CN101166996B - Apparatus and method for detection of radiation - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for detection of radiation Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/20—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects
- G01V5/26—Passive interrogation, i.e. by measuring radiation emitted by objects or goods
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Abstract
Digital images or the charge from pixels in light sensitive semiconductor based imagers may be used to detect gamma rays and energetic particles emitted by radioactive materials. Methods may be used to identify pixel-scale artifacts introduced into digital images and video images by high energy gamma rays. Statistical tests and other comparisons on the artifacts in the images or pixels may be used to prevent false-positive detection of gamma rays. The sensitivity of the system may be used to detect radiological material at distances in excess of 50 meters. Advanced processing techniques allow for gradient searches to more accurately determine the source's location, while other acts may be used to identify the specific isotope. Coordination of different imagers and network alerts permit the system to separate non-radioactive objects from radioactive objects.
Description
Background
Large-scale radiation (radiation) sensor network can promote to detect the ability of undelegated radioactive material (radioactivematerial) transportation.Yet it can be expensive that such radiation sensor network is installed, and can make the ready time delay of system.
Developing the radiation sensing network in case nuclear power plant's accident in Europe.For example, be designed for real-time online decision support (RODOS) system of non-at-scene contingency management in Europe, to provide about the consistent of the present and following radioactivity situation and information widely, the scope of contingency operation and countermeasure, benefit and defective, and for the method support that emergent response policy is made decisions.RODOS comprises geography, meteorology and radiation propagation detection module; It is also as the data accumulation point for radioactivity and atmosphere monitor network.The radiation sensing data that the detecting device of networking provides will replenish and enrich the radiation data storehouse that similar RODOS can be used for safety office and disaster recovery mechanism like that.
Owing to have the division (break-up) of the country of nuclear weapon and nuclear reactor, the ability that detects undelegated radioactive material transportation in wide zone is urgent just increasingly.In recent years, the black market bargain of radioisotopic smuggling and radioactive material substantially increases.Since over 1992, total Audit Office report has confirmed some of nuclear material illegal transaction case of 181 affirmations of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).There are 20 to relate to transfer or attempt transition kernel weapon Available Material (being Pu-239 and 20%-90% highly enricked uranium (HEU)) in these accidents.Although the maximum adverse risk of the poor quality of being derived from (rogue) radioactive material with use during nuclear bomb HEU relevant at structure, HEU still can be with the starting material that act on radioactivity means for diverging (radiological dispersal device) or " dirty bomb (dirty bomb) ".In fact, any radioactive isotope can be used in the structure of dirty bomb.Yet for this application, (for example Cs-137, Sr-90 or Co-60) is more dangerous than other radioactive isotopes for some radioactive isotopes.For example, because its relatively low-level gamma rays radioactivity (activity), the be far from Co-60 of nominal mass of U-235 is dangerous.Because for the high cost that decontaminates, clears up, dirty bomb is destructive concerning an area economically, and economic loss should be volatile.
The radioactive material of dispersing by the blast of traditional bomb thing will be from destroying involved area economically.Obtain non-weapon can with nuclear material usually than obtaining HEU or Pu-239 is easy, this has enlarged the dirty bomb threat that can be used material production by non-weapon.Such fact has improved this threat, namely examine contraband goods (contraband) and usually smuggled with the amount that surpasses hardly a kilogram, and nearly all these smuggling cases all is that investigation owing to the police is detected.Even the cleaning up cost to so a small amount of radioactive material also is huge.Be preferably in and just detect the illegal transportation of radioactive material and block it in early days.
Existence is to the needs of the illegal transportation of detection of radioactive material.Existence is to the needs of the sensor network of cost-effective and wide covering, and described sensor network can the detection of radioactive material, the position of identification radioactive material, and alarm is provided when detecting the material of the type.
Summary of the invention
Embodiment of the present invention comprise a kind of system, described system comprises at least one imager, described imager has one or more pixel, described pixel can interact with high energy particle, and described imager can transmit (relay) about the described interactional information of described high energy particle and described pixel when obtaining image at the same time.Described system can also comprise at least one processor of communicating by letter with described at least one imager, and described processor can determine that one or more pixels interact with one or more high energy particle.Described system also comprises the output unit of the existence of reporting described at least one high energy particle.
Described imager can be any imager that comprises the pixelation photon detector, comprise charge-coupled image sensor (CCD) imager, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) (CMOS) imager, and comprise silicon-germanium, germanium, silicon on sapphire, Gallium indium arsenide, mercury cadmium telluride, or the imager of gallium arsenide substrate etc., or the combination of these imagers.Can use in embodiments of the invention safety camera, traffic video camera, transportation video camera, hand-held video camera, mobile law enforcement (mobile lawenforcement) and traffic video camera, cellular telephone camera, thermal infrared video camera, and any combination of these video cameras.The imager that uses in the present invention can be static or movably.In the preferred embodiment of the invention, described imager can or shake about vertical axis revolving, and choosing turns or pitching about transverse axis.This allows this imager to follow the tracks of the source position of high energy particle radioactive source.
In certain embodiments, the high energy particle that one or more imagers detect can be the product in high energy particle source, and described high energy particle source can be the source of radioactive material nuclear decay.The high energy particle source includes but not limited to environmental radiation, comes from the radiation of natural source, radioactive material, nuclear device, dirty bomb and nuclear weapon before or after blast, and combination.The high energy particle that detects preferably produces the nuclear decay from radioactive material.The high energy particle source can also conductively-closed.
When the energetic particle hits pixel, the pixel of pixelation photon detector produces signal, and described signal is stronger than the signal of the background radiation of environment.This signal can be by speck or " point " on the image of imager generation.Processor is identified these points.When the energetic particle hits pixel, the charge variation of pixel is than more remarkable when surround lighting bump pixel causes forming point, because imager reads described charge variation as the speck on the image.Point in the processor recognition image of the present invention and they and background are compared.If processor detects described point in continuous image, then radiation event may occur.
In one embodiment of the invention, processor can be identified the existence in radioactive particle and radioactive particle source.Described processor can be with being computing machine, video image processor, people and these charge-coupled closing.
In another embodiment of the present invention, imager comprises thin pixel square formation (thin square of pixel).When thin pixel square formation during perpendicular to described high energy particle source, the likelihood of the described thin pixel square formation of energetic particle hits is maximum (flux peak).Shake from described source and/or pitching is left with described imager, perhaps move through the image field of imager along with described source, the described likelihood of the described thin pixel square formation of described energetic particle hits reduces.In certain embodiments, described processor can carry out gradient search, with by level and/or vertically drive one or more imager and move until reach flux peak and determine described flux peak.In a further embodiment, several imagers concomitantly (concurrently) carry out gradient search.Then described processor can be subsequently with reference to each imager and the photograph and the video image that relatively obtain from imager, to determine the likelihood position (likely position) in described high energy particle source, wherein said likelihood position is the zone that described image intersects.Described imager preferably interconnects.
Can also determine in time the movement in high energy particle source, allow thus to follow the movement in described source.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, one or more imager carries out gradient search, obtains concomitantly simultaneously the image in the zone of encirclement radioactive source.Described image and max-flow and described image compare, and the one or more objects in the described image can be selected as comprising or to keep described radioactive source.Described object can be any have life or abiotic object, for example comprises motor vehicle, aircraft, train, railcar, people, animal, buildings, plant, luggage, box, bag, handbag, suitcase, mail and combination thereof.
The image that imager obtains can comprise or illustrate the movement of object in the visual field of video camera.In one embodiment of the invention, object mixes between image and/or imager, allows described high energy particle source, location.In preferred embodiments, carry out the vision in high energy particle source is determined.
Useful output unit comprises image, the audible sound, the call on warning system, photograph or video image, the monitor in embodiments of the invention, wireless radio transmission or a plurality of or combination in these.
In other embodiments of the present invention, can determine to produce radioactive material or the radioisotopic type of described high energy particle.Can quantize based on the charge variation of pixel energy and the quantity of high energy particle, wherein said high energy particle interacts with described pixel.This quantized value can compare with the charge variation storehouse, and is used for determining amount and/or the type of described source radioactive material, and described charge variation storehouse is based on the type of the radioactive material that produces high energy particle.
In certain embodiments, before or after activating warning system, can check the certainly detection of (false-positive) detection of mistake for radioactive material.
To understand better these and other feature of the present invention, aspect and advantage with reference to following description, appended claims and accompanying drawing.
Brief Description Of Drawings
Fig. 1 is depicted in the pixel coordinate of the gamma rays bump (strike) on the CCD of testing table digital camera.These data are the summations on 15 seconds videos, and almost expression is positioned at from CCD detecting device 1.5cm, the gamma rays that only has twice of a radioactive per second of 16 μ C hits.
Fig. 2 A be illustrated in analyze and recognition image in high energy particle before from the astronomic graph picture of CCD detecting device; Fig. 2 B diagram is because the identification of the signal that high energy particle and pixel interaction cause.
When Fig. 3 diagram is measured when the apparatus and method of the disclosed version of use, the signal that expection records for a mobile radiation source.
The object how Fig. 4 diagram can use the detecting device (for example CCD traffic video camera (trafficcamera) of networking) of two separation will produce radiation or emission high energy particle separates with other objects that do not produce or deliver (carry) harmful radioactive material.
Fig. 5 (A-D) describes to use sieve skill IP Camera (Logitech webcam), based on the device of CCD, collect the control experiment that video carried out in 15 seconds with 15 frame per seconds.Fig. 5 (A) refers to that " tester-1 ", Fig. 5 (B) refer to that " tester-2 ", Fig. 5 (C) refer to " tester-3 ", and Fig. 5 (D) refers to " tester-4 ".
Fig. 6 (A-C) illustrates the result of the experiment of carrying out with 16 μ C radioactive source materials, described in table 1 and table 2.
Fig. 7 is used for from detecting from pixelation (pixilated) detector acquisition of the high energy particle of the nuclear decay emission of radioactive material and the process flow diagram of analysis image according to embodiment diagram.
Fig. 8 can detect obtaining and analyzing from the image of the imager (imager) of the high energy particle of the nuclear decay emission of radioactive material according to embodiment diagram from one or more.
Fig. 9 describes to obtain and the process flow diagram of analysis image for detecting from one or more from the imager of the high energy particle of the nuclear decay of radioactive material emission according to an embodiment.
Figure 10 describes to illustrate be used to obtaining and process from the image of the pixelation imager process flow diagram with the routine (routine) of the evidence (evidence) of the gamma rays of locator material emission according to an embodiment.
Figure 11 describes to illustrate be used to obtaining and analyze from the image of the pixelation imager process flow diagram with the routine of the evidence of the gamma rays of locator material emission according to an embodiment.
Figure 12 describes to illustrate for analyzing from the image of the pixelation imager process flow diagram with the routine of the evidence of the gamma rays of locator material emission according to an embodiment.
Figure 13 describes to illustrate the process flow diagram of such routine according to an embodiment, described routine is used for providing warning or alarm to user or command centre, and provides the tracking in source and or be used for determining the further analysis of position, movement or the type of radiation-emitting source material.
Figure 14 diagram is used for utilizing the pixelated detector detection from the non-limiting example of the device of the gamma rays of material emission.
One or more fixes or mobile detecting device Figure 15 from the principle diagram according to an embodiment, and each detecting device can move or translation, detects the high-energy photon from radioactive material.
Figure 16 (A) diagram is come the image without the gamma rays detection of self-detector, and Figure 16 (B) has the gamma rays detection that shows as white dirt (fleck) (inner is white circle).
Embodiment
Before describing this paper (composition) and method, should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to described specific composition, method or agreement, because they can change.Should also be appreciated that the term that uses in this description only is used for describing the purpose of particular version or embodiment, and be not the scope of intention restriction this paper and method that its scope will only be limited by appended claims.
Also must be noted that, unless context points out clearly that otherwise otherwise employed as reaching in claims, singulative " (a) ", " one (an) " and " described (the) " comprise that plural number refers to here.So, such as being to refer to one or more of gamma rays well known by persons skilled in the art and equivalent thereof etc. to referring to of " gamma rays ".Unless otherwise definition, otherwise all technology used herein and scientific and technical terminology have the general identical connotation of connotation of understanding with those of ordinary skills institute.Although can use during embodiment of the present invention any similarly or be equal to method and the material of institute's plotting method and material among the present invention in practice or test, description is preferred method, equipment and material now.Here all publications of mentioning all are included by reference.Therefore herein any content all is not read as and admits that embodiment described herein does not have because formerly invent will the Zao date than these disclosures.
The event that " optionally " or " alternatively " means to describe subsequently or situation can occur or can not occur, and this description has comprised the occasion (instance) of event generation and the occasion that event does not occur.
Pixelation visual detector such as electric charge coupling (CCD) device and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) (CMOS) device can utilize the light sensitive pixels chip that comprises semiconductor material to create modern digital resting state image and digital video image.Although these pixelation chips have been effectively used to create conventional CCD and cmos camera, but these chips can also be responsive to high energy particle, and can be with the detecting device that acts on X ray and gamma rays astrophysics source, X ray breast Digital photographic art and be used for the high-energy physics experiment of particle accelerator.
The pixelation chip can be used to various visual detectors, includes but not limited to resting state or video camera, shooting mobile phone, IP Camera, networking camera, safety camera, traffic video camera or these combination in any.These visual detectors can be easy to use, easily acquisition, Direct Digital data, be easy to computer interface, have superior quantum efficiency, photon energy, high energy particle and gamma rays from the emission of radioactive material source had low noise and linear response.When the pixel in photon, gamma rays or the energetic particle hits light sensitive pixels chip, as long as electric charge or current potential with incide and proportional through quantity and the energy of the particle of (transparent to) this pixel, electronics just can move in the conduction band of material.Therefore, more the photon of high energy can produce larger counting in influenced pixel, allows processor to determine the contrast (light versus shadow) of light and shade and the color of light.Yet, in the situation of high energy particle or gamma rays, can produce the speck that size is generally the class static (static-like) of 1,2 or 4 pixel at the image that obtains, this makes high energy particle and possible being identified as of radioactive material is possible.In addition, the brightness of described spot may be depended on the energy of the particle that clashes into this pixel.Therefore, can also determine with the equipment that comprises the light sensitive pixels chip type of radioactive material.
" pixel " refers to for the unit pixel (unit cell) that electromagnetic radiation is converted to the detector element of signal electron by photoelectric effect.The electric charge that generates can be collected, and can depend on the number of pixel and/or the number of the electric charge that described pixel can keep.Formation for the specific trap (well) of a pixel may be depended on alloy and concentration, and different treatment technologies can be used to finishing (tailor) doping characteristic figure (profile), to optimize the sensing operation to specific electromagnetic radiation energy.The substrate that is used for pixel can be the p-type silicon substrate, yet also can use other selections, for example p
-P on the substrate, or p
+P, SOI, BiCOMOS etc. on the substrate.In addition, other Semiconductor substrate can be used, for example, except a lot of operable other substrates, silicon-germanium, germanium, silicon on sapphire (silicon-on-sapphire) can be used, and/or gallium arsenide substrate.Should be appreciated that pixel can be aligned to the M that uses row and column to select circuit to visit * N array.
The detection of radioactive material may relate to by (γ ' s) the environmental monitoring data of effect are classified for high energy particle, neutron or the gamma rays launched from the spontaneous decay of fissionable isotope.Usually, nuclear decay can comprise have above 1MeV (million electron volt=1.6 * 10
-6Erg (ergs)) emission (ejection) of the alpha particle (helium atomic nucleus) of energy or beta (beta) particle (electronics or positron).Depend on isotope and decay mode, energy also can be launched from atomic nucleus during spontaneous decay to the gamma-ray photon in a few MeV scopes at about 10KeV.Can carry out measurement to each photon energy with various detector technologies.
The method of existence for detection of the characteristics of signals of the photon of bump pixelated detector is comprised of a plurality of steps.When determining statistical remarkable increase to have occurred when (for example being higher than normal background 25%) owing to the energetic particle hits detecting device makes the signal in image or pixel in long enough time quantum (3 or 4 images in for example for delegation), " radiation event " may be for occuring.Radiation event can refer to be considered to surpass the increase of the environmental radiation level of normal statistics fluctuation.
If the counting of the event that detecting device records or identity (identity) are confirmed as dangerous, then by relevant information transmission (communicate) is initiated alarm to Network Awareness layer (aware layer).Alternatively, can initiate high-level command, control, coordinate actions, comprise that gradient search is with locating source in the visual field of video camera, carry out triangulations (triangulation) and make alarm and the video streaming is transferred to the individuality/computing machine of appointment from a plurality of video cameras.For the video camera with fixing known location, the position of video camera can be used to the position of approximate source or radioactive material.In addition, the position of one or more fixing video camera can be included in the calculating and carry out triangulation with the position to radioactive material.
In one embodiment, in the situation in two-dimensional radiation place, computing machine or processor can calculate with the information that comprises camera position and view data that receives from one or more video camera kind, calculating apparent position or these the combination in any of radiation intensity, identification material identity.Can estimate and use from the further refining of the successive image of video camera (refine) or the follow needle radiation position to the compact source identified from initial pictures.Can be based on the scope (extent) of monitoring radiant flux (plume) from image and the counting of video camera.In several Different Optimization processes any one can be used to optimize the position of the radiation source of identification.In one embodiment, processor can be at first obtains rough estimation to object space by the conventional method such as triangulation.Can also use other Optimized Approaches.For example, can the Application standard technology, for example converge to peaked iterative process (iterative progression) by test and error.Similarly, can optimize with gradient search the position in source.The method can expand to three-dimensional, with selected element x, y in three dimensions, z the best-estimated as the radioactive material body position.
The pixelation visual detector that can produce in response to the interaction with photon or energy particle charge carrier can be used to provide radioactive detector.The video camera that is equipped with the pixelation visual detector has begun generally to be used for safety, transportation (transit) and traffic monitoring.The non-limiting example of such visual detector can comprise and comprises the safety that is pre-existing in, utilize these image processors or CCD and the cmos camera of rig camera.Typically, these detection means can be networked and be monitored from operation center, and when with firmware or combination of software, these detection means can be used to determine whether one or more pixel has corresponding to high energy particle or the interactional electric charge of gamma rays or voltage, and for detection of environmental radiation and radioactive material, launch quantity and the type of the material of high energy particle, and as the movement of the radioactive material in the source of detected high energy particle.
For example, when detecting device near radioactive source when (for example for about 3MeV or energy still less less than 100 meters), can cause the corresponding increase of ratio (rate) of the gamma rays of bump pixelation visual detector.Because the level of background radiation lower (for example per square inch less than 10 counting per seconds) is so can use the pixelation imager to find the existence of a small amount of radioactive material.The electric charge of this pixel in the imager is inferred in the brightness of pixel that can be from image.Replacedly, can directly use during the readout electric charge or voltage from this pixel.Then, imager can be set up this information and explain this information and send contact (relate to) between the processor of chimes of doom.
Except the image and position that send CCD or cmos imager, the imager unit further is configured to the information of transfer encoding, such as the temperature towards, this position of video camera, time etc.
Under the monitoring configuration, this system or device can be carried out continuous sampling.This system or device can obtain from digital camera or digital detector the digital picture of environment or object.Under quick detection (survey) configuration, this system can be configured to as requested or with the interval longer than other local described intervals one or more image of obtaining be carried out noncontinuous sampling.
Can use from modeling experiment and determine that from count information and the correction data of empirical experimentation imager is to the sensitivity of different high-energy photons (photon).For example, imager can be exposed to a series of or known radioactive material (such as Co-60, U-235, Bi-214 etc.) with known distance.Can determine electric charge or brightness, count frequency and intensity (electric charge or brightness) ratio.This information can be used to calculate the energy of the gamma rays that imager detects.
The emulation that " MCNP " software package (Los Alamos's laboratory report, LA-10363-MS (1995)) that uses U.S. Los Alamos laboratory diagnosis set of applications to develop carries out can be used to prove that described detecting device and system can provide the conspicuousness on statistical significance of the radioactive nuclide (species) to broad range to detect.Go out as shown in fig. 1, with the experimental result of using cobalt-60 that 1-10 μ C sample successfully detects and caesium-137 to illustrate the effectiveness of this model of confirmation.
Gamma rays can be by radioactive isotope with the particular energy emission, and this particular energy is the characteristic of the nuclear inner structure of emission.So, can determine that the gamma ray detector of the energy of each photon can be identified the nuclear type of launching this radiation clearly.Because as long as the detection and Identification a few features just enough characterizes (characterize) radiation source, so the spectroscopy of the type and spectroscopic methodology are similar.But, spectroscopic methodology may usually lack photon and require collects a plurality of photons at each discrete wavelength, and gamma rays has respectively so many energy, to such an extent as to may cause statistically evident data characteristics with interactional each gamma-ray photon of pixelation visual detector.Can be used to distinguish pseudo-the detection and true the detection from uniqueness (unique) power spectrum of the gamma rays of radioactive material emission.
Can obtain for the power spectrum of clashing into the gamma rays of pixel the imager from graphical analysis.The radioactive isotope identification of being undertaken by the gamma rays spectroscopy can comprise the reference library inquiry, relatively and with the gamma spectral resolution for being derived from each isotopic a plurality of spectrum.Type relatively can comprise the cross-correlation technique of the spectrum through being usually used in relatively having many lines; Be used for the various matching algorithms that spectrum and time series are used; Principal component analysis; These combination; Perhaps comprise the combination of any technology in these.So, can develop analysis software and measure the brightness of spot, determine the power spectrum of particle and this information and storehouse spectrum are compared to allow to identify the specific radioactive isotope of this emission high energy particle.For example, this software can be used to distinguish, and compares with Cs-137, by the gamma rays of Co-60 emission.Can analyze as required subsequently image and confirm the result that identifies, the counting of the material that perhaps obtains from an imager or the result that identity can compare to confirm with other contiguous detecting devices the first detecting device.If power spectrum and deleterious material coupling from a plurality of gamma rayss that detect then can give a warning.
More specifically, can be by the interaction of itself and detecting device and single photon be compared to obtain estimation to the statistical significance of each independent gamma photons to the impact of this detecting device.The number of electrons of every photon counting may not only depend on the energy of incident photon but also depend on the gain of instrument that described gain typical earth surface was shown the every ADU of electronics (analog/digital unit).Blue photons with 4eV energy in the specific pixel of Kodak KAF-1001E CCD (a kind of CCD of the specific model of using for high-end digital picture) with 3.1 photoelectrons of average generation.Initial estimation may be that the 200KeV gamma rays is with output (yield) 3.1e-/ADU*200,000eV/4eV=165,000 photoelectron.Yet, only have part gamma rays energy can be passed to the pixelation chip.The MCNP model emulation can show that the transmission of energy is significant.For example, the 766KeV photon that produces in the U-238 decay will produce～500 photoelectrons (" counting "), and the 1.001MeV gamma rays will produce～and 2000 countings.These numbers can be the lower limits for detection of the counting of gamma rays, because they are included in the energy deposition in the silicon part of upper area of pixelation chip.Metal lead wire, SiO
2The impurity of coverture, doping or other factors can change or be strengthened to the energy transmission of pixelation chip.These countings can allow that firmware or software are used to identify one or more location of pixels based on the count number that surpasses threshold value, deposit the high energy gamma rays in described position.The photoelectronic tale that is produced by gamma rays or number or proportional value can be based on because this gamma rays and the electric charge or the voltage that are produced by one or more pixel in the detecting device with it.
But when the material analyzed potentially from one or more radioactive source emission detected energy particle, described system and method can be used to analyze or estimate based on the semaphore that receives from CCD or CMOS detecting device the rank of the radioactive source the material.The amount of radioactive source and the variation of type, shielding, wherein exist or the version of being dispersed geometry distribution, system and the detecting devices of the emitter in the amount of the material that emitter is arranged and type, the sample can be used to characterize these features in source.
Used " MCNP " software package to carry out emulation for the counting rate that the radioactive isotope by various conductively-closeds of expecting causes, and determined that the CCD detecting device can be used to monitor many kinds of radioactive materials.It is possible that the source shielding is made contributions, and this emulation comprises: the self damping in the 1mm lead shield, radioactive source, two slices 1/8 " thick steel (main body panel of that represent traffic instrument (vehicle) or container), and the clearance of a slice sheet glass (the conservative estimation of detector window) and variable range.The intensity of gamma rays may depend on material, type and quantity, distance, geometric configuration and shielding.Even when the absolute number of the gamma rays that detects when low because the high energy of each gamma rays and concerning isotope the spectral signature (signature) of those unique gamma rayss, described each gamma rays can obtain very high conspicuousness.
Have reason to expect for the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) (SNR) that is limited to the counting of each time detection under the precision of determining with the energy of the interactional gamma rays of imager.This precision can be approximately equal to the square root that hits the counting that is associated with the independent gamma rays on photosensor chip.Can accuracy of measurement can be expressed as energy uncertainty (Δ E) divided by energy (E), or Δ E/E.For strict Poisson statistics,
Δ E/E ≈ (# counting)
1/2/ (# counting)=1/ (# counting)
1/2
Typically, noise results from three kinds of sources: the statistics uncertainty (shot noise) of reading electron device (read-out electronics), dark current and source counting itself.Reading noise can mainly be determined by the quality of electron device.Typically, contemporary pixel visual detector and controller have low-down noise rank.
Dark current can be CCD or cmos imager chip characteristics value, is typically expressed as the electron number of the every pixel of average per second, and described electronics accumulates during the period at " exposure " or image integration (image integration).No matter see through light or the whether forehand chips of gamma rays of electrode, all may accumulate the dark current counting.The sum of this counting can depend on speed and total mark time.Accumulation rate may depend on CCD or CMOS temperature consumingly, 6-10 ℃ of the every increase of its chips, and speed can probably increase twice.Dark current can be inappreciable concerning the impact of image quality and the ability that therefore detects gamma rays with the least possible computational effort for the short integral time of the good modern cameras of working service.For example, by making detecting device based on a video system with frame rate of general per second 10 to 20 frames, even when chip is warm, the every gamma rays that is compared to expection is hundreds of to thousands of countings, and dark current can be ignored.No matter the environmental radiation of home environment how, this large-signal can guarantee outstanding counting statistics, and helps to determine energy, makes it possible to (enable) the carrying out of radioactive source accurately identified.When temperature change can be used to revise or detect neighbourhood noise for CCD or cmos imager, different with the sensor based on Ge, CCD or CMOS detecting device did not need to be cooled to detect high energy particle.
For safety camera (security camera), shot noise can be called the most significant noise source.Model calculates and to show that the 1MeV photon is expected at energy and determines that the aspect has and be roughly 1/ (2000)
1/2=0.022, or 2.2% uncertainty.The counting that the laboratory measurement show needle records the more low-yield gamma rays from caesium-137 is about 200 countings, implies the uncertainty of every spectral signature～7%.Because the radioactive isotope of great majority emission gamma rays has multiple kinds of energy, so even have these wrong estimations, still can keep this unique spectral fingerprint.
Can get rid of the variation of the gamma rays number that clashes into detecting device with the method for statistics, and also can use more than one detecting device and consider these variations.
Fig. 2 B diagram uranology software or other similar software can be used to isolate, analyze and/or quantize in the Digital Image Data because the detector signal that the energetic particle hits photosensor chip produces.Dot can result from high energy gamma rays bump detecting device, and large speck can be aimed at the asterisk of the practical object of this image.Have reason to expect that the radioactive material source of emission high energy particle can produce the image with the spot that is similar to dot, and can be used to detection, identification and/or quantification source or known or unknown radioactive material.
Use can detect and characterize one or more detecting device based on pixel of energy particle, but can observe the movable radiation source of emission detected energy particle.Photosensor chip in the pixelation visual detector generally can be the form of thin square formation (thinsquare).When this thin square formation arranged perpendicular to light or high energy particle source, the probability of pixel can be maximized in photon or the energetic particle hits chip.This phenomenon is called as flux peak (maximum flux).When moving through the visual field of detecting device along with described source, the probability of the pixel in photon or the energetic particle hits chip may reduce.So, move through the visual field (referring to Fig. 3) of static pixels visual detector along with the high energy particle source, the number of the high energy particle of (time=0) bump photosensor chip can increase in time when upright position with respect to chip is kept in described source, and can reduce until the visual field (time=± 20) of detecting device is left in described source.
The pixelation visual detector that can move also can be utilized to identify photon or high energy particle source.The movement of detecting device is (such as but not limited to being shaken (pan) in the mode around vertical axis revolving, and with the mode pitching around horizontal rotational shaft) can carry out gradient search, thus video camera by level or vertically rotation until determine flux peak.By this way, one or more pixelation visual detector can be identified the position in photon or high energy particle source or follow the tracks of its movement.
Bus, ferryboat, train, cruiser or other means of transports are equipped with the safety camera that can be used to detection of radioactive usually.Such video camera can also be as (roving) detecting device that flows.In one embodiment, the metal side of video camera can be thicker significantly unlike the metal side of automobile.
Although use single detector that important information about radioactive material can be provided, when extra detecting device is used and their output can obtain more information when being combined together.Can integrate output from several detecting devices with computer program.An advantage of disclosed system and method can be detecting device or the video camera of the networking that is closely adjacent to each other.Another advantage of disclosed system and method can be with the existing detecting device that is closely adjacent to each other or video camera networking.Can use many different monitoring station network topologies.For example, in a kind of version, can set up a plurality of monitoring stations by using existing safety camera.If radioactive source will be by delivery through these detecting devices, then can detect " radiation event " of separation at each imager or video camera place.Can expect that train, bus, passenger vehicle, people and/or animal mobile, that have radiation emitting material show a radiation feature figure near imager.Similarly situation can be applied at the people on the train railway platform, bus on the highway or the vehicle mounted traffic at bridge/place, tunnel.When a plurality of detecting devices are located adjacent one another, can have reason to expect that each detecting device has is similar in shape the such time series response shown in Fig. 3, but depend on described source with respect to imager movement, speed and position and have different intensity or lack symmetry.
By making the detecting device networking, can determine to deliver the vehicles or individual speed and direction from the material of the high energy particle of radioactive source emission as gamma rays.Although might be in crowded road or city scene at the very start uniquely identification have or transport the vehicles of radioactive material or people, perhaps carrier is impossible, the removal of normal traffic (shear) and mixing (mixing) can be with the carrier of radioactive material and other vehicles and the pedestrian that initially are regarded as Potential Vector separate.
Usually, in the visual field of detecting device, can exist more than an interested object (people, car, parcel, suitcase etc.).Yet, when radioactive source has moved or has been carried to next video camera, probably some original objects (people, car, parcel, suitcase etc.) on every side will no longer be close to (illustrated among Figure 14 (A) and Figure 14 (B)) with radioactive source.So, along with radiation event is distinguished by continuous a plurality of video cameras, comprise or the identity that delivers the certain objects of radioactive source can be limited (constrained) better.Continuous detecting by a series of video cameras can help to get rid of not guilty onlooker or the vehicles from those are identified as the carrier in radioactive material source.These continuous detecting can also be used for reducing significantly or getting rid of the mistake positive detection.
Fig. 4 A and Fig. 4 B are shown in two random time sections (A) and traffic behavior (B).Truck 412 can be launched the high energy particle 422 that is detected by CCD or CMOS detecting device 416A; Detecting device 420A is illustrated as the high energy particle that does not detect 412 emissions of truck source.The detection of the high energy particle 422 that is undertaken by detecting device 416A can trigger alarm, and described alarm can be used to signaling makes detecting device 420A mobile in the direction of described truck by a controller.Detecting device 416A can be shaken on the direction in the described source of the high energy particle 422 of being launched by truck 412, to follow the tracks of the described source of high energy particle.In Fig. 4 B, detecting device 416B and 420B are moved with respect to their positions in Fig. 4 A.Detecting device 416B detects high energy particle 426, and detecting device 420B detects the high energy particle 428 of moving source 412 emissions.
In the transportation environment, the importance of the video camera of networking is probably to produce the material source that causes the high-energy photon that emission can be detected or faster, the more identification of robust of object.For example, typical subway station and similar facilities are designed to have at least two safety cameras that can check whole station.The important affirmation can be used to provide to detected radiation is provided in the time of these CCD or cmos camera, increases and give a warning or the degree of confidence of alarm, and help to make tactical decision.In addition, because in many stations, there are the radiation absorption concrete walls, so safety camera may detect unexpected " appearance " of radiation source.In this case, might identify uniquely individuality or the source of causing described detector signal.
The pixelation visual detector that is used for the high-energy photon energy measuring can be made contributions to the node of the network of radiation monitoring field point.These video cameras can be sampled to their local radiation environment.Any radioactive increase can be identified, examines and be delivered to one or more relevant emergency response centers.Can also transmit radioisotopic identity by this system and video camera.If large-scale radioactivity release has occured, then no matter by what caused, functional node can delivery context radiation degree level, allow disseminating of radioactive debris made QuickDraw and forecast.Along with transportation or other security systems are mounted, for example along with the realization of the Smartway system of Federal Highway Administration, large-scale radioactivity monitoring and alarm capabilities can be more universal.
The pixelation image detecting system can also comprise alarm propagation and order and control protocol.The data of being collected by one or more detecting device can be integrated into together and be transferred to suitable destination and take action or store being used for.By this way, can be so that carry out running through (cut across) public organizations, city, state and/or the federal running of being responsible for the multiple jurisdiction concept of regional situation for intersection.The common the Internet agreement can be used to make the user to check in real time frame of video on Standard PC and wireless mobile handheld device and upgrade data with alert.Supporting in the situation of traditional architecture, can adopt generally that these systems guarantee reliably, safe and telescopic platform.
With reference to Fig. 9, the method for detection of gamma radiation has been described.In step 908, CCD or cmos imager can be collected the area of object, image or its combination of volume.In step 912, any high energy particle in the imaging region gamma rays of the decay of radioactive material (for example from) may clash into one or more pixel in imager or the imager and produce pseudomorphism (artifact) in image.In step 916, can analyze the image from imager, to obtain the pseudomorphism from high energy particle.For example, can determine electric charge for each pixel of image, and/or can analyze described image to determine the brightness of pixel.Can for the object of imager imaging and because the pseudomorphism that gamma rays causes be analyzed described image.In step 932, determine whether to exist in the image to be derived from gamma rays and the interactional pseudomorphism of detecting device.Do not produce pseudomorphism if interact from gamma rays, then this routine can proceed to step 944, and determines whether to continue image collection.If produced pseudomorphism from the gamma rays interaction, then this routine can continue step 920, wherein can obtain extra image or the frame in described zone.In step 924, can determine whether pseudomorphism persists in the image.If pseudomorphism is not to exist, then this routine can turn back to step 908.If pseudomorphism exists, then can send the warning that is detected about gamma rays.In step 928, can initiate intensive monitoring.This can comprise to the gradient search of the image with pseudomorphism, to from the evaluation (evaluate) of the image of other video cameras, scan or shake video camera, send extra alarm, and/or other move to identify described source.
Figure 10 relates to the embodiment for the treatment of the method for the image of being obtained by resting state or video imaging device.In step 1008, can be converted into a kind of file layout from the image of video camera, in step 1012, further processing and being input in the storer.In step 1016, can and relatively estimate image pixel with one or more of tests, in described image, to find the pseudomorphism from gamma rays.Can determine in step 1020 whether pixel has passed through all tests, and this will indicate and once detect gamma rays.If by these tests, then can not estimate next pixel.If passed through these tests, then can mark or indicate the position of this pixel, and in step 1028, can increase pixel counts.Then can estimate next pixel.Can determine whether that in step 1032 all pixels are evaluated.If extra pixel continues and will be evaluated, then these pixels can be evaluated.Otherwise, can in step 1036, determine whether once in image, to detect any gamma rays.If gamma rays once was detected, then in step 1040, can give a warning.Otherwise this routine can stop or can estimate next image.
Figure 11 is for using CCD or cmos imager to detect the embodiment of the method for gamma rays.In step 1104, the user can requested image, and the continuous imaging to a zone or object that is undertaken by imager perhaps can occur.In step 1108, imager can be collected data, and analyzes 1112 described images, to obtain brightness or pixel electric charge.Can determine whether once in image, to detect high-energy photon or gamma rays.If do not detect, determine that then continuing to obtain image still stops image collection.In 1124, continue and to determine, until the user inputs to stop to collect data.If high-energy photon or gamma rays are detected, in step 1120, can carry out further graphical analysis.In case graphical analysis is finished and return results, can in step 1124, determine whether to continue image collection.
With reference to Figure 12, the embodiment that is used for the method for analysis image is illustrated.The method can be included in the step 1204 image tagged as once detecting the image that gamma rays detects event at it.Then, in step 1208, can determine whether for the radiation that detects the image of enough numbers have been carried out mark.If so, then can send warning or alarm.If not, then in step 1220, can order imager to collect extra image.Can analysis image, to obtain because the pseudomorphism that has caused with the interactional gamma rays of imager.In step 1232, can determine whether once in image, to detect gamma rays.If gamma rays once was detected, then can be that detection event and this routine can continue with this image tagged in step 1204.If do not detect, then then in step 1224, can determine whether to continue image collection.If so, then this routine can turn back to step 1204.
Diagram is used for the embodiment of the method for generation warning and alarm in Figure 13.In the situation that request is reported to the police, routine can provide the warning indication in step 1308.In step 1312, can determine whether to carry out extra graphical analysis or scanning.If the analysis that amount of the claim is outer, gradient search that then could carries out image in step 1316 or analyze a plurality of images with the identification source or analyze and relatively from the image of a plurality of detecting devices or scan one or more detecting devices, carry out other and analyze or these combination.Based on analysis and the result from step 1316, can determine whether to continue to analyze.If so, then can repeating step 1316, and can obtain extra image and or analyze.If not, then routine can stop.
Figure 14 diagram is used for utilizing the pixelated detector detection from the non-limiting example of the device of the gamma rays of material emission.This device can comprise controller 1420, and described controller 1420 can be from detecting device 1408 reception information or image, can carry out instruction, and can be used to alternatively control movement or the position of detecting device 1408.Receiver 1404 can be used to instruction is input to controller.Receiver can include but not limited to keyboard, cable, radiowave or computing machine.Transmitter 1424 can be used to use cable, telephone wire, radiowave or other communication meanss that data, image or instruction are delivered to another to be positioned at long-range station.
Illustrated system can comprise CPU (central processing unit) (CPU) 1420 among Figure 14, described CPU (central processing unit) has corresponding input/output end port, the ROM (read-only memory) (ROM) that comprises processor executable and corrected value or any other suitable electronic storage medium, random access storage device (RAM), and the data bus with any suitable configurations.Controller can be from various independent pixels or from being coupled to video camera or individual detectors and/or receiving signal as pixelation imager or the detector sensor of the part of the vehicles.Processing unit 1420 can be used to control the visual field (view) that the operation of sensor and/or movement, sensor are taked, and/or from sensor detector receive information or with information output to sensor detector.Controller can be connected to input equipment 1404, for example keyboard.Controller can the executing data analysis, or the information of self-detector sends to CPU (central processing unit) 1404 in the future.Information from sensor can directly or in a known way be offered receiving station by transmitter 1424.
Figure 15 from one or more fixing (1524) of principle diagram, (1552) detecting device of (1504 and 1556) or movement movably, each detecting device has CCD or CMOS detecting device 1508, and each detecting device can both detect the high-energy photon from radioactive material source 1520, and described radioactive material source 1520 can be loaded in the cask flask 1516.In the detecting device 1504,1524,1552 and 1556 each can by cable or telephone wire 1536,1540,1564 or by radiowave 1548 with image transfer to receiver.Receiver 1544 can with computing machine or other control and analysis systems 1560 interfaces 1568.
Shooting mobile phone and other portable sets (for example 1552 among Figure 15) can be configured to long-range setting and with the network interconnection of other sensors.These equipment can be sun power, and if can be designed as one or more energy particle and be detected then be connected to described network.When one or more primary detector perceived (sense) and has the energy particle of the energy in one or more predetermined energy window or on threshold quantity, the part of detector network can be activated with the detected energy particle.The network that activates can be monitored the movement of radioactive source material.
Some radioactive isotopes are than the easier detection of other radioactive isotopes.Calculating in the disclosure and embodiment (compare with Co-60 based on U-235, the more difficult detection of U-235), and with the applicability guide of doing the radiation detection system of based semiconductor material, the energy that wherein incides the counting of the photon generation on the pixel and the incident gamma rays that radiation source produces is proportional.Although embodiment disclosed herein and calculating based on U-235, described system, method and apparatus can be for detection of the high-energy photons from the radioactive material of any experience nuclear decay.These CCD and cmos imager equipment have linear response to incident photon energy.Although U-235 can be used as producing the embodiment of the material that can detect high-energy photon, appended claims and disclosure are not limited to any specific radioactive material.
Instruction or the program that can be in firmware (forever being included in the computer program in the hardware device (such as ROM (read-only memory))), EPROM or the software can comprise various routines, and described routine is according to the radiological performance spectrum discrimination radioactive isotope that detects.These programs can also comprise such ability, namely accept and analyze data from the long-distance on-line digital camera, send distributed alarm, and coordinate detection from a plurality of detecting devices with network infrastructure.Can be used to form inexpensive, intensive radiation detector network for the system that detects and identify the miscellaneous editions of radioactive material with the pixelation imager.This detector network can provide detecting in real time continuously and following the tracks of radioactive source in broader region and environmental field (for example in highway, factory, city, hospital, other mechanisms and other cities or rural locations).
For example, Fig. 2 A illustrates the part of typical ASTRONOMICAL CCD image.Can use automatic identification procedure to be identified in the spot that produces owing to high energy particle, cosmic rays, environmental radiation source and gamma rays bump CCD between exposure period.In case detected parameters is set up, this system can carry out Real time identification.Because CCD light detects the unitarity of characteristic, for the video camera of given type, the operation that detected parameters is set can only be performed once.In case the prototype video camera is set, can arranges to operate or only carry out brief rectifying inspection with identical with the other system of this particular type detecting device.
Instruction in software or the firmware and routine can be used to determine that each summit pixel output is with respect to the statistical significance of neighbourhood noise.Routine can start from scanning all images data, searches the pixel of very high counting rate.Routine can also comprise uses statistical test that pixel summit and the neighbor of high count rate are compared.Described statistical test can comprise the use of minimum threshold, minimum rate (summit is than consecutive point), detecting device and electronic device characteristics, perhaps comprises the test combination of these tests.Statistical test and program can be used to provide the detection probability with low mistake positive result.To the extra inspection of detector signal with relatively can be used to further suppress false alarm (spurious alert).
The potential source of mistake positive result comprises background radiation, cosmic rays (CR), because rain-out air and abiogenous radon-222, the decay product of bismuth-214 and lead-214 increases suddenly, and the decay of radium-222 itself.With regard to system noise, background radiation intensity usually can be very low, so can finish the really detection of (bonafide) radioactive source with very high statistical confidence.Screening (screening) test to the data of the information that receives from detecting device and video camera can be used to make the mistake positive result to minimize.These can comprise the persistent test for signal in the appropriateness of the spectrum that detects (appropriateness) and the multiexposure, multiple exposure.In addition, the vehicles of delivery nuclear material or people can trigger radiation event by adjoining land.Real source can be clearly identified in this mobile detection, and can not cause because of background radiation, cosmic rays or any other this eradiation pseudomorphism this mobile the detection.At last, large radiation discharges and can produce the radioactivity that distributes, continue in influenced area.
In a word, for detection of comprising that with the radioisotopic system and method for identification the device of based semiconductor material, described device can obtain photograph or the video image of object and detect and digital resting state and the interactional high energy particle of video camera imager simultaneously.This device can use the image based on CCD and CMOS.These detecting devices of electromagnetic radiation and charged particle or imager and other digital detectors can also detect from energy particle and the high-energy photon of radioactive isotope emission except detecting light.For example can use be connected to the frame grabber (frame grabber) of processor or imaging plate by cable or pci bus will be from the image transfer of one or more CCD or cmos imager in computing machine.Can also come the transition diagram picture with the infrared data transfer, radiowave or other electromagnetic waves that are used for communication facilities.These images can be stored on the disk for retrieval (retrieval) and further analysis; Can store described image with compressed format.Can catch image sequence with the frame per second of full frame rate or reduction.Can be sent to from the view data of imager and to obtain equipment, and then be sent to, described Data-Handing Equipment comprises that computing machine and other numerals or simulated data handle and analytical engine.Can be used to the existence of detection of radioactive to the analysis from the next view data of the said modules transfer of system.
Analysis from the image of an imager can be compared with the analysis image from contiguous imager, to determine whether mistake occuring certainly.Contiguous video camera should be able to detect the gamma rays that is detected by the first imager, and the energy that detects and energy ratio should be similar and can be compared with the test of statistical test and logic-based, to examine measured radioactive continuation and/or consistance (consistency).In the image because the position of the hot spot that causes from the gamma rays of the radiation source material of land emission or speck can be with the imager visual field the image of object be used to the position of located irradiation material.
The various aspects of disclosed embodiment are described with reference to following non-limiting example.The following examples only are represented as the work that instruction the present invention makes contributions, and the present invention is not subjected to the restriction of the following examples.
This embodiment illustrates that imager detects the ability of high energy particle, and the sensitivity of explanation detecting device.
Be performed to detect the functional and sensitivity of gamma rays (resting state or video) from the various imagers of different manufacturers.In each experiment, video camera is to indicate without change ground according to their standard to operate.Near camera body to have radioactive material and non-radioactive material alternately to expose.There is not image served as control experiment obtained in the situation of contiguous radiation source.In general, the point of the once expection little pixel dimension (pixel-scale) that almost do not have the control experiment image to show to be caused by the radiation that strikes on the detecting device.Also have reason to expect some images, but and nonessential be that all images (be also referred to as frame, exposure, perhaps be generically and collectively referred to as data) comprises so pseudo-phase.
In a series of lab investigation, used the digital video camcorder (being the Quickcam for professional notebook specifically) of sieve skill manufacturing.This video camera comprises the charge-coupled image sensor (CCD) of 1280 * 960 pixels.In the test of second series, used the Olympus Camedia C-700 numeral resting state video camera that comprises 1600 * 1200 CCD.That two video cameras are exposed in the situation without change is little, the radioactive source of adjustment not.When being exposed to these sources, successfully detected gamma rays, show as very little, white point clearly.
When collecting the radiation-sensitive degrees of data, three kinds of radioactive sources (referring to table 1) have been used: (1) 1 μ c cobalt-60, (2) 5 μ c caesiums-137 and (3) 10 μ c caesiums-137.These sources are the Spectrum Techniques from Tennessee State Oak Ridge, and Inc. orders.Spectrum Techniques provides the radiation source of correction for experimental laboratory work.1.17MeV and the 1.33MeV gamma rays of cobalt-60 source emission macro-energy.These energy-rays have penetrability very much, only have half such gamma rays to be absorbed after passing through the lead of 11mm.Caesium-137 emission 0.66MeV gamma rays, the penetrability of this 0.66MeV gamma rays are half of penetrability that derives from the gamma rays of cobalt-60.Half ray in the gamma rays of caesium-137 penetrates the lead of 5.5mm.If gamma rays passes the fact of lead shield of significant quantity so that system sensitivity is enough large, greatly to the radioactive source of hazard level by enough shieldings around to detect be impossible to hide.Nextpage has been discussed the PRELIMINARY RESULTS of sensitivity.
Table 1
| Original label | Radioactive isotope | Radioactive level according to the correction of SpectrumTechniques tables of data | Nominal decay per second | Gamma energy (keV) | Beta (Beta) decay energy (keV) | Stop the lead shield that half gamma-radiation is required | Counting rate from the |
| 1 | Cobalt-60 | ?1μC | ?37,000 | ?1173.2?1332.5 | ?317.9 | ?11mm | ?700μR |
| 2 | Caesium-137 | ?5μC | ?185,000 | ?32?661.6 | ?511.6?1173.2 | ?5.5mm | |
| 3 | Caesium-137 | ?10μC | ?370,000 | ?32?661.6 | ?511.6?1173.2 | ?5.5mm |
In order to assess the ultimate sensitivity of the method, under the condition that sieve skill IP Camera CCD almost is equal to, collected the Geiger-Muller counter data as far as possible.The detecting device of having selected is that the model that Muscovite Quarta makes is the Quartex of RD8901.In the correction (calibration) that Brookhaven National Laboratory has examined this detecting device is corrected to 10% precision.Detecting device is arranged on from described source the roughly position of 1.5cm, and wherein the acrylic sheets of 1/16 inch is between described source and described detecting device.The shielding that these plastics are used to be provided on the nominal value and the network shooting skull is equal to.The data of collecting 31 to 33 seconds for the normal running of Quartex detecting device, then in the radiant exposure level (level) of microroentgen/hour indicate hour.In table 1, be illustrated in the counting rate mean value that 6 minutes sampling periods produced for cobalt-60 sample.Other sources make this detecting device overload, and do not obtain reliable counting rate.
Result for system sensitivity.The Olympus video camera only uses with source #1.Lie low at the rear side of video camera, observe in the concordant situation of panel with its LCD at 1 μ C cobalt dish (disk), exposure in 10 times 0.5 second once in existence one (1) inferior gamma rays hit.In 44 control experiments without radioactive source, do not exist video camera to detect the evidence of gamma rays.
Carried out comparing the experiment of the experiment more extensive (extensive) of carrying out with digital resting state video camera with sieve skill camera.In the experiment of each IP Camera, collected data 15 seconds with the speed of per second 15 frames, to produce the film that is formed by 255 frames roughly.At first use by lead brick (lead brick) around and the video camera execution control experiment that covers with thick black cloth.Except cobalt-60 and two caesium-137 source was placed near IP Camera, the test of second series was identical.The test of the 3rd series makes that video camera is capped, the ceiling of aiming experiment chamber, not have the radioactivity dish that is close to; Lead brick on the video camera is removed, but the brick of side is still in the original place.Except comprising two caesium-137 sources, the serial identical setting of last a series of test use and front.The below discusses and summarize details about the test of the first two series in table 2.
Control experiment is comprised of four video clippings (clip) of 15 seconds that represent 996 independent Frames (each Frame duration is 66.7ms).Four energy particles have altogether been detected to the bump of CCD (about location of pixels referring to Fig. 5 (A-D)).These probably impact (impact) or the element (for example radon) of Lock-in and its nigh radioactivity decay of decay product owing to cosmic rays, or some other ambient background radiation source.Once do not occur in four countings in several seconds from other countings.This time slot between the counting and or the least count rate can be used as triggering the criterion of alarm, and be used as the part of mistake alarm suppression strategy.
Fig. 6 (A-C) illustrates three image sequences obtaining when IP Camera is on the top of three radioactive sources.This sequence each be 15 seconds long.This is configured in to have detected between 773 individual frames has 126 energy particles to the bump of CCD.Counting rate changed between 1.6 counting/seconds and 3.5 counting/seconds.
Can make the estimation to the statistical significance of these detections, to understand this system as the value of the warning device that detects for radiation or for environmental activity.Consider respectively to have three " source " experiment of 24 countings (Fig. 6 A), 49 countings (Fig. 6 B) and 53 countings (Fig. 6 C).In Fig. 5, effectively background radiation level is measured as roughly per 15 number of seconds according to one (1) individual counting.Because radioactivity decay is obeyed Poisson distribution, and the count number of every data set is greater than 20, so can use Gaussian statistics variable (argument) to make some to detecting the estimation of conspicuousness.The uncertainty of roughly 1-σ in the measurement is the square root of measured value, perhaps: be respectively 4.9,7 and 7.3 countings for source-1, source-2, source-3.These values produce the result of 24 ± 4.9 counting/15-seconds, 49 ± 7 counting/15-seconds and 53 ± 7.3 counting/15-seconds.First value departs from other two values several (a few) standard deviation, may IP Camera slide to a little described source behind first experiment; If so, then～translation (translation) of 7mm will be viewed causes of change.The conspicuousness of the detection of expressing take the multiple of their 1-σ uncertainties separately as:
Conspicuousness=(value-background)/uncertainty
For " source-1 " experiment, the conspicuousness of the detection of the radioactive source of generation is (24-1)/4.9=4.7 σ.For " source-2 " and " source-3 ", corresponding value is respectively 6.9 σ and 7.1 σ.In these experiments, the known radioactive source that nearby really exists, but this situation always not.Know that mistake negates and the likelihood (1ikelihood) of mistake positive result is useful.In order to determine the mistake negative decision, the probability (near the number of background rate (background rate)) of the count number of replacement recovery expection is found.Equal in the table 2 situation of those counting rates of record for counting rate, can calculate gaussian probability and distribute counting statistics will produce singularly the probability that mistake negates (false-negative) by asking.Be compared to " the gamma rays total quantity that detects " (being called as " average " in following formula) of using 1-σ, this can be considered to the value that normal value is equal to for background for participant and carry out.This probability is:
For source-1, this probability is about 100,000/, for source-2 and source-3, more than the low order of magnitude of this probability.So, the sensitivity of this system make it prevent very robust the mistake negative decision, if namely environmental radiation has the intensity the same with low-down laboratory condition at least, then counting rate with height to enough making detection.In addition, radioactive source perhaps passes through a plurality of detecting devices with most probable contiguous detecting device within the time that prolongs.Therefore, near the corresponding risk that has reduced the source of missing of the number of the 15 second period that detecting device, spends.
In order to calculate certainly probability of mistake, will use identical equation, just the definition of background rate and average is reversed, and
Now corresponding to the background count rate, described
Correspondingly lower.For the extremely low background rate of observing (roughly 1 counting every 15-second), from the viewpoint of Gaussian statistics, variance is indefinite (ill defined); The exposure that needs are much longer makes it firm.Yet, for
The rough order of magnitude estimate of uncertainty is ± 1 counting (1 square root).
Mean that for σ use value 1-1 the level in the source, mistake certainly alarm are 25-σ event, i.e. form probability＜10
-116Can with to background rate and variance thereof determine widely make the mistake additional analysis of alarm rate certainly.Low background rate helps also to guarantee that genuine alarm is suitably processed, and does not measure in the noise and be lost in.
Table 2: laboratory result
| Experimentalists and technicians | Total source radioactivity (μ C) | The # of independent frame of video | The sum of the gamma rays that detects | Wherein detect the number of the frame of gamma rays | The counting of average per second |
| Tester-1 | ?0 | ?224 | ?0 | ?0 | ?0.0 |
| Tester-2 | ?0 | ?224 | ?3 | ?3 | ?0.2 |
| Tester-3 | ?0 | ?225 | ?0 | ?0 | ?0.0 |
| Tester-4 | ?0 | ?224 | ?1 | ?1 | ?＜0.1 |
| Source-1 | ?16 | ?225 | ?24 | ?20 | ?1.6 |
| Source-2 | ?16 | ?223 | ?49 | ?36 | ?3.3 |
| Source-3 | ?16 | ?225 | ?53 | ?41 | ?3.5 |
Can use based on calibration (scaling) independent variable (argument) of laboratory detection result for the field sensitivity (field sensitivity) of the expection of imager.Federation of American Scientist has carried out a large amount of calculating, to assess may impacting of various dirty bomb scenes.Can find in the FAS website result's (FAS public interest report 55, N.2,2002) of their probe research.A situation of having considered 10,000 Curie's cobalt-60 source in these example studies.This source is radioactive 10 of 10 μ Ci caesium sources
9Times, and be 1 μ Ci cobalt source radioactive 10
10Doubly.In primary Calculation, geometry or the self-shileding in source do not change.Along with the increase of the distance between source and the detecting device, main effect is the reduction of intensity, the distance between described intensity and source and the detecting device square proportional.The laboratory is detected and is carried out with the distance of 1.5cm.Hypothesis above using, for radioactivity be we cobalt-60 source 10
10Source doubly is when distance (10
10)
1/2Can make analogous detection during * 1.5cm=1500 rice, and radioactivity is 10
9Source doubly when distance is 470 meters roughly for detecting.Yet greater than about 100 meters situation, it is important that attenuation of air becomes for distance, and this moment, air became the important component of SHIELDING CALCULATION.Because the distance of calculating surpasses the distance that attenuation of air thereon becomes important, thus under these circumstances the conservative of detecting device effective range is estimated as hundreds of rice, however larger scope is possible.Replacedly, under nearer spacing, can detect stronger radiated signal, perhaps can detect not so source of radioactivity (active).
Embodiment 2
This prophesy embodiment diagram detects gamma rays from radioactive material with CCD or cmos camera or video camera.
One or more CCD or cmos imager can be used to be sampled in the area in the environment or object, to determine whether radioactive material exists.Image from each video camera can have electric charge at each pixel place that the hardware that uses imager is determined, the pixel with high electric charge that the photoelectron that is generated by gamma rays with detection causes.Replacedly, can be with coming analysis image from video camera or the software or the firmware that are connected to the central processing unit of video camera, to detect the gamma rays pseudomorphism.The data characteristics of gamma rays can comprise that one or more has the high electric charge that is higher than background or threshold level or the pixel of brightness.By from the source or the electric charge of the pixel of the gamma rays of radioactive material emission bump, brightness and frequency expection than larger with electric charge or the brightness of surround lighting or the interactional same pixel of background radiation.
Can estimate image from imager with software, and implement series of steps and reduce/gets rid of mistake and affirm alarm.These steps can comprise obtains additional images; Calibration detector; Image is close to the comparison of the image of video cameras with the high energy particle that detects and from other; To count with threshold ratio; Identity and the known radioactive isotope storehouse of the energy of the gamma rays that detects are compared, to determine the coupling possibility; Combination (assemble) one or more image with the high energy particle determining radioactive source and whether detecting in the mobile and image whether corresponding to the movement of this object, the perhaps combination in any of these behaviors.
When in from the pixel of imager or image, detecting the high energy particle that is higher than predetermined level, if in corresponding to one or more pixel of radioactive material or image, there is radiation pseudomorphism that continue, statistically significant, then can give a warning alternatively or alarm to system operator or other people.
Detecting in the high energy particle situation that is higher than the level of pre-determining and/or frequency, can be to carrying out thorough research from the image of video camera or pixel to locate more accurately described source or radioactive material and to identify its composition.Alternatively, the video camera of detection gamma rays can be coordinated to and the radiation source place is divided into less volume by triangle and improve the certainty (specificity) that radioactive isotope is identified.The position of the radioactive source that detects and identity can be disseminated (disseminate) to system operator or other people in the alarm of upgrading.
Embodiment 3
A kind of inspection is to estimate four immediate pixels (4CP) in the Digital Image Data from the pixel of imager or the non-limiting way of image.If the pixel of considering or image data point are (X, Y), then 4CP is: (X+1, Y), (X, Y+1), (X-1, Y), (X, Y-1).The local background value of imager can be got to be done corresponding to (X-2, Y-2), (X, Y-2), (X+2, Y-2), (X-2, Y), (X+2, Y), (X-2, Y+2), the mean value of eight of (X, Y+2), (X+2, Y+2) pixels; Replacedly, if known Reference in the field, then described Reference can be set to background, and is set to this background corresponding to the pixel of this object or the mean value of data point.
In illustrated a kind of operator scheme, digital camera/digital video camcorder is taken a picture (704) in such as Fig. 7, and can be with one or more Digital Image Transmission to computing machine (708) in another step.Can searching image obtaining the specific features of gamma rays bump, and described image can also comprise certainly test (712) of mistake.If find the evidence of radioactive material, then can be with next obtainable image repeated test (718), otherwise again begin (718) with next image.If evidence is still indicated real radiological measuring, then can give the alarm or warn, can initiate intensive monitoring, and can transfer data to second level watch-dog 722, to be used for working in coordination with between video camera.
Carry out extra mistake and certainly test, for example " hot pixels (the hot pixel) " of image-p-image relatively determines in described test whether identical one or more pixels just detect high count rate at an image with connecing an image.If find described " hot pixels " problem is arranged, then usually can be by a kind of correction the " hot pixels " in several current techiques.
Intensive monitoring can comprise carries out gradient search with identification source (730), the concrete radioactive isotope (734) of identification, and/or give a warning (742).The analysis of a plurality of alarms makes system and operator can follow the tracks of and identify radioactive source (738).
Shown in Figure 8 for explaining from the image of digital camera or from the software of the pixel data of the imager chip with one or more pixel or the function of firmware.Collect 804 data from imager.Digital camera is responsive to the decay product (energy particle and gamma rays) of radioactive material.If radioactive material nearby, then some decay products can penetrate camera body and clash into digital detector, produce pseudomorphism 808 in image.
Analysis is from the image 812 of digital camera, to find existing of pseudomorphism.If do not detect radioactive evidence, then image collection can continue 804.If detect radioactive evidence, then repeat alternatively the analysis 816 to one or more extra frame.The analysis that repeats can be affirmed screening washer (screen) 816 as mistake.Can continue there be (evidence continues) 820 in the analysis of frame until the frame of enough numbers shows radioactive material, or not have radioactive material (evidence of radioactive material does not continue); For example, counting, brightness of image or the electric charge on the pixel of imager as one man is lower than threshold value 820).In the unsustained situation of evidence, image collection can continue 804.
If the evidence that radiation exists continues, then system can give the alarm or warn 824.Detecting device can be carried out the source that intensive monitoring is arrived with recognition detection by gradient search, and this monitoring is initially also nonessential carries out 828 in the image/video frame.Alternatively, can analyze a plurality of alarms to follow the tracks of and the identification radioactive source.When data are integrated into a time-out, can disseminate 832 further alarms.This information can comprise the alarm 806 of collecting from other digital cameras.
In Fig. 8, collect digital picture 804 from one or more camera/video video camera.Video camera can be used for security purpose, and can be networked to operation center.It is radiation detector that these digital cameras can be used to work, and no matter whether they are used to the video security monitoring.Detecting device (such as CCD, CMOS etc.) is responsive to the energy particle from radioactivity decay.Specifically, the gamma rays most probable not only arrives detecting device but also interact with detectable mode and detecting device.Regardless of the direction that gamma rays enters video camera, detecting device all shows this sensitivity.The physical size of detecting device (for example take square inch as unit) and its angle are towards the solid angle that can determine from the visual angle of radioactive source detecting device subtend (subtend).Larger solid angle can produce higher and the ratio interactional gamma rays of detecting device.Radioactive source with radioactivity (for example per second more times decay) of higher degree can produce higher and the ratio interactional gamma rays of detecting device.Can be transferred to the computing machine of execution analysis from the data of each video camera.Described transmission can be undertaken by cable, network or electromagnetic radiation (such as but not limited to radiowave).In the later stage that determination and analysis is processed, the result from two or more video cameras can be made up provide more details.
Digital camera is 808 of sensitivity to decay product, energy particle and the gamma rays of radioactive material.If radioactive material is contiguous, then some decay products will penetrate camera body and clash into digital detector, produce pseudomorphism in image.The image of collecting from detecting device, there is not the image that gamma rays can produce does not have white dirt, Figure 16 A; Image or data with gamma rays detection can have white dirt, Figure 16 B.
Can be with the interval (for example per second is three times) of appointment, (for example click to analyze) on request, can provide the speed of image and/or the speed that one or more computing machine can be analyzed described image with video camera, or other mode operation analytic processes 812.The decision of making at step 824,828 and 832 places can affect pattern and the speed of selecting for image.
Each image can be converted into and be suitable for the further file layout (such as FITS, SDF etc.) of processing.File is shifted as the proper procedure of suitable format is known in this area, and comprise GraphicConverter (graphic digitizer) or other the similar programs of Thorsten Lemke.Image can be read in the storer.Can carry out about the search of this image to search the white dirt that when gamma rays hits and interacts with digital detector, produces.Can detect with the combination of algorithm the gamma rays of hit map picture.The intensity of white dirt can be used to determine the energy that gamma rays hits, and can determine the energy ratio that hits for described.For example, the program " BCLEAN " (its content is included as a whole in this article by reference) of the assembly of " Figaro " software package of developing as Keith Shortridge comprises such routine, and described routine can be used for detecting and removing bad line and cosmic rays pseudomorphism at ccd image from the astronomic graph picture.These routines and revise can be used to detect the pseudomorphism of gamma rays or hit in the storage from the image of CCD or cmos imager or image represents.Described routine can be used to identify and characterize the gamma rays of bump imager, rather than they are removed from image.
In embodiments, various pixel intensity ratios can be calculated, and can be used to identify can be corresponding to extremely precipitous characteristics of image or the pixel of gamma rays.These pixels can be labeled and estimate by other tests.
In embodiments, can come each pixel in the evaluation map picture based on one group of user or system's constant.For example, C (1), C (2), C (3) and C (4) can be the constant that defines of user (although still less or more constants also be possible).One group of one or more test that is used for the pixel of evaluation map picture can comprise: determine that whether pixel data value is greater than zero; Determine that pixel data value is whether greater than in four immediate pixels (4CP) in the image each; Determine that pixel data value is whether than the large C of mean value (1) counting of 4CP; Determine that whether than the C (2) of the large described mean value of mean value of 4CP doubly pixel data value; Determine that whether than the subduplicate C (3) of the large described mean value of mean value of 4CP doubly pixel data value; Can also carry out other tests.Alternatively, can calculate the general shape that form parameter is come the peak in the evaluate image.A kind of ratio can be constructed as [(central peak value subtracts the mean value of 4CP)/(mean value of 4CP subtracts local average background value)].Described method can determine that whether this shape ratio is greater than C (4).
The pixel of having passed through a plurality of these tests can be considered to the evidence of gamma rays.For example, pixel has been passed through the first five test, and alternatively, the 6th test can be considered to possible gamma rays and detect, and in the flow process control of Fig. 8, controls flow to 816.If there is not pixel to pass through all tests, then this image is considered to without gamma rays; Then process can be considered next image 804.
If detect gamma rays 816 in image, then described method can be used to determine that how many times detects gamma rays within next user's definable period.The described period can be based on the number of frame, the number of described frame can be from 1 to about 1000 frames or from 1 to about 15 frames, perhaps can the time-based amount, described time quantum can be from about 0.5 to about 30 seconds or from about 1 to about 10 seconds, but shorter or be possible for more time.If there is the gamma rays that the user detects in (for example 3-5 frame) and surpasses threshold value within user's definable period, then this detection can be considered to continue, detect really, rather than instantaneous noise.
Each image detection to the number of gamma rays can also be used to determine the accuracy (veracity) of detection.The user ignores to have to be less than the frame that a threshold value gamma rays detects number of times.For example, threshold value can be that 1-2 gamma rays of each image detects, but can or be set to higher in very high height above sea level place threshold value in having the zone of more environmental radiations.The radioactive source that continues can trigger alarm, and the control of system can flow to 828, but data capture and analyze and can continue.All related datas can be logged and be passed to monitoring station for checking (review) and possible safe operation by safe (for example encrypting) connection.
If the radioactivity that detects in image does not repeat, perhaps do not reach threshold level, then alternatively, described data can be logged, and control can turn back to normal data collection action 804,808 and 812.
Based on pixel or picture appraisal, lasting gamma-ray source can be interpreted as radiation event, and triggers the alarm 824 of definition, and described alarm comprises that the operator reports to the police, computer based is reported to the police, the combination of networking alarm, they and other alarms.Except these alarms, can activate intensive monitoring mode 828 for the video camera of being responsible for the detection radiation event.Other video cameras (for example contiguous video camera) can be placed into faster, and data obtain the chance that detects radioactive source with analytical model with raising.If the video camera more than detects radiation, then can coordinate 832 those independently detect.
Intensive monitoring 828 can have various results, comprise examine radioactive source still near contiguous position, extract the more accurate position of radioactive source, and identify radioisotopic particular type.
In case make sure detection or radioactivity, analysis subsequently can be upgraded current state, and needn't alarm be come into force.These renewals can be used to examine described source and still exist, and can be used to carry out gradient search in section (section) 828.
Some video cameras can move by remote operator and/or by computer control.These video cameras can by shake with pitching with change they with respect to radioactive source towards.Along with video camera is moved so that its detecting device is aligned to and is similar to vertically with the source, counting rate can increase.On the contrary, thereby aimed at like this when making detecting device be aligned to respect to radioactive source more to the edge when video camera, gamma ray count rate can reduce.By this way, can carry out gradient search by the camera operation person or by computer-controlled search (grid (grid), grating (raster), helical (spiral) or other).In a kind of realization of gradient search, when each counting rate rises (being averaging at user's definable frame number (for example 3-5 frame)), new gradient search can be with the maximum count vector beginning of the new initial point (origin) that defined search pattern (pattern).When reaching global maximum, detecting device can or directly point to radioactive source, perhaps directly leaves radioactive source.In many cases, the position of video camera can make source electrode it is difficult to be arranged on one of these positions (for example railway station top, swim in the highway top in the air more short-range).The image of the physical objects that imager detects can be used to help to determine and solve the uncertainty in (resolve) source position.But the digital camera data image of physical objects can be used to measure the visual angle size of recognition feature, thereby the intensity (strength) of estimation radioactive source.For example, if automobile is identified as radiation source, then can based on its visual angle size and its known length, height etc., use triangle relation to determine that automobile is from the distance of video camera imaging device.The distance calculated and known sensitivity can be compared, with specified data oneself consistent (self-consistent) whether.
Except determine in detecting device the position and detection time, can also measure the energy that gamma rays deposits in detecting device.Along with the increase of gamma rays energy, the energy that deposits in the detecting device increases.Every kind of radioactive isotope can have unique gamma rays power spectrum.The measurement of sedimentary energy added with the storehouse energy carries out relatively can allow to determine concrete radioactive isotope.Described radioactive isotope identity can be reported.
A plurality of video cameras can detect concrete radioactive source.Data from each video camera can be analyzed.Each video camera can be ordered to carry out density search 828 to identify concrete isotope and to carry out its gradient search.By making up from the analysis result of each video camera the extraneous information that can obtain about the source.Image from each video camera can be used to carry out gradient search.Along with each video camera gradient search report probable (probable) direction according to it, can expect that these vectors cover to the convergence of single zone.Because different positions for video camera is in diverse location, determine and can be to wherein not determining fully that from the data of single camera the situation of source position is helpful so the triangulation that produces can the convenient source position.Revised source positions can be added to warning information.
Coordination from the detector data of various imagers can also allow by more data and storehouse value are compared to redefine radioisotopic identity.More highly significant or the degree of confidence of the gamma rays that can obtain in image, to identify from the analysis result of one or more video camera by combination.Can report revised estimation to radioactive source character by warning system.
Embodiment 4
The laboratory experiment of carrying out with the small-scale radioactive source confirms that it is responsive that the imager based on CCD or CMOS platform impacts energy particle.Control experiment examine the process that realizes in essence (essentially) got rid of the certainly appearance of alarm of mistake.Because this false alarm occurs, the background rate has to increase with general 20 to the 50 times factor in non-explicit mode, and keeps this mode several seconds.This result's probability is little of leveling off to zero.Similarly, even use the very source of low-activity, the detection of making in laboratory experiment also can cause the remarkable detection shown in Fig. 6 A-6C.For the radioactive source of the size that may provide actual (viable) to threaten, the risk of expection mistake negative (missing the source) is little.Expection has the decay rate (disintegration rate) of several kilocuries, the radioactive source that sample enough greatly consequently brings security threat is detectable at several meters in the scope of hundreds of rice at least, and much far away possibly, depend on shield degree, space decay and inverse square decline (fall-off).
The effect of dwindling by Perspective Principles on the geometry reduce detecting device in angled mode the solid angle non-perpendicular to the projection of the mode in source, allow to carry out gradient search.This process allows the level of striding-vertical (pan-tilt) to carry out radioactivity survey towards (or height-position angle) scope.The level that records and sensing the most probable direction vector relatively is provided, described direction vector is oriented to along the line that passes the detecting device of video camera from current source position.In many installations, the video camera both sides of a side can not be in to(for) radioactive source is reduced to position problems along the scope of a vector.For example, in the high situation that is installed in the video camera on the bar such result will appear; Can not the rational expectation radioactive source for nearby hanging in midair.In other cases, shield in video camera one side or more sides and can be used to the gamma rays of decaying, to distinguish source positions.Replaceable or can be additionally, can be used to determine the position in radioactive material source from the data of contiguous video camera.
Embodiment 5
The decay product radon emission alpha particle of radium-226, and when it decays, can launch gamma rays (Ra-219).The lead of Ra-266, bismuth and thallium decay daughter nucleus can be launched gamma rays, and can be used to determine the existence of radon.For example, the bismuth of Ra-266-214 daughter nucleus emitted energy main peak value is 902keV, 1, the gamma rays of 120keV and 1,764keV, and gamma rays is occured by the radon decay product.CCD or cmos imager can be used at various lower detection radon and the decay products thereof of arranging.Imager can be set to be in or near wanting tested zone.Alternatively, can provide contrast with shielding.Can be for the data of high-energy gamma rays particle analysis from imager, to determine identity and the count number in the test zone.Replacedly, when each pixel is read, can measures to be connected to and convert signal charge to for the capacitor of the MOSFET amplifier of the voltage of imager electric charge.The electric charge or the voltage that are higher than given threshold value can be used to indicate at tested region memory at the gamma rays from radioactive source.
Embodiment 6
In an embodiment of imager detecting device, the signal that detecting device generates is the result of gamma rays collision on silicon/silicon dioxide CCD.Carried out gamma rays is interacted and to the Primary Study of the energy deposition of Si/SiO2 CCD detecting device, and found that these equipment can successfully detect the radioactive isotope of lead shield.Representative found two kinds of different geometric models most probably in operation have on the spot been studied.A kind of model comprises the source material thin plate, minimizes the gamma rays self-absorption; Another kind of model is that the sphere of maximization gamma rays self-absorption distributes.Slab causes supporting much higher verification and measurement ratio, distance and level of confidence, even but spherical model also causes the detectable signal on 20-100 rice distance.
Although quite at length described the present invention with reference to some preferred embodiment of the present invention, other versions are possible.Therefore, the spirit and scope of appended claims should not be restricted to involved description and preferred version in this manual.
Claims (30)
1. system for detection of high energy particle comprises:
At least one high energy particle;
At least one imager, in wherein said at least one imager each comprises one or more pixel, described pixel can interact with at least one high energy particle, in wherein said at least one imager each can obtain image, described image comprises corresponding to described high energy particle and the interactional point of described pixel, and wherein said imager can be passed on the described interactional information about described high energy particle and described pixel simultaneously;
With at least one processor that described at least one imager is communicated by letter, wherein said processor can determine that one or more pixel interacts with described at least one high energy particle; And
Output unit is wherein reported the existence of described at least one high energy particle;
Wherein said at least one high energy particle comprises the product in high energy particle source, and wherein said high energy particle source comprises the nuclear decay source of radioactive material; And
The operation that wherein transmits information is included on the described image and shows a little.
2. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said at least one imager is selected from the pixelation photon detector, charge-coupled image sensor (CCD) imager, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) (CMOS) imager, and the imager that comprises silicon-germanium, germanium, silicon on sapphire, Gallium indium arsenide, mercury cadmium telluride or gallium arsenide substrate, and the combination of these imagers.
3. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said high energy particle source are selected from environmental radiation, come from the radiation of natural source, radioactive material, nuclear device, dirty bomb and nuclear weapon before or after blast, and combination.
4. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein when described one or more pixel of described at least one energetic particle hits, described pixel produces signal.
5. system as claimed in claim 4, wherein said signal is proportional with the energy of the high energy particle of the described pixel of bump.
6. system as claimed in claim 4, wherein said signal is stronger than the signal of background radiation.
7. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said processor is identified the nuclear decay source of described radioactive material.
8. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said at least one imager shakes, and pitching or its combination are wherein shaken operation and are comprised about vertical axis revolving, and wherein the pitching operation comprises about horizontal rotational shaft.
9. system as claimed in claim 8, the position in wherein said source is tracked by described at least one imager.
10. system as claimed in claim 8, wherein said at least one imager also comprises thin pixel square formation, wherein, when described thin pixel square formation during perpendicular to described high energy particle source, the likelihood of the described thin pixel square formation of energetic particle hits is flux peak, and wherein flux peak comprises the maximum probability of the described thin pixel square formation of energetic particle hits.
11. system as claimed in claim 10 wherein shakes from described high energy particle source with described imager and/or pitching is left, the described likelihood of the described thin pixel square formation of described energetic particle hits reduces.
12. system as claimed in claim 10, wherein said processor carries out gradient search to be determined that described flux peak, wherein said gradient search comprise level and/or vertically drive described at least one imager and moves, until determine the position of flux peak.
13. system as claimed in claim 10, each imager in wherein said at least one imager provides image concomitantly.
14. system as claimed in claim 10, wherein said at least one imager comprises a plurality of imagers, and wherein said processor carries out gradient search and determines described flux peak for each independent imager concomitantly.
15. system as claimed in claim 14, wherein said processor is concomitantly with reference to the described flux peak of each imager and from the image of each imager, to determine the likelihood position in described high energy particle source, the likelihood position in wherein said high energy particle source is in the crossing zone of flux peak described in each image and described image.
16. system as claimed in claim 14, wherein said a plurality of imagers are selected from safety camera, traffic video camera, transportation video camera, CCD, cmos camera, mobile law enforcement video camera, cellular telephone camera, thermal infrared video camera and combination thereof.
17. system as claimed in claim 14, wherein said a plurality of imagers interconnect.
18. system as claimed in claim 15 wherein determines the described likelihood position in described high energy particle source in time, follows thus the movement in described high energy particle source.
19. system as claimed in claim 18, wherein said a plurality of imagers obtain the image of the described likelihood position in described high energy particle source;
Wherein said image is estimated concomitantly with the gradient search of carrying out continuously; And
Wherein, when moving, objects in images selects described high energy particle source from described object.
20. system as claimed in claim 19, wherein said object has been selected from life or abiotic object, and described have life or abiotic object to comprise motor vehicle, aircraft, train, railcar, people, animal, buildings, plant, luggage, box, bag, handbag, suitcase, mail and combination thereof.
21. system as claimed in claim 19, wherein said image is included in motion or the mixing of the object in the visual field of described imager, is positioned comprising the described object in described high energy particle source.
22. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said processor is selected from computing machine, video image processor and combination thereof.
23. the system as claimed in claim 1, described output unit are selected from image, the audible sound, call, wireless radio transmission and combination thereof on warning system, photograph or video image, the monitor.
24. the system as claimed in claim 1, the source conductively-closed of wherein said high energy particle.
25. the method for detection of high energy particle comprises:
For with interaction by the high energy particle of the nuclear decay of radioactive source emission, one or more pixel of token image;
Described method also comprises:
Determine quantity and the energy of the high energy particle that detects, the quantity of the wherein said high energy particle that detects and energy change based on the electric charge of one or more pixel of imager;
The image that wherein said sign also provides based on described imager;
Wherein provide based on the described sign of described image the vision of the position of described high energy particle is determined.
26. method as claimed in claim 25, wherein said imager is selected from charge-coupled image sensor (CCD), complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) (CMOS) device, and silicon-germanium, germanium, silicon on sapphire, Gallium indium arsenide, mercury cadmium telluride or gallium arsenide substrate device.
27. method as claimed in claim 25, wherein said radioactive source comprises radioactive material, radioactive isotope and combination thereof.
28. method as claimed in claim 27, wherein said electric charge change the type that is quantized to determine the described radioactive material that detects.
29. method as claimed in claim 25, described sign also comprise the mistake positive detection that checks high energy particle.
30. method as claimed in claim 25 also comprises when described high energy particle is detected giving the alarm.
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| ES2512502T3 (en) | 2014-10-24 |
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