CN101252916B - 生物材料稳定性的改进 - Google Patents
生物材料稳定性的改进 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101252916B CN101252916B CN2006800320183A CN200680032018A CN101252916B CN 101252916 B CN101252916 B CN 101252916B CN 2006800320183 A CN2006800320183 A CN 2006800320183A CN 200680032018 A CN200680032018 A CN 200680032018A CN 101252916 B CN101252916 B CN 101252916B
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Abstract
生物材料例如疫苗可以在某些可溶于水的玻璃质材料中稳定。提出用这些玻璃质材料形成悬浮在用于给患者注射的非水液体中的粉末。在保存悬浮液中存在一个问题,因为颗粒倾向于沉到底部。通过将起泡剂加入用于形成玻璃质的溶液来解决该问题。起泡剂随着溶液汽化而分解,从而在产生的玻璃质结构中形成空隙,减低了其密度来与玻璃质结构悬浮的液体的密度相配。本发明的其他用途是用于在使用之前吸入并且迅速溶解于水溶液中的组合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及玻璃质物质在稳定生物材料中的用途。
背景技术
众所周知某些材料,尤其是某些糖类能够形成玻璃质即非晶态固体,其使在悬浮液或固体溶液中携带的生物材料稳定。这样的生物材料的实例是疫苗和胰岛素。有时生物材料需要以液体形态存在,例如用于给患者注射。为了这个目的,提出用玻璃质材料形成悬浮于惰性、无毒液体中的颗粒。
与上述方案相关的主要问题是适当液体的选择。用于药物注射的传统液态载体是比通常用于稳定的糖类玻璃质密度更低的油类;导致后者沉到液体底部。该沉淀可随时间而变得非常致密。虽然可以在给药之前再次摇动容器来重新形成悬浮液,但是需要非常有力且持续地摇动才有效。存在不能接受的危险,即可能不适当地进行这样的摇动,因而损害了药物治疗的有效性。
最近提出用全氟化碳作为液态载体。全氟化碳具有高密度,使得人们可以通过将密度更大的材料例如磷酸钙加入玻璃质来将颗粒密度与液体密度相匹配。但是,虽然已经证明该技术有效并且适于小规模的或者应急的目的,但是需要慎重采用大量的全氟化碳,因为其对于地球大气层的上部有不想要的影响。这些材料极其稳定,甚至对于高通量的紫外线也是如此,并且存留在同温层中几千年,它们可构成全球变暖的危险。
发明内容
依据本发明,提供了一种含有包括生物材料和用来稳定该生物材料的玻璃质材料的主体的组合物,其特征在于所述主体包含至少一个气体空隙。
优选存在大量这样的“主体”,每个是粉末的一个颗粒。通过制造过程中适当的控制,可能将这些颗粒的密度降低到用作液态载体的低密度液体尤其是油类的密度。这样,我们相信可以利用已证明是完全安全的传统液体来获得稳定的悬浮液。
每个颗粒可能仅具有单个空隙以便其采取有点类似于膨胀球体的形态,或形成包含很多空隙的泡沫或蜂巢状结构。或可在这两种极端之间的结构,即在单个颗粒中只有很少的空隙。
可利用与生物材料混合的玻璃质形成材料的溶液来形成玻璃质颗粒。然后将该混合物在干燥环境中加热,以便在其凝固成非晶态固体即玻璃质的条件下将溶剂(通常是水)汽化。如果在该方法中,已知该混合物的温度,在该温度下其处于液体和固体之间的过渡状态,则可选择一种添加剂来在该温度下形成一种气体,此时发生玻璃化以便将气体捕捉到玻璃质中来形成本发明的气体空隙。
根据本发明的第二个方面,提供了一种制造玻璃质产品的方法,其特征在于如下步骤:
i)将能形成玻璃质的第一种液体材料与可导致形成气体的第二种材料相混合;以及
ii)使第一种材料形成玻璃质同时第二种材料形成气体;
借此形成含有包含气体的玻璃质的玻璃质结构。
有非常多种类的玻璃质材料可供使用。适当的材料包括糖类例如棉子糖和海藻糖、帕拉金糖醇(palatinit)(呋喃葡萄糖基山梨糖醇和呋喃葡萄糖基甘露醇的混合物)、呋喃葡萄糖基山梨糖醇、呋喃葡萄糖基甘露醇、乳糖醇和单糖乙醇。
与利用糖类玻璃质来稳定生物材料有关的问题在于必须从玻璃质中除去几乎所有的水来达到所要求的稳定效果。达到该效果可需要与达到玻璃质状态并且防止损坏活化的生物材料所要求的条件不相适应的条件(例如高温)。我们目前发现可通过利用谷氨酸或其盐例如谷氨酸单钠(以下称为“MSG”)代替糖类作为玻璃质形成材料的组分来解决该问题。
例如专利说明书US6872357和发表于Aust.J.exp.Biol.Med.Sci(1964)42第717-722页的论文“Recoveries of bacteria after drying in Glutamate andother substances”中所描述的,已经认识到当将MSG与其它玻璃质形成材料混合时,MSG具有稳定的性质。然而,我们现在发现MSG可具有超过3%的残余水分并且高达约5%仍然基本上未被软化,并保持其稳定性质直至约70℃。此外,当进入玻璃质状态时,我们发现MSG具有显著的过渡状态,其处于粘滞糖浆样半固体的形态。这使得其对于捕捉形成的气泡尤其有效。
MSG和类似的化合物即使与这些较高浓度的水一起也可用作稳定剂的发现被认为是有独创性的,并因此根据本发明的进一步方面提供了一种组合物,其中生物材料由玻璃质物质所稳定,所述玻璃质物质包含谷氨酸或其盐,其特征在于该玻璃质物质依水的重量计含量超过3%,优选含量在4%到5%之间的范围。
当使用谷氨酸或盐例如MSG时,已经发现活性物质(尤其是如果其包括微粒辅料的话)可引起结晶发生。可通过包括结晶抑制剂例如天冬氨酸或其盐来克服该困难。优选该结晶抑制剂本身是玻璃质形态例如天冬氨酸单钠(MSA),并优选双组分以相近的摩尔比率(在4∶6到6∶4之间)存在来产生对结晶的最佳抑制。
在通过加热干燥玻璃质形成材料的溶液的方法期间,尤其是如果在材料的液滴中进行干燥的话,通过由液滴表面的快速蒸发速度与其相应的汽化冷却来抑制液滴温度升高。随着溶液变得更粘滞,通过增加粘滞性而减慢水分子向液滴表面的流动,并且随着蒸发冷却的减少液滴温度升高。因此干燥糖浆状液滴的温度随着其开始凝固成玻璃质而快速升高。
优选通过将玻璃质形成材料(和生物材料)与在适当条件下分解形成气体的化学制剂相混合来将气体引入玻璃质;但是还可能利用不经过任何化学变化而成为气体的材料。不论在哪种情况下,优选添加剂以便当温度达到玻璃质形成材料处于在液体和固体之间的粘滞过渡状态的水平时释放出气体。将碳酸氢铵确定为合适的添加剂,因为其随着粘滞性增加在大约相同的温度下(即在大约60℃下)分解成氨气、二氧化碳和水蒸气。
因此尤其适合应用MSG,因为水性副产物不可逆地影响其稳定特性。然而可能应用其它的玻璃质形成材料例如包括棉子糖和海藻糖在内的糖类。由于磷酸钙的物理强度,其应用尤其令人关注。据推测以这种方法产生的固体蜂巢状的组分可以模制以便形成结构部件,尤其是如果形成连续外表面的话。其具有与动物骨特征相似的高强度和轻重量。这样的材料可被用于骨修复或取代的目的。
上述描述假定必须选择一种具有导致其当玻璃形成材料是半固体即足够粘滞以保证捕捉气体时释放气体的固有性质的添加剂。然而正当需要时也可利用外界影响来触发气体释放。例如可通过将材料暴露于辐射或其它的刺激导致其经历需要引起气体释放的物理或化学变化的反应来解决该问题。
附图简要说明
现在将如何实现本发明的例子通过关于所附的说明书的实施例来描述,其中:
图1是由扫描电子显微镜产生的照片,其为由根据本发明的方法所产生的MSG玻璃质颗粒;
图2是显示悬浮在无毒无水的生物相容液体中来形成适于通过皮下注射器进行注射的稳定悬浮液的图1的颗粒的简图;以及
图3显示证明颗粒的密度如何随对于不同的喷雾干燥器进口温度和流量的变化的碳酸氢铵浓度而改变的试验结果。
具体实施方式
第一步是制备包含玻璃质形成剂和气体形成剂(以下称为“起泡剂”)的水溶液。在该实施例中玻璃质形成剂是MSG而起泡剂是碳酸氢铵。MSG处于200mg/ml的浓度而碳酸氢铵处于17.4mg/ml的浓度。然后将生物材料加到溶液中。其不显著影响上述的浓度。
设置Buchi B290小型喷雾干燥机以便气体以150℃的进气温度进入其干燥室并且以大约95℃离开。将干燥气体进入干燥室的流速设置在600升/小时的额定值。
将水溶液通过0.7mm喷嘴以细小的喷雾导入干燥室。在1到1.5秒期间其干燥来形成粉末,然后将其收集。将粉末从附着于干燥室排气装置的旋风除尘器中的干燥气体中分离出来,并以重力沉降到附着于旋风除尘器底部的瓶子中。在这期间颗粒的温度从室温(大约21℃)升高到95至120℃的理论最大值(出口温度)。在实际操作中,无水玻璃质颗粒的温度不停滞于出口温度的任何持续期内,因为其在几秒之内从来自热的废气中分离并且收集在冷却的收集瓶中。
当颗粒由干燥室通过时,其温度起初相对缓慢地增加因为由颗粒所吸收的热量被用于溶剂(水)的蒸发。然后将颗粒通过溶剂蒸发经过其既非液体又非玻璃质的中间阶段形成玻璃质。在上述方法的条件下当颗粒进入中间阶段时其处于大约60℃。继续加热去除大部分残留水以便通过溶剂蒸发使组合物继续变硬并很快形成玻璃质。
当加热时碳酸氢铵分解,其从36℃开始分解并在60℃时完全分解。分解产物是21.5%氨、55.7%二氧化碳和22.8%水蒸气(数据来自Merck Index)。因此,在大约60℃到70℃之间,正如颗粒处于液体和玻璃之间的中间状态,碳酸氢铵迅速分解成氨、二氧化碳和水蒸气。此时,MSG软且柔韧。其为如浓糖浆的半固体。因此当气泡进入玻璃质状态时将其捕捉到MSG液滴内。
通过上述方法制备的喷雾干燥的终产品的一般含水量按Karl Fischer库仑分析法来测定是约4%重量。颗粒平均密度为0.94(与密度1.46的单独MSG相比)。通过利用氦置换的测比重法来测定粉末密度。
最后,通过玻璃质MSG的作用来稳定包含生物材料的干燥粉末,再将干燥粉末悬浮于由约60%辛酸(C8,辛酰基)和40%癸酸(C1O,癸酰基)组成的中链甘油三酯的无水混合物中。该混合物以商品名“Crodamol GTCC”销售,且为密度近似于喷雾干燥球体的脱水、无毒生物相容液体。CrodamolGTCC的密度足够接近于每一球体的密度,以便具有这样的效果:当这些球体悬浮于液体中时在常温下其都保持在悬浮液中。该悬浮液在物理上和生物学上是稳定的,以便其能用于预填充的注射器和不用冷冻而储存和运输。由于MSG在化学上的稳定作用,活性成分不变质,并且由于对于颗粒中气体空隙的密度的影响,后者在悬浮液中仍然不确定。当把悬浮液注入到人体或动物体后,估计溶于水的玻璃质颗粒将溶于体液,从而释放出活性成分。
图1显示利用扫描电子显微镜产生的照片,其为根据上述方法所产生的喷雾干燥颗粒。为了检查这些球体的内部结构,将其与载液混合,然后将载液冷冻并且依照用于显微术的标准“冷冻-断裂”操作将其破碎。冷冻载体的破碎表面形成该图片的背景。可见这些颗粒近似为球状,并且直径为约2μm至约15μm变化,其足够小以便悬浮颗粒能通过皮下注射器的针头。应将以上所列的颗粒的大小与利用类似方法而不用碳酸氢铵所产生的大约3-5μm的平均粒子大小相比较。
在图1中,破碎最大的球体之一,显示其完全中空并具有约1μm的壁厚。如图2所示,较小的球体可能具有类似的结构或更复杂的结构。
参考图2,在1中显示Crodamol GTCC液体,并且其中悬浮了平均密度与该液体密度相等的玻璃质颗粒2。破碎颗粒2A来显示其内部,其结构如图1所示。还破碎颗粒2B,其包含大量的气体空隙,形成如海绵或蜂窝状结构;而颗粒2C有介于极端的2A和2B之间的结构,仅有较少的空隙。这些不同结构的密度稍有不同,但其全部在常温下容许热力学过程的范围内来使颗粒处于固定的悬浮液中。
在根据本发明的替代方法中,用纯MSG代替,通过向10mL蒸馏水中加入0.935g MSG和0.865g MSA(总共1.8g)来产生MSG和MSA的等摩尔(0.5M)混合液。适当的材料包括来自Ajinomoto的磷酸L-谷氨酸一水合物和L-天冬氨酸单钠一水合物。
将产生的溶液加入到包含2mg乙肝抗原和160mg氢氧化铝辅料的疫苗原料中,以便形成总稳定剂(即在这种情况下为MSA和MSG)与辅料的比例是10.7∶1(1.8g∶0.16g)。加入如图3所示的范围内的适量碳酸氢铵。
然后用上述Buchi B290小型喷雾干燥机来产生低密度粉末。
如在所述的任何方法中,玻璃质由水溶性的玻璃质材料组成,必要时可用所需量的无菌水将产生的粉末再水化。
估计上述方法正是如何应用本发明的实例。可通过加入选定量的碳酸氢铵来精确控制颗粒的密度,以便将其密度与任何悬浮的替代液体的密度相配。试验表明可加入高达1.0M(79mg/ml)的碳酸氢铵,所述浓度产生了平均直径近似20μm并且密度0.64的干燥球体。在图3中所示结果的其它研究显示改变碳酸氢铵浓度、改变液体进入喷雾干燥器的流速以及改变喷雾干燥器的进气温度的效果是为了密切控制产生的微球体的密度。
虽然已认为碳酸氢铵是用于在颗粒中产生空隙的试剂,但是显然可使用很多其它原料来达到类似效果,实际的需要仅为应释放气体同时玻璃形成物质处于粘滞的半固体或半液体形态以便将气泡或气体空隙捕捉于其中。当加热的应用为方便的机制,通过该机制由起泡剂触发气体释放时,可存在替代机制,例如通过利用照射微波或超声波来达到相同的效果而不考虑温度。此外,当描述的例子利用化学反应产生气体时,可用适当的添加剂通过固体或液体变成气体的仅物态变化来替代地达到相同的效果。
虽然已经提到特定的糖和氨基酸作为玻璃质形态,但是存在很多替代的已知材料,其可通过形成玻璃质介质来提供所需的生物学稳定作用。
还注意到虽然在所描述的特定实施例中当由溶剂蒸发形成玻璃质时释放气体,但是通过利用转变温度与气体形成物质(起泡剂)的温度相配的玻璃质可达到类似的效果。在这样的变化中,将加热与起泡剂混合的玻璃质以便其软化,在该点将释放气体来形成所需要的空隙。随后的冷却将完成该方法。
上述方法提供了调节颗粒密度以便与其随后悬浮的液体的密度相配的有前途的方式。但是,已经注意到根据本发明所产生的颗粒可具有低密度以至其易于悬浮在气态介质中,并且本发明因此在用于吸入剂的药物治疗中具有潜在的应用。由于颗粒的较大表面积(包括暴露于内部空隙的面积),所以也认为其具有在含水液体中迅速分解的能力,并可因此在以下情况下具有价值:想要以固体稳定形态储存稳定的生物材料并在使用之前不久将其分解。
Claims (21)
1.一种用于稳定大量颗粒形态的生物材料的组合物,其包含:
生物材料;
玻璃质形成组分或玻璃质形成组分的混合物;
其特征在于,所述颗粒包括至少一个由气体形成剂所产生的气体空隙,所述玻璃质形成组分或玻璃质形成组分的混合物包括谷氨酸或其盐。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其特征在于,颗粒悬浮于液体中。
3.根据权利要求2所述的组合物,其特征在于,液体密度低于颗粒的固体部分,并且借助该空隙使颗粒密度更接近于液体密度。
4.根据权利要求3所述的组合物,其特征在于,在常温下颗粒密度与液体密度相配以使颗粒永久地保持在悬浮液中。
5.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其特征在于,具有大量空隙,借此玻璃质形成组分或玻璃质形成组分的混合物形成泡沫或蜂窝状结构。
6.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其特征在于,玻璃质形成组分或玻璃质形成组分的混合物处于具有固体外壳和中空内部的中空颗粒形态。
7.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其特征在于,玻璃质形成组分或玻璃质形成组分的混合物包括糖。
8.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其特征在于,玻璃质形成组分或玻璃质形成组分的混合物包括结晶抑制剂。
9.根据权利要求8所述的组合物,其特征在于,结晶抑制剂本身是玻璃质形态。
10.根据权利要求9所述的组合物,其特征在于,结晶抑制剂包括天冬氨酸或其盐。
11.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其特征在于,玻璃质形成组分或玻璃质形成组分的混合物包括磷酸钙。
12.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其特征在于,单个空隙或多个空隙包含碳酸氢铵分解的气体产物。
13.一种制备玻璃质产品的方法,其包含以下步骤:
i)将能形成玻璃质的第一种液体材料与加热时形成气体的第二种材料相混合;以及
ii)使第一种材料形成玻璃质同时第二种材料形成气体;
借此形成含有包含气体的玻璃质的玻璃质结构,玻璃质包括谷氨酸或其盐。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,玻璃质包括谷氨酸单钠。
15.根据权利要求13或14所述的方法,其特征在于,玻璃质包括磷酸钙。
16.根据权利要求13或14所述的方法,其特征在于,第二种材料分解的同时第一种材料处于液体和玻璃质固体之间的过渡状态。
17.根据权利要求13或14所述的方法,其特征在于,第二种材料包括碳酸氢铵。
18.根据权利要求13或14所述的方法,其特征在于,将玻璃质结构形成包含气体的颗粒的步骤。
19.根据权利要求13或14所述的方法,其特征在于,将玻璃质结构形成结构体。
20.根据权利要求13或14所述的方法,其特征在于,在喷雾干燥器中形成颗粒。
21.根据权利要求13或14所述的方法,其特征在于,在无毒的液体中进一步悬浮颗粒。
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PCT/GB2006/050266 WO2007026180A2 (en) | 2005-08-31 | 2006-08-31 | Improvements in the stabilisation of biological materials |
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CN102921012A (zh) | 2013-02-13 |
WO2007026180B1 (en) | 2007-09-27 |
GB0517688D0 (en) | 2005-10-05 |
AU2006286338B2 (en) | 2011-09-08 |
MX2008002661A (es) | 2008-03-14 |
EP1928422A2 (en) | 2008-06-11 |
JP2009506102A (ja) | 2009-02-12 |
RU2008111141A (ru) | 2009-10-10 |
KR20080038168A (ko) | 2008-05-02 |
GB0617141D0 (en) | 2006-10-11 |
RU2429825C2 (ru) | 2011-09-27 |
JP5275800B2 (ja) | 2013-08-28 |
DK1928422T3 (en) | 2018-01-22 |
BRPI0615279A2 (pt) | 2011-05-17 |
GB2429646A (en) | 2007-03-07 |
KR101483122B1 (ko) | 2015-01-16 |
ES2656240T3 (es) | 2018-02-26 |
KR101399583B1 (ko) | 2014-05-26 |
PT1928422T (pt) | 2018-01-22 |
US20090208585A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
WO2007026180A3 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
KR20140018435A (ko) | 2014-02-12 |
EP1928422B1 (en) | 2017-10-25 |
CA2618996C (en) | 2015-09-29 |
CN101252916A (zh) | 2008-08-27 |
AU2006286338A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
WO2007026180A2 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
CA2618996A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
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