横截面为矩形,并且凹穴的平面图为圆形。第二层中的凹穴体积达到该层的43体积%。第二层的厚度达到总厚度d的60%。
测试样品III:具有两个凹穴层的五层复合元件
直径为100毫米且总厚度d为50毫米的圆筒,具有如下层序列:
·第一层(最外层),厚10毫米,无凹穴
·第二层(内层),厚10毫米,具有19个直径15毫米的圆筒形对称排列凹穴,该凹穴通过钻孔获得
·第三层(内层),厚10毫米,无凹穴
·第四层(内层),厚10毫米,具有19个直径15毫米的圆筒形对称排列凹穴,该凹穴通过钻孔获得
·第五层(最外层),厚10毫米,无凹穴。
各层手工互相重叠并彼此粘合。
第二层和第四层凹穴的横截面为矩形,凹穴的平面图为圆形,凹穴排列为互相垂直。第二层和第四层中凹穴体积分别为该层的43体积%。第二层和第四层厚度加在一起为总厚度d的40%。
测试样品IV:具有梯形凹穴的三层复合元件
直径为100毫米且总厚度d为50毫米的圆筒,具有如下层序列:
·第一层(最外层),厚10毫米,无凹穴
·第二层(内层),厚30毫米,具有19个棱锥体形对称排列凹穴,该凹穴通过铣削获得
·第三层(最外层),厚10毫米,无凹穴。
各层手工互相重叠并彼此粘合。
凹穴的横截面为梯形,凹穴的平面图为正方形。在第二层中凹穴体积达到该层的30体积%。第二层的厚度达到总厚度d的60%。
图1是测试样品I、II、III和IV的横截面图。箭头表示面向声波的一侧(扩音器,见图2)。
测试样品的吸音效果根据DIN EN ISO 10534-1(2001年10月)在阻抗管中测定为吸音系数。测试频率为800、1200和1600Hz。
图2是具有阻抗管1的测试布置图。在管的一端有扩音器2,在其另一端是测试样品3,即测试样品I、II、III或IV。扩音器2产生声波,其冲击测试样品3。麦克风未显示。
在阻抗管中放置测试样品的方式使得测试样品各层的排列垂直于阻抗管的轴。测试样品IV的放置方式使得横截面呈梯形的凹穴的长边,即凹穴的较大孔口面朝扩音器。
表中比较了结果。测试的参照物是实心测试样品I(用于比较)。通过测试样品II、III和IV中凹穴获得的重量减少百分比以测试样品I计。与实心测试样品I比较时凹穴降低了吸音效果。该降低的程度以百分数表示,以测试样品I计。
表
在实施例2中三层测试样品II的情况下,33%的重量减少降低6-21%的吸音效果,该降低量随声音频率变化。因此吸音效果的降低比例小于重量减少比例。
在实施例3中五层测试样品的情况下,尽管重量减少22%,吸音效果几乎保持一致:吸音效果仅降低了1-5%,因此很显著地小于重量减少比例。在具有梯形凹穴的三层测试样品IV情况下(实施例4),吸音效果同样几乎保持不变:重量减少20%,其仅降低1-5%。
因此,特别是复合元件III和IV,其特征为极大节省重量而不损害良好吸音效果。
Claims (10)
1.一种多层泡沫复合元件,其总厚度d包括至少三个由开孔泡沫组成的层,其中至少一个内层具有凹穴,而两个最外层没有凹穴,其中i)具有凹穴的内层中凹穴体积为20-70体积%,和ii)具有凹穴的层厚度为总厚度d的20-80%。
2.根据权利要求1的复合元件,其中开孔泡沫选自蜜胺树脂泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫或聚酰亚胺泡沫。
3.根据权利要求1或2的复合元件,其具有A、B和C三层,其中内层B具有凹穴,而外层A和C没有凹穴。
4.根据权利要求1或2的复合元件,其具有A、B、C、D和E五层,其中至少一个内层B和D具有凹穴,其它层没有凹穴。
5.根据权利要求1、2或4的复合元件,其中两个内层B和D具有凹穴,其它层没有凹穴。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的复合元件,其中凹穴的横截面为矩形、正方形、U-形、梯形、三角形、圆形或椭圆形。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的复合元件,其中凹穴平面图为圆形、卵形、矩形、正方形或带状形状。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的复合元件,其中至少一个最外层被疏水化或疏油化,或被疏水化和疏油化。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项的复合元件,其中复合元件的整个表面被疏水化或疏油化,或被疏水化和疏油化。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项的复合元件作为吸音元件的用途。
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CN105023566A (zh) * | 2014-04-28 | 2015-11-04 | 四川正升声学科技有限公司 | 复合吸隔声板及其制作方法 |
CN105023566B (zh) * | 2014-04-28 | 2019-08-30 | 正升环境科技股份有限公司 | 复合吸隔声板及其制作方法 |
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US7910200B2 (en) | 2011-03-22 |
EP2010729B1 (de) | 2009-08-12 |
US20090011203A1 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
CA2643073A1 (en) | 2007-09-20 |
ES2328647T3 (es) | 2009-11-16 |
ATE439483T1 (de) | 2009-08-15 |
WO2007104651A1 (de) | 2007-09-20 |
DE502007001310D1 (de) | 2009-09-24 |
KR20080106571A (ko) | 2008-12-08 |
KR101328804B1 (ko) | 2013-11-13 |
CA2643073C (en) | 2014-05-13 |
JP5220622B2 (ja) | 2013-06-26 |
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