CN101208410A - 阴离子粘土在fcc工艺中的应用 - Google Patents

阴离子粘土在fcc工艺中的应用 Download PDF

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CN101208410A
CN101208410A CNA2006800231315A CN200680023131A CN101208410A CN 101208410 A CN101208410 A CN 101208410A CN A2006800231315 A CNA2006800231315 A CN A2006800231315A CN 200680023131 A CN200680023131 A CN 200680023131A CN 101208410 A CN101208410 A CN 101208410A
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anionic clay
catalyzer
zeolite
additive
clay
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丹尼斯·斯塔米尔斯
保罗·奥康纳
埃里克·杰尔厄恩·拉海伊
迈克尔·F.·布雷迪
朱莉·A.·弗朗西斯
玛丽亚·M.·路德维格
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Abstract

一种催化剂或催化剂添加剂在流化催化裂化工艺中的应用,该催化剂或催化剂添加剂包括阴离子粘土或其热处理形式,以K2O计算并且基于含钾的阴离子粘土的重量,所述的阴离子粘土含有钾至少0.5wt%。通过使用上述催化剂或添加剂,降低了FCC单元的再生器中的SOx排放。

Description

阴离子粘土在FCC工艺中的应用
本发明涉及一种催化剂或催化剂添加剂在流化催化裂化(FCC)工艺中的应用,该催化剂或催化剂添加剂包括一种特殊类型的阴离子粘土。
阴离子粘土为符合下述通式的层状结构:
[Mm 2+Mn 3+(OH)2m+2n.](Xn/z z-).bH2O
式中,M2+是二价金属,M3+是三价金属,m和n的值使得m/n=1~10,优选1~6,更优选2~4,b为0~10范围内的值,通常为2~6,经常为4。X为具有z价的阴离子,例如,CO3 2-、OH-或其它通常存在于阴离子粘土中间层的任何阴离子。
阴离子粘土的晶体结构由正电荷层组成,该正电荷层堆积了金属氢氧化物的特定组合,在金属氢氧化物之间存在其它的阴离子和水分子。水滑石是一种天然形成的阴离子粘土的实例,其中Al为三价金属,Mg为二价金属,和X为碳酸盐。羟镁铝石是一种阴离子粘土,其中Al为三价金属,Mg为二价金属,和X是羟基。
在本说明书中,术语“阴离子粘土”包括经常使用的术语“类水滑石物质”和“层状复合氢氧化物”,这些都是同义词。阴离子粘土还包括各种多型阴离子粘土,例如:WO01/012550中公开的普通3R1-多型和3R2-多型。要想更多的了解关于各种多型阴离子粘土的信息,可以参考Caly and Clay Minerals,Vol.41,No.5,P551-557和P558-564。
在温和焙烧条件下,也就是说在约200-800℃下,阴离子粘土被转化为可再水合的混合氧化物,该氧化物在本说明书中被称为固溶体,这些固溶体含有众所周知的记忆功能,凭此记忆功能上述焙烧过的材料暴露于水,导致形成阴离子结构。在更加苛刻的焙烧条件下,通常大于约800℃,可以形成尖晶石结构,这种方法对于阴离子粘土而言不是再水合的。
在本说明书中,“阴离子粘土的热处理形式”包括固溶体和尖晶石结构。
EP0278535公开了在FCC催化剂和添加剂中使用阴离子粘土,特别是用于降低SOx的排放。这些阴离子粘土通过以下步骤制备:(i)制备二价和三价金属的硝酸盐溶液;(ii)使用氢氧化钠共沉淀二价和三价金属;然后(iii)由此产生的混合物在65℃下老化1小时;和(iv)过滤和用去离子水冲洗沉淀物,以除去不需要的离子,例如钠。
钠负面地影响沸石的催化性能,因此,在阴离子粘土混入FCC催化剂或催化剂添加剂之前除去除钠是重要的,尤其是在这些催化剂或催化剂添加剂包含有沸石的时候。
WO99/41195和WO00/44671公开了另一种制备阴离子粘土的方法,该方法是将(经过热处理的)三水合铝或(假)勃姆石与氧化镁或氢氧化镁一起制成浆料,然后老化以形成阴离子粘土。这种方法的优点是这些铝源和镁源没有引入不需要的阴离子。此外,在该过程中不需要添加酸、碱和金属盐,这同样避免引入不想要的离子,例如Na+。因此,由此产生的阴离子粘土不需要冲洗和过滤就能直接干燥、成型或直接加入到其它催化剂(添加剂)组分中。
现在已经发现,通过使用含阴离子粘土的催化剂或催化剂添加剂可以使FCC装置的SOx排放的降低得到进一步改善。这种改进是通过使用包括含K的阴离子粘土或其热处理形式的催化剂或催化剂添加剂而获得的。
因此,本发明涉及一种催化剂或催化剂添加剂在FCC工艺中的应用,该催化剂或催化剂添加剂含有阴离子粘土或其热处理形式,基于含钾阴离子粘土的重量并且以K2O计算,所述阴离子粘土含有至少0.5wt%的钾。
阴离子粘土优选含有1-30wt%的K,更优选3-15wt%的K(以K2O计算)。
与不含K的阴离子粘土相比,包括这种(热处理的)含K阴离子粘土的催化剂和催化剂添加剂显示出其具有提高的去除SOx的性能。此外,K比Na更少地破坏沸石的催化性能。
更进一步说,含K阴离子粘土比不含K或不含Na的阴离子粘土更容易通过沉淀而制备,因为K化合物能够作为一种碱,并不需要冲洗步骤以去除不需要的离子,该离子是通过所述的碱而被引入的。
根据本发明,适合使用的含K阴离子粘土的阴离子粘土结构可以经由各种三价和二价金属离子构建。合适的三价金属离子(M3+)的例子包括Al3+、Ga3+、In3+、Bi3+、Fe3+、Cr3+、Co3+、Sc3+、La3+、Ce3+以及它们的组合。合适的二价金属离子(M2+)的例子包括Mg2+、Ca2+、Ba2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Mo2+、Ni2+、Fe2+、Sr2+、Cu2+以及它们的组合。优选的金属组合是Mg-Al、Zn-Al、Ca-Al、Ba-Al、、Fe-Al、Mn-Al和Co-Al阴离子粘土。
根据本发明,适合使用的含K阴离子粘土能够通过各种方法制备。一些方法在这里举例说明。方法1包括使用含K的碱,例如KOH、K2CO3或KHCO3,使二价金属盐和三价金属盐共沉淀,以形成含有沉淀物的悬浮物。然后将悬浮物老化,形成阴离子粘土悬浮物。该老化可在25-250℃,优选50-180℃范围内的温度下进行10分钟至48小时,更优选30分钟至24小时,最优选1-6小时。如果使用水热老化条件(也就是说大于100℃),优选使用自生压力。然后将阴离子粘土干燥,例如经由喷雾干燥,并没有将阴离子粘土首先从剩余的液体中分离出来。后期的步骤是重要的,因为这样的分离步骤(例如过滤)将会去除K离子。显然,阴离子粘土在干燥前不冲洗。
合适的二价金属盐和三价金属盐包括它们的硝酸盐、氯化物、硫酸盐、醋酸盐、甲酸盐、碳酸盐和碱式碳酸盐。
方法2包括在存在钾盐或钾碱下将含有二价和三价金属化合物的悬浮液老化,其中至少一种金属化合物是不溶于水的。合适的钾盐包括KCl和KNO3。合适的钾碱包括KOH、K2CO3或KHCO3。老化可在25-250℃温度范围内进行,优选50-180℃,老化10分钟至48小时,更优选30分钟至24小时,最优选1-6小时。如果使用水热老化条件(也就是说大于100℃),优选使用自生压力。
钾盐可以作为与二价和三价金属化合物分开的单独化合物引入悬浮物中,在所述二价和三价金属化合物混入浆液之前,可以将钾盐加入二价和三价金属化合物中,或者钾盐已经存在于二价和三价金属化合物中。在后面的情况下,使用掺K的二价或三价金属化合物。
由此形成的阴离子粘土在干燥例如喷雾干燥之前不用从液体中分离出来。
在方法2中所用的合适的三价金属化合物是不溶于水的三价金属化合物,上述三价金属是铝、镓、铟、铁、铬、钒、钴、钒、锰和其组合。合适的二价金属化合物是不溶于水的二价金属化合物,上述二价金属是镁、锌、镍、铜、铁、钴、锰、钙、钡和其组合。
二价和三价金属化合物优选使用氧化物、氢氧化物、碳酸盐和碱式碳酸盐的形式。合适的铝化合物的例子为三水合铝(包括三水铝石、三羟铝石和铝矾土精矿石BOC)和热处理形式的铝(包括快速焙烧的氧化铝)、溶胶、无定型氧化铝,和(假)勃姆石。快速焙烧的三水合铝可以在特殊的工业设备中和在800-1,000℃的温度下以很短的时间处理三水合铝而得到,上述内容描述于US4,051,072和US3,222,129。
合适的镁化合物的例子是MgO、Mg(OH)2、水碳镁石、碳酸镁、碱式碳酸镁和碳酸氢镁。
方法3包括在温度200-800℃下焙烧现有的阴离子粘土,从而形成一种所谓的固溶体,通过使这种经焙烧的阴离子粘土与含钾盐或钾碱的水溶液接触,上述固溶体能被再水合成含钾的阴离子粘土。这种再水合可以在下述条件下进行:温度为25-250℃,优选50-180℃,时间为10分钟至48小时,更优选30分钟至24小时,最优选1-6小时。如果使用水热老化条件(也就是说大于100℃),优选使用自生压力。合适的钾盐包括KCl和KNO3。合适的钾碱包括KOH、K2CO3和KHCO3
方法4包括使用钾盐或钾碱浸渍现有的阴离子粘土。合适的钾盐包括KCl和KNO3。合适的钾碱包括KOH、K2CO3或KHCO3
任选地,一种或多种其它金属化合物可被引入含K阴离子粘土中,这些金属化合物是通过使其存在于含K阴离子粘土的制备过程中,或者通过使用这些金属化合物浸渍含K阴离子粘土。金属化合物优选是Ce和/或V盐,而且其它金属化合物也可以被引入,例如La、Si、P、B、Ca、Ba、Fe、Cr、Ni、Mn、Ti、Zr、Cu、Zn、Mo、Sn、W、Pd、Pt、Rh和/或Ru盐。
如果理想的话,存在于含K阴离子粘土夹层的阴离子可以与其它阴离子交换,所述其它阴离子有例如NO3 -、OH-、Cl-、Br-、I-、SO4 2-、SiO3 2-、CrO4 2-、BO3 2-、MnO4 -、HGaO32-、HVO4 2-、ClO4 -、BO3 2-、钨酸盐类,柱撑阴离子例如V10O28 6-和Mo7O24 6-,单羧酸盐例如醋酸盐,二羧酸盐例如草酸盐,或烷基磺酸盐例如十二烷基磺酸盐。
在制备后,可将含K阴离子粘土焙烧以得到热处理的阴离子粘土。优选温和焙烧(200-800℃),因为使用固溶体优先于使用尖晶石型结构。
在此指出,即使添加剂或催化剂添加剂含有阴离子粘土,在其进入FCC单元时,阴离子粘土在所述单元的处理中将原位转变为热处理型(通常固体溶液),因为使用高温。
以氧化物计算并且基于添加剂的总重量,根据本发明可以使用的催化剂添加剂优选含有(经热处理)1-99wt%,更优选20-80wt%,最优选40-70wt%的含钾阴离子粘土。
该添加剂进一步含有粘结剂,优选氧化铝、氧化硅或氧化硅-氧化铝,以Al2O3计算并且基于添加剂的总重量,优选含量为1-99wt%,更优选5-60wt%,最优选为8-20wt%。该添加剂同样可以含有优选量为5-30wt%的沸石(例如ASM-5或β沸石)以及余量的高岭土。
使用于FCC工艺中的催化剂添加剂与FCC催化剂进行物理混和。该FCC催化剂可以是任何常规的FCC催化剂。上述FCC催化剂和添加剂可以单独引入到FCC单元,或以物理混合方式加入。
以氧化物计算并且基于添加剂的总重量,根据本发明可以使用的催化剂添加剂优选含有0.1-50wt%,更优选1-30wt%,最优选3-15wt%的(经热处理)含钾阴离子粘土。
该催化剂进一步含有常规的FCC催化剂组分。因此,该催化剂含有粘结剂或基体物质,优选氧化铝、氧化硅或氧化硅-氧化铝,以氧化物计算并且基于添加剂的总重量,优选含量小于50wt%,更优选5-40wt%,最优选20-30wt%。该催化剂进一步含有八面沸石以及余量的高岭土,八面沸石例如沸石Y、沸石USY或稀土金属交换Y或USY沸石(RE-Y,RE-USY),优选含量为5-50wt%。
另外,该催化剂可以含有其它组分,例如ZSM-5、改性ZSM-5、和/或β沸石,和/或添加剂例如Ce和/或V。
根据本发明所使用的催化剂和催化剂添加剂通过以下步骤制备:使(经热处理)的含K阴离子粘土和催化剂或添加剂的其它组分进行浆化,然后成型,例如喷雾-干燥,使浆液形成颗粒。该喷雾-干燥可以任选地接着进行焙烧步骤。
在加入浆液之前,该(经热处理)的含K阴离子粘土可以被研磨以减小颗粒尺寸。可选择地,将含有(经热处理)含K阴离子粘土和催化剂或添加剂的其它组分的浆液进行研磨。任何导致颗粒尺寸减小的方法都可定义为“研磨”。这样的颗粒尺寸减小可同时导致形成活性表面和/或加热颗粒。适用于研磨的设备包括球磨机、高剪切搅拌机、胶体搅拌机和可以将超声波引入浆液的电子变频器。低剪切搅拌,也就是说,所进行的搅拌基本上保持组分的悬浮状态,并不视为“研磨”。
在流化催化裂化工艺中,使用(经热处理)含K阴离子粘土导致FCC再生器和/或生产贫硫和/或贫氮燃料(例如汽油,柴油)降低SOx和/或NOx的排放。
实施例
实施例1
一种含K阴离子粘土是通过对沉淀的勃姆石氧化铝和MgO进行浆化而制备的,其中Mg/Al的摩尔比为2,导致浆液的固含量为10wt%。浆液在85℃下老化4小时,随后喷雾-干燥形成微球体。
这些微球体在600℃下焙烧1小时后,然后进行再水合,该再水合是通过在0.1摩尔的氢氧化钾溶液中和在80℃下浆化1小时的条件下实现的。
最终所得的含K阴离子粘土含3.6wt%的K(以K2O计算),经由X-射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测定。
比较实施例2
实施例2中除了焙烧阴离子粘土的再水合是在无钾的情况下进行,其余重复实施例1的操作。最终所得的产品是一种基本不含K的Mg-Al阴离子粘土。
实施例3
在FCC工艺中检测实施例1和比较实施例2中的产品降低SOx排放的能力,使用Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.Vol.27(1988)pp.1356-1360中所描述的温度记录度量法。
在氮气存在下将30mg产品在700℃下加热30分钟。接下来,用含有0.32%的SO2、2.0%的O2和余量氮气的气体取代氮气,气体流速为200ml/min。30分钟后,含SO2的气体被氮气取代,温度降低至650℃。15分钟后,用纯氢气取代氮,该条件下维持20分钟。将上述步骤重复3次。测量在氢气处理过程中样品对SOx的吸收量作为样品重量变化(用百分比表示)。这些循环过程的SOx吸收量见表1。
表1-实施例1和比较实施例2中产品的SOx吸收量(重量增加百分比)
    循环次数   实施例1   比较实施例2
    123     4.954.183.36     2.591.581.14
该表表明含K阴离子粘土比基本上不含K阴离子粘土具有更高的SOx吸收量。

Claims (8)

1.一种催化剂或催化剂添加剂在流化催化裂化工艺中的应用,该催化剂或催化剂添加剂包括阴离子粘土或其热处理形式,以K2O计算并且基于含钾的阴离子粘土的重量,所述的阴离子粘土含有至少0.5wt%的钾。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其中,所述阴离子粘土含有1-30wt%的钾。
3.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其中,所述阴离子粘土含有3-15wt%的钾。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的应用,其中,所述阴离子粘土是Mg-Al阴离子粘土、Zn-Al阴离子粘土或Ca-Al阴离子粘土。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的应用,其中,所述催化剂或催化剂添加剂还含有Ce和/或V。
6.催化剂或催化剂添加剂,其包括:(i)阴离子粘土或其热处理形式,以K2O计算并且基于含钾的阴离子粘土的重量,所述的阴离子粘土含有至少0.5wt%的钾;和(ii)粘结剂或基质材料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的催化剂或催化剂添加剂,其还含有沸石。
8.根据权利要求7所述的催化剂或催化剂添加剂,其中,所述沸石选自沸石Y、沸石USY、沸石RE-Y、沸石RE-USY、ZSM-5、沸石β及其混合物。
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