CN101289985A - 优化发动机预热的方法和设备 - Google Patents

优化发动机预热的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN101289985A
CN101289985A CNA2008100921947A CN200810092194A CN101289985A CN 101289985 A CN101289985 A CN 101289985A CN A2008100921947 A CNA2008100921947 A CN A2008100921947A CN 200810092194 A CN200810092194 A CN 200810092194A CN 101289985 A CN101289985 A CN 101289985A
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engine
power loss
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energy loss
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CN101289985B (zh
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A·H·希普
J·L·拉蒂
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/04Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions
    • F02D41/06Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up
    • F02D41/068Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up for warming-up
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2200/00Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/02Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
    • F02D2200/10Parameters related to the engine output, e.g. engine torque or engine speed
    • F02D2200/1006Engine torque losses, e.g. friction or pumping losses or losses caused by external loads of accessories
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2250/00Engine control related to specific problems or objectives
    • F02D2250/18Control of the engine output torque
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F02D41/1406Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method with use of a optimisation method, e.g. iteration

Abstract

本发明涉及优化发动机预热的方法和设备,提供一种最小化内燃发动机在发动机预热期间的能量损失的方法和设备。这包括监视发动机工作条件,和估计未来能量损失。确定动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失的变化率。在发动机预热期间执行一个能够有效减少动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失变化率的发动机控制方案。

Description

优化发动机预热的方法和设备
技术领域
[0001]本发明一般涉及用于动力系统的控制系统。
背景技术
[0002]动力控制系统,包括混合动力系统架构,用于满足驾驶者对于例如扭矩和加速度的性能要求,它们是要与其他驾驶者需求和调节相平衡的,例如燃料节约和喷射。为了优化动力系统的运作,就需要在正常工作期间量化与工作条件相关的发动机动力损失。
[0003]现有技术中用于确定瞬时发动机动力损失的系统依赖于车载计算机中存储的预校准表来确定损失。这些系统消耗了大量计算机存储空间,并且常常不能适应工作条件的变化。当引入其他发动机工作模式例如停缸(cylinder deactivation)时,该存储空间会进一步增加。
[0004]存在一种在发动机预热期间减小整体能耗的需要。这包括需要一种在正常工作期间快速高效地确定与发动机工作条件和发动机控制有关的发动机动力损失以及基于其来控制发动机工作的系统。现在就对这种系统进行说明。
发明内容
[0005]根据本发明的一个实施例,提供一种制造方法和制造产品,包括其中存储有能够在发动机预热期间有效减少内燃机能量损失的机器可执行代码的存储介质。其中包括监视发动机工作条件和估计未来能量损失的代码。该估计的未来能量损失中的动力损失和变化速率被确定。在发动机预热期间,确定和执行一个用于减少在该估计的未来能量损失中的动力损失和变化速率的发动机控制方案。
[0006]在阅读和理解以下对实施例的详细说明的基础上,本领域普通技术人员将会清楚本发明的这些和其他方面。
附图说明
[0007]本发明可以采取特定部件和部件设置的物理形式,在附图中详细描述和解释了一个实施例,该附图构成其一部分,其中:
[0008]图1是用于根据本发明的一个动力系统和控制系统的示例性架构的示意图;
[0009]图2是根据本发明的一个示意图;和
[0010]图3是根据本发明的一个图形表示。
具体实施方式
[0011]现在参照图1,其中所示仅仅是用于解释说明本发明的目的而不是为了要限制本发明,图1示出了本发明的一个动力系统和控制系统的示意图。下文中描述的部件提供了对该动力系统的协同控制。该动力系统包括内燃发动机14和用于通过输出轴65向传动系统提供扭矩输出的电-机械变速器(electro-mechanical transmission)10。该电-机械变速器10包括一对电机MA、MB 46、48。该发动机、变速器和电机可用于根据预定的控制方案和参数在它们之间传递扭矩,这里未详细说明该方案和参数。
[0012]该示例性内燃发动机14包括可用于选择性地通过轴12向变速器传递扭矩的多汽缸内燃发动机,并且可以是火花点火或压缩点火发动机。该发动机可以选择性地用于多种工作模式和发动机状态。该发动机工作模式包括空气/燃料比计算,其包括化学计量工作模式和浓(rich)工作模式。在使用压缩点火发动机的系统中可以有额外的或可选的模式,包括斜率计算模式。该发动机工作模式包括发动机温度管理模式,其包括预热(warm-up)模式和已预热(warmed-up)模式,典型地是基于发动机冷却温度。该预热模式典型地包括在启动发动机操作期间延迟火花时间(或燃料喷射时间)以增加在燃烧期间传递到该发动机的热量,从而增加从燃烧传递到后处理系统的热量。示例性发动机状态包括正常发动机工作(‘ALL_CYL’)和具有被关停汽缸的发动机工作(‘DEACT’)。在正常发动机状态,所有发动机汽缸都被供应燃料并点火。在停缸状态,典型地,一半汽缸例如一组V配置的汽缸被关停。典型地,通过停止燃料喷射来关停一组汽缸。
[0013]该发动机包括用于氧化和/或减少发动机排出气流成分为惰性气体的排出后处理系统(未示出)。该排气后处理系统的工作温度很关键,因为过低的温度会导致不能有效变换被调节的排出气体成分,例如碳氢化合物HC、一氧化碳CO、氧化氮NOx和特殊物质PM。过高的温度会破坏后处理部件特别是催化剂。发动机控制和工作方案包括启动非最佳发动机工作以控制排出气流温度和成分,从而增加或降低后处理系统的温度。这包括有效点燃该后处理系统,即在其中产生放热反应。从而会发生能量损失或与发动机喷射相关的低效率。
[0014]在所示实施例中,变速器10从扭矩产生设备包括发动机14和电机MA、MB 46、48接收输入扭矩,该输入扭矩是通过使存储在电能存储设备(ESD)25中的燃料或电势能进行能量转化而得到的。电机MA、MB 46、48每个都包括具有可在定子中旋转的转子的三相AC电机。ESD 25是通过DC传递导体27而DC耦合到变速器功率变换器模块(TPIM)19的高电压。TPIM 19是控制系统的一个部件。TPIM 19通过传递导体29向MA 46传输电能或从其接收电能,并且类似地,TPIM 19通过传递导体31向MA 48传输电能或从其接收电能。根据ESD 25是充电或放电而将电流传输到ESD 25或从ESD 25接收电流。TPIM 19包括该一对功率变换器和对应的电动机控制模块,该电动机控制模块被配置成从其接收电动机控制命令和控制变换器状态以提供电动机驱动或再生功能。
[0015]该控制系统综合相关的信息和输入,并且执行算法以控制各个传动器而获得控制目标,包括各种参数例如燃料节约、喷射、性能、驱动性能,和硬件保护包括ESD 25的电池和MA、MB 46、48。该示例性实施例是一个分布式控制模块架构,包括发动机控制模块(‘ECM’)23、变速器控制模块(‘TCM’)17、电池组控制模块(‘BPCM’)21和TPIM19。混合控制模块(‘HCP’)5提供对于前述控制模块的全部控制和协同。用户接口(‘UI’)13可操作地连接到多个设备,典型地,车辆驾驶者可以利用它通过对扭矩输出的请求来控制或指示包括变速器10的动力系统的工作。UI 13的示例性车辆驾驶者输入包括油门踏板、制动踏板、变速器齿轮选择器和车速稳定控制。每个前述控制模块通过局域网(‘LAN’)总线6与其他控制模块、传感器和传动器通信。该LAN总线6允许控制参数和命令在各个控制模块之间的结构传输。所使用的特定通信协议是基于应用特定的。该LAN总线和相应的协议提供了在前述控制模块之间的健壮通信和多控制模块互连,并且其他控制模块提供了例如制动器防锁、牵引控制和车辆稳定性的功能。
[0016]HCP 5提供了对于该混合动力系统的全局控制,用于基于来自UI 13和该动力系统包括电池组的各个输入信号而协同ECM 23、TCM 17、TPIM 19的工作。ECM 23可操作地连接到发动机14,其功能是用于从多个传感器获取数据并且分别通过多条分离的线控制发动机14的多个传动器,该多条线被集中显示为聚集线35。探测设备(未示出)用于监视发动机工作,典型地包括曲轴传感器、歧管绝对压力(MAP)传感器和冷却温度传感器等等。TCM 17可操作地连接到变速器10,其功能是用于从多个传感器获取数据并且为该变速器提供命令信号,包括监视来自压力开关的输出和选择性启动压力控制螺线管和调节螺线管以启动各个离合器从而实现各种变速器工作模式。BPCM 21被信号连接到用于监视ESD 25的电流或电压参数的一个或多个传感器以提供关于HCP 5的电池状态的信息。这种信息包括电池充电状态(‘SOC’)、电池电压和可用电池能量。
[0017]每个前述控制模块优选地包括通用数字计算机,其一般包括微处理器或中央处理单元,包括随机存取存储器(RAM)、非易失性存储器例如只读存储器(ROM)和电可编程只读存储器(EPROM)的存储介质,高速时钟,模数(A/D)和数模(D/A)转换电路,和输入/输出电路和设备(I/O),以及适当的信号调节和缓冲电路。每个控制模块具有一组控制算法,包括常驻在ROM中的机器可执行代码和标度(calibrations),其可被执行以提供每个计算机的各个功能。各个计算机之间的信息传输优选地使用前述LAN 6来实现。
[0018]用于在每个控制模块中控制和状态估计的算法典型地在预设循环期间执行以使得每个算法在每个循环中至少执行一次。存储在非易失性存储器中的算法由一个中央处理单元执行,并且用于监视来自探测设备的输入和执行控制和诊断程序以使用预设标度控制相应设备的工作。典型地在规则间隔中执行循环,例如在正在运行的发动机和车辆工作期间的每3.125、6.25、12.5、25、50和100毫秒(msec)。可选地,可以响应于事件的发生而执行算法。
[0019]本发明被实现和简化以执行优选为存储在一个控制模块的非易失性存储器中的机器可执行代码形式的算法。该算法优化了内燃发动机在包括发动机预热的发动机工作循环期间的动力损失。这包括监视工作条件和发动机工作。为了本发明的目的,工作条件包括环境条件即环境温度和大气压力,发动机工作条件包括冷却温度、排气后处理系统的温度和排出喷射。发动机控制方案包括控制发动机工作方面,包括发动机速度/扭矩操作点,即Ni和Ti,前述发动机工作模式(空气/燃料比模式和发动机温度管理模式),和发动机状态(正常或停缸发动机状态)。估计发动机工作循环的未来能量损失,并且在发动机工作的范围上确定发动机工作循环的当前动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失的时间变化率。选择一个发动机控制方案以用于充分获取该驾驶者扭矩请求和减小发动机预热周期期间的当前动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失的时间变化率。该选择的发动机控制方案被传送到ECM或HCP以实施。现在对其进行详细描述。
[0020]当前发动机动力损失包括在当前发动机工作条件下按照当前发动机控制方案对于该示例性内燃发动机在该时间点的动力损失的估计。这包括监视和确定发动机工作条件和发动机控制以确定瞬时动力损失,包括该发动机工作点的标准动力损失和动力损失校正。在共同未决和共同提交的、题目为METHOD AND APPARATUS TO DETERMINE INSTANTANEOUSENGINE POWER LOSS FOR A POWERTRAIN SYSTEM的美国专利申请第11/737197号(代理编号P000187-PTH-CD)中描述了确定瞬时动力损失,这里通过全文引用而结合在此。现在将对其进行详细描述。
[0021]确定工作条件包括监视来自各个发动机探测设备的输入和发动机工作以确定发动机速度(RPM)、发动机负载(制动扭矩,Nm)、大气压力和发动机冷却温度。发动机空气/燃料比典型地是一个命令参数,可以直接测量或基于发动机工作条件估计。排气后处理系统(即催化剂)的温度可以基于工作条件使用结合在该控制模块中的算法来估计。
[0022]标准发动机动力损失使用如下公式1来计算:
P LOSSENG = m · FUEL · [ P ENG m · FUEL ] MAX - P ENG - - - [ 1 ]
其中等式右侧的第一项表示当燃料能量转化以最大效率发生时预期的发动机动力总量。项是用于特定发动机设计的常数项。PENG包括由发动机产生的实际动力。该两项之差确定了标准发动机动力损失。
[0023]该标准动力损失是基于发动机工作点包括发动机速度和扭矩来确定的。优选地,在每个50msec的发动机循环期间,根据一个预定校准表来确定标准动力损失,该校准表是在标准发动机工作条件下的温度、大气压力和按化学计量的空气/燃料比(即EQR=1.0)时对于示例性发动机工作的一个发动机速度和负载条件范围而确定的。为了准确估计该发动机动力损失,必须对于所有可能工作条件下的所有速度和负载估计燃料消耗。冷却温度或大气压力的改变会显著影响这些值。为了考虑由于发动机在非标准条件下工作而导致标准动力损失发生的改变,将动力损失校正值ΔPLOSS_ENG加到标准动力损失PLOSS_ENG上。
[0024]动力损失校正值ΔPLOSS_ENG是基于工作条件计算的,该工作条件包括环境温度和催化剂温度、大气压力和空气/燃料比以及执行多个嵌入多项式之一,从而基于当前实际工作条件来计算动力损失校正。该动力损失校正是基于从发动机得到的速度(Ni)和扭矩(Ti)来确定的。动力损失公式是参照等式2确定的:
ΔPLOSS_ENG
C0+C1*Ti+C2*Ti2+C3*Ni+C4*Ni*TI+C5*N*iTI2    【2】
C6*Ni2+C7*Ni2*Ti+C8*Ni2*Ti2
[0025]系数C0-C8优选为使用一个最小二乘曲线拟合来计算和估计,该曲线拟合是使用在发动机输入速度和负载的整个范围以及包括工作模式和状态的发动机控制方案来获得的。系数C0-C8被生成以用于包括该化学计量的和浓的(rich)工作模式的空气/燃料比工作模式,以及包括预热和已预热模式的发动机温度模式。系数C0-C8被生成还用于正常发动机工作和停缸的发动机状态。该系数可以被存储在一个存储设备内的数组中以用于每个工作模式和发动机状态以便在正常发动机工作期间检索得到(retrieval)。
[0026]动力损失校正值ΔPLOSS_ENG包括多个多项式之和,如下所述。
[0027]与在当前工作条件下发动机稳定工作所必需的补充燃料相关的动力损失优选地使用等式3计算,如下所示:
β 1 ( t , T CAT ) · [ m · FUEL · [ P ENG m · FUEL ] MAX - P ENG ] 【3】
[0028]与优化HC喷射的加油(fueling)相关的动力损失优选地使用等式4计算,如下所示:
β 2 ( t , T CAT ) · [ m · HCEMIS · [ P ENG m · HCEMIS ] MAX - P ENG ] - - - [ 4 ]
[0029]与优化NOx喷射的加油相关的动力损失优选地使用等式5计算,如下所示:
β 3 ( t , T CAT ) · [ m · NO X EMIS · [ P ENG m · NO X EMIS ] MAX - P ENG ] - - - [ 5 ]
[0030]与实现冷却剂和发动机燃油预热的加油相关的动力损失优选地使用等式6计算,如下所示:
β 4 ( t , T CAT ) · dE FUEL ( t , T COOL ) dT COOL · dT COOL ( Ni , Ti , T COOL ) dt - - - [ 6 ]
[0031]与实现催化剂预热以满足HC喷射的加油相关的动力损失优选地使用等式7计算,如下所示:
β 5 ( t , T CAT ) · dE HC ( t , T CAT ) dT CAT · dT CAT ( Ni , Ti , T CAT ) dt 【7】
[0032]与实现催化剂预热以满足NOx喷射的加油相关的动力损失优选地使用等式8计算,如下所示:
β 6 ( t , T CAT ) · dE no X ( t , T CAT ) dT CAT · dT CAT ( Ni , Ti , T CAT ) dt - - - [ 8 ]
[0033]与防止催化剂过热操作的加油相关的动力损失优选地使用等式9计算,如下所示:
β 7 ( t , T CAT ) · dT CAT ( Ni , Ti , T CAT ) dt - - - [ 9 ]
[0034]与防止发动机过热操作的加油相关的动力损失优选地使用等式10计算,如下所示:
β 8 ( t , T CAT , T COOL ) · dT COOL ( Ni , Ti , T COOL ) dt - - - [ 10 ]
[0035]等式3-10中的各项基于过工作条件和发动机工作和控制进行预校准并在存储器中存储为数组。TCAT包括冷却剂温度,典型地为估计值。项TCOOL包括冷却剂温度,典型地为测量值。用于燃料、HC喷射和NOx喷射的项
Figure A20081009219400124
包括与加油和HC以及NOx喷射的生成相关的全部燃料流速。项EFUEL、EHC和ENOX包括与补充燃料和满足HC与NOx喷射相关的能量损失。dTcool/dt和dTcat/dt项是随着发动机速度、扭矩和温度变化的预校准项。dE/dT项是随着经过时间和温度而变化的预校准项,并且是基于脱机能量损失计算的。这些值被存储在具有发动机运转时间轴和催化剂温度轴的图表中,或者替代地存储在具有发动机运转时间轴和冷却剂温度轴的图表中。
[0036]系数β1(t,TCAT)-β8(t,TCAT)包括用于每个动力损失等式的加权因子,是对于自从发动机启动以来的发动机运转时间t和估计催化剂温度TCAT以及冷却剂温度TCOOL的范围而确定的。它们优选为根据使用发动机数据的最小二乘曲线拟合来校准和估计。该系数被存储在ROM内的校准表中以用于各种工作条件并且可以在发动机正在工作期间检索得到。典型地,该系数被校准以使得β123=1,β456=1,β1=β4,β2=β5,β3=β6。β7是用于影响发动机工作(速度和负载)的主观校准量,用于在催化剂温度较高时增加催化剂温度。使用这种方法控制催化剂温度减少或消除了通常用于减少催化剂温度的燃料增添条件的需要。β8是用于影响发动机工作(速度和负载)的主观校准量,用于在冷却剂温度过高时增加催化剂温度。使用线性插值来确定当工作条件在表中值之间时的系数。
[0037]等式3-10中的每个都以等式2的形式执行,使用特别校准的系数C0-C8以及发动机速度和扭矩的输入。这包括对于每个空气/燃料比控制模式和每个发动机温度模式生成的等式3-10的形式,该空气/燃料比控制模式包括化学计量的工作模式和浓工作模式中的任一个,该发动机温度模式包括预热模式和已预热模式。系数C0-C8还被对于包括正常发动机工作(‘ALL_CYL’)和停缸(‘DEACT’)的发动机工作中的每个发动机状态而进行生成。多项式系数C0-C8是对于正在工作期间的每个等式而评估,然后组合到系数C0-C8的一个单独集合中以用于等式2,并且在控制模块之一中以每秒一次的相对较慢的速度更新。β确定了不同类型的发动机动力损失之间的加权,如下所述。最终的多项式等式每秒被评估数百次,作为典型地以非常快的速度运行的优化程序的一部分。
[0038]用于在等式3-10中反映的动力损失的多项式等式提供了对于标准动力损失校准的校正。等式导数和系数是对于所有汽缸都是活动的正常工作模式和一半汽缸是活动的停缸模式而确定的。这些等式导数和系数还是对于每个标准和较低大气压力例如100kPa和70kPa得到的。这些等式导数和系数还是对于每个化学计量的工作模式和浓模式例如空气/燃料等价比为1.0和0.7而得到的。确定一个特定发动机工作条件下的动力损失会包括使用该标准等式确定动力损失和在其间插值以确定在实时工作条件下的动力损失。
[0039]这种方法使得可以使用标准动力损失的单个查询表,以及利用基于当前发动机控制方案和工作条件来执行该多项式等式即等式2以进行动力损失校正,从而计算发动机动力损失包括浓的发动机动力损失特征。该多项式等式,包括对该标准动力损失和从等式3-10得到的结果求和,表示快速运行的总发动机动力损失。多项式等式2的最终系数是基于预校准因子和加权因子来确定的。这种系数确定可以以相对较慢的更新速度例如每秒一次来完成。该多项式等式在下一次更新前被多次用于该优化程序中。
[0040]为了减小瞬时动力损失而进行的系统优化不会在一个工作循环内例如发动机启动和发动机停止之间的发动机工作期间获得最小的能量损失。预热发动机和排气后处理系统的工作不会提供最佳短期燃料节约或者最低的瞬时喷射。为了在一个完整的循环内最小化燃料消耗和排气喷射,该优化程序确定在该循环期间的能量损失。
[0041]未来的能量损失包括基于当前工作条件完成一个循环所需的能量总量,如等式11所示:
E LOSSFUTURE = ∫ t t MAX P LOSSTOTAL dt 【11】
[0042]该积分的上下限是从当前时间t到最大时间tmax。在工作期间,随着时间t的增加,该积分的值会减小,即到达预热发动机的预期产量需要更少的能量。这是参照图3进行图示的,以下对其进行说明。
[0043]在发动机预热模式的工作期间,最小化总能量损失包括操作该发动机以最小化在该工作循环的剩余期间的能量损失,例如直到发动机冷却温度到达90℃或其他目标温度。未来的能量损失在等式12中表示如下:
ELOSSFUTURE(t,TCOOL,TCAT)=PLOSSTOTAL(t,TCOOL,TCAT)·Δt+ELOSSFUTURE(t+Δt,TCOOL+ΔTCOOL,TCAT+ΔTCAT)
[12]
[0044]其中TCOOL和TCAT包括冷却剂和催化剂温度。这可以简化为等式13:
( - ΔE LOSSFUTURE ) T COOL = const . , T CAT = const . Δt = P LOSSTOTAL + ( ΔE LOSSFUTURE ) t + Δt Δt - - - [ 13 ]
可以通过最小化该动力损失和未来能量损失的变化率来实现该能量损失的最小化。上述等式13的导数可以以连续形式表示为偏导数,如等式14所示:
- ∂ E ∂ t = P LOSSTOTAL + ∂ E ∂ T COOL · dT COOL dt + ∂ E ∂ T CAT · dT CAT dt 【14】
【0045】其中该偏导数是基于冷却剂温度和催化剂温度对能量变化求导,其中
Figure A20081009219400152
包括在存储器中存储为数组并且被确定为发动机工作时间和冷却剂温度的函数的预校准因子,其中使用从寒冷例如-30℃到加热例如90℃变化的离散冷却剂温度。用于该发动机的校准值使用一个标准发动机和车辆测试过程来获得。
Figure A20081009219400153
项包括一个基于等式2的预校准多项式等式,用于冷却剂温度随时间的变化。在工作期间基于包括正常发动机工作和停缸发动机工作的发动机状态从多个可用于
Figure A20081009219400154
项的多项式等式中选择。此外,有多个对于从寒冷例如-30℃到加热例如90℃变化的离散冷却剂温度得到的多项式等式。该多项式等式是使用热损耗数据和发动机的热量模型预测冷却剂的预热速度来得到的。dTcat/dt项表示对于该特定车辆和系统应用中催化剂温度随时间的变化的预校准值。
【0046】通过基于上述等式14计算未来能量损失的变化率,以及基于瞬时动力损失和该未来能量损失变化率的组合确定包括总发动机动力损失最小值PLOSSTOTAL的发动机工作点,来确定在发动机预热期间的该估计的未来能量损失的变化率。
【0047】现在参照图2,其中示出了根据本发明的实施例用于确定发动机总动力损失最小值PLOSSTOTAL的最简化程序。该最简化程序被执行以确定最小化该动力损失的优选发动机控制方案。该最简化程序优选地包括执行被编码在该控制模块之一中的二维搜索引擎260(“2D搜索引擎”)。该二维搜索引擎260基于在迭代循环266中执行的可用发动机工作状态范围反复生成多个发动机工作状态。该发动机工作状态包括发动机速度和发动机扭矩[NI,TI]j,该范围包括发动机速度和发动机扭矩NIMin,NIMax,TIMin,TIMax。该发动机速度和发动机扭矩的范围可以包括可达到的发动机速度和扭矩,例如从发动机空转(idle)工作到发动机停机(red-line)工作,或者可以包括其一个子集,其中该范围由于与工作特性例如噪声、振动和粗糙(harshness)相关的原因而受到限制。下标“j”表示某一次迭代,其值从1变化到n。迭代的次数n可以利用多种方法中的任何一种来生成,或者属于该搜索引擎内部,或者作为该整个方法的一部分。发动机速度和发动机扭矩的参数值[NI,TI]j被输入到系统等式262,由此来确定总发动机动力损失(PLOSS TOTAL)j的值。系统等式362优选地包括执行上述具有如上所述导出的系数C0-C8的等式1和等式2的算法。
[0048]对于每个迭代确定的总动力损失PLOSS TOTAL被返回和捕获,或者在搜索引擎260中分析,这取决于该搜索引擎的特性。该搜索引擎反复估计总动力损失的参数值(PLOSS TOTAL)j,并且基于反馈来选择新的[NI,TI]的值,以便搜索最小的总动力损失。该搜索引擎260根据从所有迭代计算的参数值得到的优选动力损失即最小总动力损失(PLOSS TOTAL)j来识别[NI,TI]的优选值。该优选的总动力损失和对应的输入速度和输入扭矩的值[NI,TI,PLOSS TOTAL]PREF被输出到控制模块之一以便实施或进一步评估。
[0049]如前所述,有多个动力损失校正多项式等式,每个可以在一个控制模块中运行。在该示例性实施例中,得到了8个多项式等式用于组合发动机控制方案,该发动机控制方案包括:浓和化学计量的空气/燃料比控制模式即大约为0.7(浓)和1.0(化学计量的)空气/燃料等价比,正常和停缸状态,以及包括预热模式和已预热模式的发动机工作温度即冷却剂温度为90℃或大约90℃。在工作中,该发动机系统监视进行中的操作,包括发动机速度(RPM)、负载(制动扭矩或以N-m计量的NMEP)、大气压力、冷却剂温度和空气/燃料比。
[0050]该系统的操作包括试制系统校准。典型地,这包括在正常发动机工作条件下和已知的可重复车辆工作条件下操作一个典型的发动机和车辆以获得基线。然后利用所有处于工作和停止模式的汽缸,在化学计量工作和浓工作中,在预热模式和已预热模式中,测试该发动机。优选地,使用一个发动机扭矩和气流模型来估计非标准条件下的燃料消耗,例如较低的冷却剂温度和/或大气压力下。可以在各种冷却剂温度和/或大气压力下测试该发动机以检验燃料消耗校正和测量喷射。发动机热喷射数据和发动机的热模型可用于预测冷却剂预热速度,并且通过车辆测试来检验。类似地,可以使用一个已知的数学模型来生成校准表。
[0051]现在参照图3,图形显示了在发动机预热期间操作该示例性系统的执行结果。这些结果是基于使用在非优化操作下工作的发动机和利用上述控制方案在优化操作下工作的同一发动机的系统建模。该结果显示了在预定的发动机工作循环中,在发动机预热期间操作该发动机所得到的发动机冷却剂温度TCOOL、未来能量损失ELOSSFUTURE和总动力损失PLOSSTOTAL。使用该优化控制方案的操作在开始时经受了更大的总动力损失,表示为在“t”和“t+Δt”之间的时间段内,优化操作的PLOSSTOTAL是9个动力单位,而非优化操作是7个动力单位。然而,为了达到已预热发动机冷却剂温度所耗费的更低的总能量导致了更少的总能量损失,表示为在冷却剂温度保持90℃的“t”和“tMAX”之间的时间段内,优化操作是39个能量单位,而非优化操作是42个能量单位。
[0052]可以认识到,在本发明的范围内允许对硬件进行改变。以上已经特别参照实施例和变体对本发明进行了说明。在阅读和理解该说明的基础上还可以进行其他改变和替代。这意味着所有这些改变和替代都被包含在本发明的范围内。

Claims (18)

1.一种制造产品,包括存储介质,该存储介质其中具有编码以最小化内燃发动机能量损失的机器可执行程序,该程序包括:
用于监视发动机工作条件的代码;
用于估计未来能量损失的代码;
用于确定动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失的变化率的代码;
用于确定最小化发动机预热期间的该动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失变化率的发动机工作点的代码;和
用于在最小化在发动机预热期间的该动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失变化率的发动机工作点操作该发动机的代码。
2.如权利要求1所述的制造产品,其中该用于确定最小化发动机预热期间的动力损失的发动机工作点的代码包括:
用于运行二维搜索引擎以迭代生成多个发动机速度和扭矩状态的代码;
用于对每个迭代生成的多个发动机速度和扭矩状态计算动力损失和估计的未来能量损失变化率的代码;和
用于识别最佳发动机速度和扭矩状态以最小化该发动机预热期间的动力损失的代码。
3.如权利要求2所述的制造产品,其中该用于在最小化在发动机预热期间的该动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失变化率的工作点操作该发动机的代码还包括:用于在该识别的最佳发动机速度和扭矩状态控制该发动机工作的代码。
4.如权利要求3所述的制造产品,其中该用于在该工作点操作该发动机的代码包括用于控制发动机空气/燃料比模式、发动机汽缸活动状态和发动机工作温度模式中的一个的代码。
5.如权利要求1所述的制造产品,其中该用于计算发动机预热期间估计的未来能量损失中的变化率的代码包括:基于由发动机冷却剂温度的时间变化率导致的发动机冷却剂温度而确定能量变化的代码。
6.如权利要求5所述的制造产品,其中该基于发动机冷却剂温度和发动机冷却剂温度的时间变化率的能量变化包括基于发动机工作持续时间和冷却剂温度选择的预定校准值。
7.如权利要求1所述的制造产品,其中该用于确定动力损失的代码包括:基于发动机工作条件确定标准动力损失和动力损失校正的代码。
8.如权利要求7所述的制造产品,其中该发动机工作条件包括大气压力、发动机温度、排气喷射和催化剂温度中的至少一个。
9.如权利要求7所述的制造产品,其中该用于确定动力损失校正的代码还基于发动机空气/燃料比模式、发动机汽缸活动状态和发动机工作温度模式。
10.如权利要求1所述的制造产品,还包括存储介质,该存储介质其中具有编码以最小化适于向电-机械变速器传递扭矩的内燃发动机的能量损失的机器可执行程序。
11.如权利要求10所述的制造产品,其中该电-机械变速器包括适于向其传递扭矩的第一和第二电机。
12.如权利要求11所述的制造产品,还包括内燃发动机,第一和第二电机,以及用于在它们之间选择性传递扭矩以满足关于从该变速器输出扭矩的操作员请求的电-机械变速器。
13.一种制造产品,包括存储介质,该存储介质其中具有编码以最小化内燃发动机预热期间的能量损失的机器可执行代码,该内燃发动机用于向电-机械变速器传递扭矩,该代码包括:
用于估计未来能量损失的代码;
用于确定动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失的变化率的代码;和
用于执行发动机控制方案以最小化发动机预热期间的该动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失变化率的代码,该发动机控制方案包括发动机空气/燃料比模式、发动机汽缸活动状态和发动机工作温度模式中的一个。
14.如权利要求13所述的制造产品,其中该用于最小化发动机预热期间的动力损失的发动机控制方案还包括:
用于运行二维搜索引擎以迭代生成多个发动机速度和扭矩状态的代码;
用于对每个迭代生成的多个发动机速度和扭矩状态计算动力损失和估计的未来能量损失变化率的代码;和
用于识别最佳发动机速度和扭矩状态以最小化该动力损失的代码。
15.用于最小化适于向电-机械变速器传递扭矩的内燃发动机的能量损失的方法,该内燃发动机和电-机械变速器用于在它们之间选择性传递扭矩,包括:
监视发动机工作条件;
估计未来能量损失;
确定动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失的变化率;
确定最小化发动机预热期间的动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失变化率的发动机控制方案;和
执行该发动机控制方案以最小化发动机预热期间的动力损失和该估计的未来能量损失变化率。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中确定该用于最小化发动机预热期间的动力损失的发动机控制方案包括:
迭代生成多个发动机速度和扭矩状态;
对每个迭代生成的多个发动机速度和扭矩状态计算动力损失和估计的未来能量损失变化率;和
识别最小化该动力损失的最佳发动机速度和扭矩状态。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,其中计算该内燃发动机的动力包括:
确定发动机工作条件;
基于大气压力、发动机温度、空气/燃料比和催化剂温度确定标准动力损失和动力损失校正;该动力损失校正被确定以用于:发动机空气/燃料比模式、发动机汽缸活动状态和发动机工作温度模式。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中该动力损失校正还包括:
包括化学计量和浓操作之一的发动机空气/燃料比模式;
包括正常和停缸状态之一的发动机汽缸活动状态;和
包括预热和已预热模式之一的发动机工作温度模式。
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CN105888868B (zh) * 2015-02-12 2018-12-25 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 用于提高计算效率的模型预测控制系统和方法

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