CN101252317B - 自振荡式电源转换器 - Google Patents

自振荡式电源转换器 Download PDF

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CN101252317B
CN101252317B CN2007101418912A CN200710141891A CN101252317B CN 101252317 B CN101252317 B CN 101252317B CN 2007101418912 A CN2007101418912 A CN 2007101418912A CN 200710141891 A CN200710141891 A CN 200710141891A CN 101252317 B CN101252317 B CN 101252317B
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transformer
current
secondary side
push
power converter
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CN101252317A (zh
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芮妮·弗雷德利克·寇禾
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LIDE ELECTRONICS CO Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/338Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement
    • H02M3/3382Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement in a push-pull circuit arrangement
    • H02M3/3384Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement in a push-pull circuit arrangement of the parallel type
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/338Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement
    • H02M3/3385Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H02M3/3387Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement with automatic control of output voltage or current in a push-pull configuration

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Ac-Ac Conversion (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种推挽型的自振荡式电源转换器,包含有一主变压器及一电流驱动变压器,两变压器的一次侧及二次侧分别对应串联,并使流经两二次侧的电流得以反馈至该电流驱动变压器的一次侧而产生一驱动电流以提供给两位于一次侧的切换开关,其中,该驱动电流与该主变压器的二次侧的电流成比例。

Description

自振荡式电源转换器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种自振荡式的电源转换器,尤指一种简单、低成本的电源转换器,其可提供高效率的功率转换及较低的无载功率损耗。
背景技术
随着绿色环保要求的与日俱增,诸如待机功率消耗及高应用效率等要求,已使得电力电子工业面临挑战以求改善前述特性如此一来却导致电源转换器的体积越加庞大。针对复杂的共振式转换器而言,在大量生产方面仍是具有相当的缺点,故电源供应器设计者会试图寻找改善之道以求控制转换器衍生的相关问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种推挽型的自振荡式电源转换器,该电源转换器可由本身的输出电流所驱动。
本发明的电源转换器包含有一主变压器及一电流驱动变压器,各变压器具有一次侧及二次侧,两变压器的一次侧及二次侧分别对应串联而构成两一次侧分支路径及两二次侧分支路径,并使流经两二次侧的电流得以反馈至该电流驱动变压器的一次侧而产生一驱动电流以提供予两个串联在一次侧的切换开关,其中,该驱动电流与该主变压器的二次侧的电流成比例。
本发明可自动决定死域时间(dead-time),使一次侧或二次侧分支路径不会同时导通。
本发明参考电源转换器的输出电流而产生一驱动电流以控制两切换开关,此方式可将驱动电路的损失降至最低,而使电源转换器具有较高的效率,特别是应用于低负载状况。使用输出电流作为驱动电流的参考的另一优点为,输出电流处于低电流或零电流时,电源转换器可自动停止切换工作而使无负载的功率消耗能更进一步改善。
在正常负载情况下,电源转换器会根据设定的切换频率连续不断地进行切换动作,该切换频率的制定与主变压器的饱和(saturate)有关。当任一变压器饱和时,会导致切换晶体管截止。
附图说明
图1为本发明一实施例的电路图;
图2A为本发明中第一切换开关由一电流驱动变压器控制而导通的电路动作图;
图2B为本发明中第一切换开关关闭的电路动作图;
图2C为本发明中第二切换开关其射极电流产生时的电路动作图;
图2D为本发明中第二切换开关由电流驱动变压器控制而关闭的电路动作图;
图3为本发明中另一实施例的电路图。
图中,
T1              主变压器
T2              电流驱动变压器
Q1 Q2           切换开关
D1 D2           输出二极管
NP1 NP2 NE1 NE2 输入绕组
NS1 NS2 NC1 NC2 二次侧绕组
R1 R2           电阻
11 12           一次侧分支路径
13 14           二次侧分支路径
具体实施方式
本发明为一种构造简单且低成本的电源转换器,将一输入电压Vin转换为与其成比例、且与其隔离的输出电压Vout,具有高效率的能源转换及低功率消耗。
请参考图1所示,本发明自振荡式电源转换器包含一主变压器(main powertransformer)T1、一电流驱动变压器(current drive transformer)T2、两个以NPN型功率双极型晶体管(BJT)构成的切换开关Q1,Q2、两个作为整流组件的输出二极管D1,D2每一变压器T1,T2的一次侧均具有两输入绕组NP1,NP2、NE1,NE2及二次侧绕组NS1,NS2、NC1,NC2。主变压器T1的两输入绕组NP1,NP2分别通过前述切换开关Q1,Q2与电流驱动变压器T2的两输入绕组NE1,NE2各自串联,借此形成两一次侧分支路径11和12。再者,主变压器T1的两二次侧绕组NS1,NS2则是分别通过前述两输出二极管D1D2与电流驱动变压器T2的两二次侧绕组NC1,NC2各自串联,借此形成两二次侧分支路径13和14。
当前述任一切换开关Q1,Q2导通后,会有二次侧电流经过前述二次侧绕组NS1,NS2、NC1,NC2而送至输出端,该电流驱动变压器T2会将此电流转换为一次侧电流而驱动该切换开关Q1,Q2。每一切换开关Q1,Q2的基极-射极接面会在电流驱动变压器T2的一次侧构成一整流组件。在各切换开关Q1,Q2与电流驱动变压器T2之间串联有一电阻R1,R2,如此一来可确保此驱动变压器作为一电流驱动变压器使用。在此架构之下,用以驱动前述切换开关Q1,Q2的电流是以晶体管Q1,Q2本身的集极电流配合相互串联的变压器T1,T2所组成的放大关系所决定,但其电流大小是与输出电流的大小有关。在晶体管的集极电流经由变压器T1,T2所组成的放大关系所产生的射极电流的转换过程中,从任一变压器T1,T2的磁化电流(magnetization current)是会减少部分的转换电流。举例而言,请参考图2A所示,第一切换开关Q1为导通状态,且有一电流经过该第一二次侧分支路径13而至输出端。该电流驱动变压器T2则是将流经第一二次侧分支路径13电流转换为一次侧电流而驱动该第一切换开关Q1。
请参考图2B所示,前述电流减少的动作,由于渐渐的会使得电流不足以维持驱动该第一切换开关Q1,故最终会导致该第一切换开关Q1的关闭。该第一切换开关Q1上的电压会因此升高,而在电流驱动变压器T2的二次侧电压会有下降的趋势。由于电流驱动变压器T2的二次侧几乎直接连接一输出电容C2,故二次侧电流会因而停止。由于电压器的电压会低于电容电压,故输出二极管D1会停止导通。当没有二次侧电流时,则也无电流会流过该电流驱动变压器T2来驱动该第一切换开关Q1,使得第一切换开关Q1转变为截止状态。
请参考图2C所示,在第一切换开关Q1关闭后,储存于主变压器T1内的能量会被释放出来,而产生一重置(reset)的动作。该主变压器T1上的电压会自动转为反相,其转变的速率会根据储存的能量多寡与寄生电容的大小而决定。主变压器T1的二次侧会开始如同一次侧般开始产生摆动(swing),直到该输出二极管D2转为导通而有一小电流开始流经该第二切换开关的第二二次侧分支路径14。此一小电流会引起一射极电流而流过该电流驱动变压器T2。
请参阅图2D所示,该射极电流最终会令第二切换开关Q2转为导通状态,而使得电路本身不断地循环如图2A~2D所示的电路动作。
在某些特定情况下,电源转换器的输出电压Vout会到达一设定点(根据主变压器的匝数比而决定),而前述输出二极管D1,D2的接面电容会使得输出电压Vout再略微升高一些,如此会产生一种情形,即纵使切换开关Q1,Q2完全导通了,在二次侧分支路径13和14上任是没有任何电流。由于无二次电流,因此亦没有一次侧电流可驱动切换开关Q1,Q2,电源转换器因此停止振荡。故要让电源转换器再度工作,必须要有重置动作。
由于主变压器T1在第一切换开关Q1截止后会开始摆动(swing),随后令第二切换开关Q2转为导通,故毋须刻意去控制防止两晶体管动作重迭的死域时间(dead-time),换言之,无发生重迭现象的可能性。
于启动阶段,若是输入电压Vin瞬间提高或是输出电压Vout突然下降,有可能会发生近似短路或是过载(overload)的现象。为避免两切换开关Q1,Q2的切换电流过大,其驱动电流必须适时地加以限制。如图3所示,限制方式可在电流变压器T2的二次侧绕组NC1,NC2上并联一箝位装置,例如二极管,或是利用像齐纳二极管之类的箝位装置而并联于电流变压器T2的一次侧。如此一来,射极电流将被大幅度减少而使得晶体管能被关闭。
将晶体管Q1,Q2连接成共基极组态(common-base)可使电路更为稳定可靠,在此种组态下,可允许的最大集极电压几乎为两倍的Vceo。在本发明当中,由于切换开关Q1,Q2为驱动推挽架构的变压器,此意谓着集极电压会是输入电压Vin的两倍。
针对低输出电压/高输出电流的需求,该电流驱动变压器T2是可用来驱动取代输出二极管D1,D2的金属氧化物半导体场效晶体管(MOSFET),若采用金属氧化物半导体场效晶体管时,当经过切换开关Q1,Q2的电流到达一设定值时,便可导通金属氧化物半导体场效晶体管。此种作法可改善效率与输出电压的调节。在低载情况下,金属氧化物半导体场效晶体管的本体(body)二极管或是一外部二极管将会先行导通直到电流提高至足够金属氧化物半导体场效晶体管开始导通,如此一来会使输出电压提高,并使整体的负载调节(loadregulation)与平均主动模式效率(average active mode efficiency)都获得改善。
本发明的电源转换器虽然可维持自我振荡(self-oscillating),该电源转换器本身并不会自行启动,因此可利用一启动脉波产生电路来提供一所需的启动脉波,该启动脉波可施加于电流驱动变压器T2的二次侧或任一切换开关Q1,Q2的射极。为使输出的电压涟波不致过大,该启动脉波的频率必须足够高,而使输出的电压涟波仍在要求的范围之内。当电源转换器处于正常运作,该启动必须自动地停止脉波产生电路,以防止误触发开关晶体管。
自我振荡的现象是因为该主变压器T1有储存能量,其工作周期(Duty cycle)约为50%,高工作周期(Duty cycle)可确保效率尽可能地提高,并在连续输出电流的情况下,是可以允许使用较小的输出电容。而输出电压Vout几乎是正比自输入电压Vin,故输出电压Vout的品质可说是直接与输入电压Vin的品质成正比,故本发明又可称之为直流变压器(DC transformer)。
再者,当发明的架构配合二极管桥式电路及输入滤波电容(bulk capacitor)而构成一AC/DC转换器时,由于具有直流变压器的特性,故必须根据所要求的输出电压品质谨慎选择输入滤波电容的尺寸及特性。

Claims (8)

1.一种自振荡式电源转换器,其包含:
一主变压器,具有一次侧及二次侧;
一电流驱动变压器,具有一次侧及二次侧,其二次侧绕组与主变压器的二次侧绕组串联而令一流经两二次侧的电流得以反馈至该电流驱动变压器的一次侧而产生一驱动电流以提供给两切换开关,其中,该主变压器及电流驱动变压器的一次侧各具有两输入绕组,该主变压器的一个输入绕组通过该两切换开关中的一个切换开关串联该电流驱动变压器的一个输入绕组、该主变压器的另一个输入绕组通过该两切换开关中的另一个切换开关串联该电流驱动变压器的另一个输入绕组,以形成两一次侧分支路径,该驱动电流与该主变压器的二次侧的电流成比例。
2.如权利要求1所述的自振荡式电源转换器,该主变压器及电流驱动变压器的二次侧各具有两二次侧绕组,该主变压器的一个二次侧绕组通过一个输出二极管串联该电流驱动变压器的一个二次侧绕组、该主变压器的另一个二次侧绕组通过另一个输出二极管串联该电流驱动变压器的另一个二次侧绕组,以形成两二次侧分支路径。
3.如权利要求2所述的自振荡式电源转换器,该切换开关为NPN型的双极型晶体管。
4.如权利要求3所述的自振荡式电源转换器,该电流驱动变压器的二次侧绕组并联有一箝位装置。
5.如权利要求4所述的自振荡式电源转换器,该箝位装置为一二极管。
6.如权利要求3所述的自振荡式电源转换器,该电流驱动变压器的一次侧绕组并联有一箝位装置。
7.如权利要求6所述的自振荡式电源转换器,该箝位装置为一齐纳二极管。
8.如权利要求3所述的自振荡式电源转换器,各切换开关的射极及其对应的电流驱动变压器一次侧绕组之间连接一电阻。
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GB2446899A (en) 2008-08-27
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TWI339482B (en) 2011-03-21
US7746674B2 (en) 2010-06-29
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JP2008206385A (ja) 2008-09-04
TW200836467A (en) 2008-09-01

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