CN101311133B - Tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method and device thereof - Google Patents
Tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method and device thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN101311133B CN101311133B CN2008100734620A CN200810073462A CN101311133B CN 101311133 B CN101311133 B CN 101311133B CN 2008100734620 A CN2008100734620 A CN 2008100734620A CN 200810073462 A CN200810073462 A CN 200810073462A CN 101311133 B CN101311133 B CN 101311133B
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000005370 electroosmosis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 title claims description 13
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 210000005056 cell body Anatomy 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 208000005156 Dehydration Diseases 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011026 diafiltration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001232787 Epiphragma Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention relates to a tank type electro-osmosis method for reconstructing soil with silt; the method adopts a tank as a silt treatment carrier for electro-osmosis dewatering, and then a vacuum drainage device or/and a vacuum preloading device or/and a static load device or/and a forced ramming device can be additionally arranged according to requirements for improving dewatering efficiency; the assignment of the electrodes of an electro-osmosis device can be in a horizontal way or a vertical way, which is flexible and diversified; the method of the invention has large treatment capacity and can simplify equipment and lower cost to the utmost extent, and high voltage and strong electric current can be applied during electro-osmosis to shorten treatment time and enhance dewatering efficiency.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of mud and reproduce indigenous method, relate in particular to a kind of utilize groove as handle carrier carry out electric osmose mud again soil building method and implement the employed device of this method.
Background technology
At present at sludge dewatering, reproduce not see in the native processing technology field and adopt groove to carry out dewater the again relevant report of soil building of electric osmose as carrier.This case applicant has proposed to utilize groove weak soil, mud to be carried out the technical scheme of pulsed electric osmose processed as carrier, and applied for patent to Patent Office of China national Department of Intellectual Property, number of patent application is 200810073429.8, denomination of invention is " weak soil, sludge impulse type electro-dewatering treating method and a device thereof ".This method is simple to operate, and it utilizes the central principle of electric osmose that soft scholar, mud are carried out processed, and produces the good treatment effect, but because of the mud form under the various conditions in various places variant, and this method operation is more single, underaction, and processing cost is bigger.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention provides a kind of easy to operate and tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method that handiness is bigger and implements the employed device of this method.
The present invention solves the problems of the technologies described above with following technical scheme: the inventive method is operated according to the following steps:
1) in cell body, presses the yin, yang electrode that direction at the bottom of direction at the bottom of the parallel-groove or the vertical channel is arranged the electric osmose device, and mud is packed in the groove;
2) on cell body, set up vaccum drainage means as required or/and vacuum prepressing device or/and the static load device or/and ram apparatus by force, with auxiliary electric osmose;
3) when cell body is provided with vacuum prepressing device, this moment is if the electrode in the groove is when direction is arranged at the bottom of the parallel-groove, to need the covering vacuum film on the notch, perhaps at mud upper berth one deck cloth, repaves clay on the cloth or mud is made sealing ply; If the electrode in the groove is when direction is arranged at the bottom of the vertical channel, need to lay netted cap eye vacuum diaphragm or the netted cap eye mask or the redundant film of perforate of Belt connector on the notch, perhaps at electrode position the mesh cloth of pre-opened hole is arranged, repave clay on the cloth or mud is made sealing ply at mud upper berth one deck;
4) be provided with vaccum drainage means or/and during vacuum prepressing device when cell body, need to connect draining, negative pressure transmission pipeline, promptly with horizontal drain pipe and multiple-unit tube or stretch out the outer junctor of cap tube and be tightly connected, connect each horizontal drain pipe with header again so that emit with converging in the electric osmose process to the water of negative electrode;
5) electrode is connected the electric osmose power supply, connect the electric osmose circuit, carry out electric osmose, and change the yin, yang electrode at regular intervals, when processed mud water content reached the plastic limit value, electric osmose dehydration end-of-job dug out mud to come with excavator again from groove; If have additional 2 in the groove) during described supplementary unit, can simultaneously or intert and carry out operations such as vacuum drainage, vacuum preloading, static load in the electric osmose process, with auxiliary electric osmose dehydration.Also can finish aforesaid operations and ram by force more afterwards, with further enhancing dehydrating effect according to handling needs.
Carrying out the 1st) can by whizzer mud be carried out centrifugal dehydration treatment earlier before the step is poly-.
Can in groove, lay the template that takes up suspension ring earlier before the dress mud, and on template, arrange insulation division board or insulation barrier film, make mud after processed, just draw required soil block.
The power supply of described electric osmose device adopts pulsed direct current electric osmose power supply or direct current of voltage regulation to ooze power supply.
Implementing the device that the inventive method adopted is the groove that opening makes progress, there are waterproof shed and lifting rig in the top of groove, cell body two relative cell walls are removable wall, two relative cell walls are fixation wall in addition, but on bottom land or fixation wall, be provided with the filter layer of draining or be provided with the aperture that passes for the multiple-unit tube electrode, be provided with the electric osmose device in the groove according to handling needs.
Described electric osmose device is to make the yin, yang electrode with multiple-unit tube or other electric conductor, and when making electrode with multiple-unit tube, multiple-unit tube is again as draining, negative pressure transmission channels.
The netted cap eye vacuum diaphragm of Belt connector described in the aforesaid operations step 4) is to be made of cap tube, netted vacuum diaphragm and junctor, the cap tube is placed on the mesh of netted vacuum diaphragm, form netted cap eye vacuum diaphragm, junctor is placed in the cap tube, it and the inside and outside pipe connection of cap tube film also seal, the spacing of mesh is set according to requirement of engineering, this structure has been applied for patent to China national Department of Intellectual Property, and number of patent application is 200720082017.1, the utility model name is called " a kind of netted cap eye vacuum diaphragm of Belt connector "; Described netted cap eye mask is to be made of cap tube and reticular membrane, the cap wound packages is on the mesh of reticular membrane, the spacing of mesh is set according to requirement of engineering, this structure has been applied for patent to China national Department of Intellectual Property, and number of patent application is 200720082018.6, the utility model name is called " netted cap eye mask "; The redundant film of described perforate, it is the redundancy of reserving certain area with the vacuum diaphragm of monoblock in the position of yin, yang electrode, make this redundancy section wrap the electrode external wall of upper portion, hoop is with the elasticity cranse, with film and the sealing of electrode outer wall, film is positioned at the position perforate on the electrode again, electrode is stretched out outside the film, this is the redundant film of perforate.
The inventive method is compared with traditional sludge dewatering treatment process, has following advantage:
1, working method of the present invention has diversity, operates more flexibly, and practicality is stronger.
2, the inventive method can be carried out processed to the mud of all kinds of forms, simultaneously simplified apparatus and reducing cost greatly.
3, the inventive method can apply high pressure and strong current in the electric osmose process, to shorten the treatment time, improves dewatering efficiency.
4, the used apparatus structure of the inventive method simple, be easy to build, cost is low, treatment capacity is big, helps large-scale fast processing.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is that the yin, yang electrode of electric osmose device is to be parallel to the arrange structural representation of time slot of bottom land direction.
Fig. 2 is the schematic top plan view of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of mesh cloth.
Fig. 4 is the schematic top plan view of the groove when being provided with template in the bottom land.
Fig. 5 is the front elevational schematic of module among Fig. 4.
Embodiment
Implement to be provided with the electric osmose device in the used groove of the inventive method, can also on groove, set up the device of some auxiliary electric osmose dehydrations as required, as vaccum drainage means, vacuum prepressing device, static load device, ram supplementary units such as apparatus by force, it is to keep the mud capillary pipe structure that vacuum prepressing device, static load device mainly act on, to improve the electric osmose dewatering efficiency, the power supply of electric osmose device can adopt constant voltage dc source or pulsed direct current electric osmose power supply.
Described electric osmose device is to make the yin, yang electrode with multiple-unit tube or other electric conductor such as flow guiding electrode rod etc., described multiple-unit tube is that collection draining, negative pressure transmission and electrode are the combined electrode water shoot of one, be furnished with a lot of apertures on its body, wrap up in diafiltration membrane outward, both made electrode, make drainage channel again, also can make the negative pressure transmission channels; Described flow guiding electrode rod is made of electrical conductor and diafiltration membrane, the electrical conductor surface have can water conservancy diversion groove, diafiltration membrane wraps tightly on electrical conductor.
Described groove is an opening rectangle cell body up, as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, the length of groove 3, wide, high equidimension is according to handling the needs setting, the electric osmose device that is located in the groove adopts the multiple-unit tube 6 of arranging at the bottom of many row's parallel-grooves to do cloudy, positive electrode, stretching out cell body outer multiple-unit tube electrode contact and horizontal drain pipe 5 is tightly connected, horizontal drain pipe 5 the other ends connect header 2, header 2 connects vacuum pump 1, anode, the negative electrode multiple-unit tube is just connecting pulsed electric osmose power supply 7 by energising circuit 4, negative pole, the vacuum diaphragm 8 of cap seal mud is arranged on the notch or adopt one deck that mesh cloth 9 (as shown in Figure 3) the cap seal mud of pre-opened hole 10 is arranged at electrode position, the top need of cloth repave clay or mud is made sealing ply, the top of film or cloth is provided with dismountable waterproof shed and lifting rig (not shown), cell body two relative cell walls are removable wall, can set level or move or dismounting, so that in the shipment instrument turnover groove, its other two relative cell walls are fixation wall, have the aperture that passes for the multiple-unit tube electrode on fixation wall; But fixation wall also can be according to handling the filter layer that needs are provided with draining.
In order to make sludge dewatering evenly and the earth that just can draw desired shape after treatment, can lay a plurality of modular templates 11 at bottom land, as shown in Figure 4, the shape of template can be rectangle, square, rhombus etc., there is hoisting ring 12 on the both sides of template or four limits, it can be sling, and in groove, be furnished with the insulation division board or the barrier film (not shown) that insulate, insulation division board or insulation barrier film are parallel to each other or intersect and be arranged in the groove, with separated by spaces in the groove is sound of laughing a little space, and the little space of every lattice is not connected.
The arrangement mode of the electrode of electric osmose device in groove has two kinds of horizontal mode and vertical modes:
1) horizontal mode: promptly electrode is parallel to bottom land and arranges, and can electrode be set at notch and bottom land, or between notch and bottom land multi-layered electrode be set.
When making electrode with multiple-unit tube, the two ends of multiple-unit tube pass the hole on the cell body two side respectively, and frame is on cell body, and the spacing on the cell body between the Kong Yukong is according to handling the needs setting.
When making electrode with the flow guiding electrode rod, the length of flow guiding electrode rod is suitable with the two relative cell wall spacings that filter layer is arranged, and the flow guiding electrode rod is fixed in the groove and with cell body and closely links to each other.
2) vertical mode: promptly electrode is grid and arranges perpendicular to bottom land, its yin, yang electrode staggered arrangement in a row, or the every interlaced layout of yin, yang electrode, or the yin, yang electrode is quincuncial arrangement, and interelectrode distance is according to handling the needs setting.
When electrode arrangement mode in the groove was vertical mode, the static load device was provided with reserved passageway, stretched out from reserved passageway for multiple-unit tube, or passed reserved passageway and be connected with multiple-unit tube for external pipe, circuit.
Working method of the present invention is as follows:
1) according to mud water ratio situation, earlier mud is carried out packing into after the centrifuge dehydration in the groove with whizzer, or directly in the input slot.
2) lay template at bottom land, and in groove, arrange insulation division board or insulation barrier film, its decoration form can be parallel or crossing, its spacing is determined according to handling needs, when electrode need pass division board or barrier film, then pass perforate on the position, also can not establish template, insulation division board and insulation barrier film at need.
3) when the decoration form of yin, yang electrode in the groove is horizontal mode, in the groove of earlier mud being packed into, to press the position in hole on the cell body again and lay multiple-unit tube, multiple-unit tube electrode two ends pass outside the hole, the mud of packing into then; Also can be to lay multiple-unit tube earlier to reinstall mud; Also can be while laying the multiple-unit tube mud of packing in the groove district that has laid multiple-unit tube.
When the decoration form of yin, yang electrode in the groove is vertical mode, lay multiple-unit tube by the mesh position of netted cap eye mask, when adopting perforate redundancy film, lay multiple-unit tube by engineering design;
4) when being provided with vacuum prepressing device in the groove, need epiphragma on the notch:
When the layout of yin, yang electrode in the groove adopted horizontal mode, covering vacuum film or at mud upper berth one deck cloth on the notch repaved clay on the cloth or mud is made sealing ply;
When the layout of yin, yang electrode in the groove adopts vertical mode, lay netted cap eye vacuum diaphragm or the netted cap eye mask or the redundant film of perforate of Belt connector, also can at electrode position the mesh cloth of pre-opened hole be arranged, repave clay on the cloth or mud is made sealing ply at mud upper berth one deck;
When laying the netted cap eye vacuum diaphragm of Belt connector, the bottom of junctor is connected with the top of multiple-unit tube, junctor top is stretched out outside the cap tube, the cap tube seals with the outer wall of junctor and links to each other, and the periphery of vacuum diaphragm is sealed in trough rim;
When laying netted cap eye mask, whole groove is laid netted cap eye mask, and the cap tube is enclosed within outward on the multiple-unit tube, and multiple-unit tube is stretched out outside the cap tube, and the cap tube links to each other with the outer wall sealing of multiple-unit tube, and the periphery of film is sealed in trough rim;
Lay the redundant film of perforate, when whole groove is spread film, reserve the redundancy of certain area in the position of each multiple-unit tube, make this redundancy section wrap the multiple-unit tube external wall of upper portion, hoop with film and the sealing of multiple-unit tube outer wall, is positioned at film the position perforate on the compound mouth of pipe with the elasticity cranse again, multiple-unit tube is stretched out outside the film, and the periphery of film is sealed in trough rim.
5) when being provided with vaccum drainage means in the groove or/and during vacuum prepressing device, need to connect draining, negative pressure is transmitted pipeline:
When if the layout of yin, yang electrode adopts horizontal mode in the groove, then adopt the horizontal drain pipe multiple-unit tube sealing outer to link to each other with stretching out cell body, use header and horizontal drainage pipe coupling then;
When if the layout of yin, yang electrode adopts vertical mode in the groove, need on film, to lay the horizontal drainage system:
When laying horizontal drain pipe on the netted cap eye vacuum diaphragm of Belt connector, earlier that horizontal drain pipe is outer with stretching out cap tube junctor is tightly connected, and uses header and horizontal drainage pipe coupling again;
When on netted cap eye mask, laying horizontal drain pipe, earlier horizontal drain pipe is linked to each other with the multiple-unit tube sealing, adopt header to link to each other again with horizontal drain pipe;
When on the redundant film of perforate, laying horizontal drain pipe, earlier horizontal drain pipe is linked to each other with the multiple-unit tube sealing, link to each other with horizontal drain pipe with header again.
6) electrode is connected the electric osmose power supply, start the electric osmose device, carry out electric osmose, and change electrode at regular intervals, be about to original negative electrode and make anode, anode is originally made negative electrode; When processed mud water content reaches the plastic limit value, mud electric osmose processed end-of-job.If cell body is provided with vacuum drainage, vacuum preloading, static load, when ramming supplementary unit such as apparatus by force, can be in the electric osmose process simultaneously or intert and start these devices with auxiliary electric osmose dehydration, improve dewatering efficiency.
When 7) being covered with template, then the clod in the groove is cut by the shape of template, find out the hoisting ring of template, Pork-pieces the hanging out of mud entrucked and carried away as if bottom land; If be not covered with template, then mud dug out from groove and transport with excavator.
Embodiment handles mud with groove in the test base, Guangxi, and 4 meters of groove depths are wide 6 meters, and long 28 meters, 6.6 meters of the compound pipe ranges of employing.
The concrete operations step is as follows:
1. on bottom land, lay template;
2. multiple-unit tube is erected on the cell body by groove width, the two ends of multiple-unit tube electrode are even to pass outside the slotted eye, and in the groove of then mud being packed into, the mud face is suitable for reading concordant with groove;
With monoblock vacuum membrane cover on notch, and the limit of vacuum diaphragm is pressed between mud and cell body, to guarantee the sealing of whole mud body;
4. the multiple-unit tube electrode contact sealing that horizontal drain pipe is outer with stretching out cell body links to each other, another termination header of horizontal drain pipe, and header connects vacuum pump;
5. connect the electric osmose power supply, the cathode and anode that is about to multiple-unit tube connects the electric osmose power supply respectively;
7. carry out vacuum and draw water and the side direction vacuum preloading, to discharge main non-capillary water in the mud;
8. start the electric osmose system, carry out electric osmose, both changed one-time electrode every 48 hours, carry out intermittent vacuum simultaneously and draw water;
9.7 after it, mud electric osmose processed end-of-job, after testing, the mud water content is reduced to below 28%.
Claims (6)
1. tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method is characterized in that this method is to operate according to the following steps:
1) in cell body, presses the yin, yang electrode that direction at the bottom of direction at the bottom of the parallel-groove or the vertical channel is arranged the electric osmose device, and mud is packed in the groove;
2) on cell body, set up vaccum drainage means and vacuum prepressing device and static load device and the strong apparatus that rams, with auxiliary electric osmose;
3) electrode in the groove is when direction is arranged at the bottom of the parallel-groove, to need the covering vacuum film on the notch, perhaps at mud upper berth one deck cloth, repaves clay on the cloth or mud is made sealing ply; Electrode in the groove is when direction is arranged at the bottom of the vertical channel, need to lay netted cap eye vacuum diaphragm or the netted cap eye mask or the redundant film of perforate of Belt connector on the notch, perhaps at electrode position the mesh cloth of pre-opened hole is arranged, repave clay on the cloth or mud is made sealing ply at mud upper berth one deck;
4) on cell body, connect draining, negative pressure and transmit pipeline,, connect each horizontal drain pipe with header again so that emit with converging in the electric osmose process to the water of negative electrode promptly with horizontal drain pipe and multiple-unit tube or stretch out cap tube junctor outward and be tightly connected;
5) electrode is connected the electric osmose power supply, connects the electric osmose circuit, carry out electric osmose, and change the yin, yang electrode at regular intervals, in the electric osmose process simultaneously or intert and carry out vacuum drainage, vacuum preloading, static load operation or after finishing aforesaid operations, ram by force again; When processed mud water content reaches the plastic limit value, electric osmose dehydration end-of-job.
2. tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: carrying out the 1st) mud is carried out centrifugal dehydration treatment earlier before the step is poly-by whizzer.
3. tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in groove, lay the template that takes up suspension ring before the mud of packing into earlier, and on template, arrange the insulation division board or the insulation barrier film of multiple shape, required soil block after processed so that mud just must be unearthed.
4. tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the power supply of electric osmose device adopts pulsed direct current electric osmose power supply or direct current of voltage regulation to ooze power supply.
5. the device that adopts of the described tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method of a claim 1, it is characterized in that: the groove that this device makes progress for opening, there are waterproof shed and lifting rig in the top of groove, cell body two relative cell walls are removable wall, two relative cell walls are fixation wall in addition, but on bottom land or fixation wall, be provided with the filter layer of draining or be provided with the aperture that passes for the multiple-unit tube electrode, be provided with the electric osmose device in the groove according to handling needs.
6. according to the device of the described tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method employing of claim 5, it is characterized in that: the electric osmose device is to make the yin, yang electrode with multiple-unit tube or other electric conductor, and when making electrode with multiple-unit tube, multiple-unit tube is again as draining, negative pressure transmission channels.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN2008100734620A CN101311133B (en) | 2008-02-05 | 2008-02-05 | Tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method and device thereof |
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| CN2008100734620A CN101311133B (en) | 2008-02-05 | 2008-02-05 | Tank type electroosmosis sludge soil reproducing method and device thereof |
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| CN101311133A CN101311133A (en) | 2008-11-26 |
| CN101311133B true CN101311133B (en) | 2011-07-20 |
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Families Citing this family (13)
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| CN101430316B (en) * | 2008-12-15 | 2011-12-21 | 浙江大学 | electroosmosis-load combined consolidometer |
| CN101891365B (en) * | 2010-07-20 | 2011-09-21 | 浙江大学 | Movable-electrode electro-osmosis dewatering device for dewatering urban sewage sludge |
| CN102267793B (en) * | 2011-07-28 | 2014-04-16 | 江苏建筑职业技术学院 | Dehydrating method for sludge |
| CN102806228B (en) * | 2012-08-08 | 2013-12-11 | 重庆大学 | Contaminated soil ex-situ electrokinetic remediation device and method thereof |
| US10486108B2 (en) | 2012-10-04 | 2019-11-26 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Electrokinetic dewatering of phosphatic clay suspensions |
| CN103395957A (en) * | 2013-07-11 | 2013-11-20 | 河海大学 | Layered electro-osmotic sludge dehydration device and using method thereof |
| CN103898893B (en) * | 2014-04-02 | 2016-02-10 | 清华大学 | The method of electric osmose process expansive soil |
| WO2016057392A1 (en) | 2014-10-05 | 2016-04-14 | The Unviersity Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Continuous electrokinetic dewatering of phosphatic clay suspensions |
| CN104829071B (en) * | 2015-04-09 | 2017-01-25 | 重庆大学 | Engineering slurry rapid processing apparatus and usage method thereof |
| CN106436686B (en) * | 2016-10-21 | 2018-08-31 | 南通大学 | Device and Soft Clay Foundation processing unit for collecting drainage by electroosmosis and method |
| CN110723878A (en) * | 2019-10-11 | 2020-01-24 | 上海大学 | Electroosmosis-medicament vacuum preloading method |
| CN110805022B (en) * | 2019-11-13 | 2021-04-23 | 绍兴文理学院 | Mud solidification treatment device and method for matching electroosmosis well point with well point dewatering |
| CN115387414B (en) * | 2022-09-21 | 2024-02-02 | 江苏徐工工程机械研究院有限公司 | Bucket and excavator |
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