CN101128165A - 由β-钛钼合金制成的医疗植入体的制备方法以及相应的植入体 - Google Patents

由β-钛钼合金制成的医疗植入体的制备方法以及相应的植入体 Download PDF

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CN101128165A
CN101128165A CNA2006800061263A CN200680006126A CN101128165A CN 101128165 A CN101128165 A CN 101128165A CN A2006800061263 A CNA2006800061263 A CN A2006800061263A CN 200680006126 A CN200680006126 A CN 200680006126A CN 101128165 A CN101128165 A CN 101128165A
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implant
titanium alloy
titanium
alloy
hip
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CN101128165B (zh
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S·巴利克泰
A·凯勒
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Waldemar Link GmbH and Co KG
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Waldemar Link GmbH and Co KG
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • A61C13/00Dental prostheses; Making same
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    • A61C13/206Injection moulding
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于通过在和待制备的植入体相一致的铸造模具中精密铸造钛合金而由该钛合金制备医疗植入体的方法。本发明提供采用β-钛合金、热等静压、固溶退火以及随后淬火。本发明还涉及采用精密铸造方法通过钛合金制备的相应医疗植入体。钛合金是β-钛合金,平均晶粒尺寸是至少0.3mm。本发明使得可以采用精密铸造方法由β-钛合金经济的制备对象。本发明由此使得可以将β-钛合金的有利性质,尤其是其优异的机械性质,和精密铸造方法提供的制备对象的优点结合起来。本发明使得可以由β-钛合金制备出通过传统锻造方法不可能(从经济上考虑)制备的形状复杂的植入体,比如髋关节假体的股骨部分(1)。

Description

由β-钛钼合金制成的医疗植入体的制备方法以及相应的植入体
本发明涉及由钛合金制备医疗植入体的方法,以及相应的植入体。
钛合金越来越广泛地用作制备植入体的材料。这种材料用作假体的优点包括重要的性质比如机械载重能力大、化学稳定性高、以及特别是优异的生物相容性。从材料性质的观点来看,钛合金是许多不同类型植入体的所选材料,所述植入体包括骨板、骨钉、人工膝关节和髋关节、以及椎间盘假体。
现有技术公开了用于制备植入体的各种方法。对合适方法的选择不仅仅依赖于将制备的植入体的类型,也依赖于每种情况下所用的钛合金。就成形而言,有两种主要的用于钛合金的方法,也即,一方面是锻造,另一方面是精密铸造(Feinguss)。基本上,钛合金是锻造合金(Peters/Leyens:Titan und Titanlegierungen,Wiley-VCH-Verlag,2002)。但是,精密铸造的优点在于可以很容易地制造复杂的形状,而这些复杂形状是不能通过锻造获得的,或者仅仅可以通过将多个部分结合起来获得。但是,钛合金的精密铸造通常因为钛的高熔点以及强反应性出现问题;另外的问题是合金的密度低。仅仅一些系列的钛合金适于精密铸造。这些系列尤其包括称作α-钛合金和一些α/β钛合金的合金。在后一系列中,尤其是含有钒和铝的合金比如TiAl6V4,已经成为制备植入体的重要合金。植入体,比如关节假体或者牙科植入体,可以通过精密铸造由该合金成功制备。
但是,存在着对通常用于α/β合金,比如TiAl6V4,的合金元素的长期相容性的一些担心。而且,这些合金的弹性模量远远高于自然骨材料的弹性模量,这可能导致骨发生病理变化。
本发明基于的目标是提供使得这些缺点得以缓和的医疗植入体。
本发明的解决方案位于独立权利要求的特征中。有利的改进构成了从属权利要求的主题。
本发明提供了用于由钛合金制备医疗植入体的方法,包括在和待制备的植入体相一致的铸造模具中精密铸造钛合金的步骤,其中根据本发明,采用了β-钛合金并将其热等静压、固溶退火、然后淬火。
根据本发明的方法使得可以由β-钛合金通过精密铸造制备医疗植入体。能够采用β-钛合金为医疗植入体带来了相当的益处。例如,β-钛合金具有有利的机械性质,尤其是和已知的α/β-钛合金相比,弹性模量低很多。后者的弹性模量值通常是大约100000N/mm2,但是例如通过采用钛钼合金,可以获得降低大约一半的弹性模量值,大约60000N/mm2。而且,采用β-钛合金可以提高生物相容性。采用常常使用的α/β-钛合金TiAl6V4时,会有一些关于释放的铝或者钒离子的毒性的担心,但是对于β-钛合金而言,则可以成功地使用从毒性观点来看无毒的合金元素例如钼。已经发现,尤其是对于钛-钼合金而言,可以获得在机械性质和生物相容性方面的优异结果。优选钼或者钼等同物的含量为7.5-25%,更优选12-16%。这样使得亚稳β相可以在铸造后通过快速冷却来获得。已经证明,钼含量为15%的TiMo15特别合适。
另外,采用β-钛合金具有即使复杂形状的植入体也可以很经济地制备的优点。一般而言,和通过锻造成形相比,精密铸造是可用于经济地制备甚至复杂的形状的成形方法。但是,已经发现,尤其是在采用现有技术已知的α-或者α/β-钛合金时,精密铸造的能力不足以制备植入体上的锋利边缘。结果,没能完全实现精密铸造的固有优点,即,能够制造任何所需的复杂形状。但是,尤其是对于植入体的情况,为了提高植入体的锚定,通常希望提供锋利的边缘。植入体的锋利边缘对于无水泥植入而言极其重要,由于植入体的长期机械稳定性,所以无水泥植入在许多情况下是优选选项。令人惊奇的是,已经发现本发明的方法实现了改善的模具填充。这意味着即使对于复杂形状的植入体而言,也可以获得高质量的锋利边缘。所以,本发明不仅仅能够获得在力学和生物相容性方面具有更有利性质,而且在通过精密铸造实现的改进成形方面具有更有利性质的植入体。
在固溶退火过程中,适宜的是温度分布如此选择以使钛合金不含ω相。这样抵消了由于形成ω相而对机械性质有负面影响的危险。
对于热等静压(HIP)而言,低于β-转变温度的温度,尤其是低于β-转变温度至多100℃的温度,是很有利的。已经证明,在大约1100-1200巴的氩气压力下,710℃-760℃的温度,优选大约740℃,对于钼含量为15%的钛-钼合金而言是合适的。
已经证明,对于固溶退火而言,在氩气保护性气氛下,至少700℃直至880℃,优选800℃-860℃的温度是合适的。由此提高了合金的延展性。无需在热等静压之前或者之后进行初步时效硬化(Vorauslagerung)。后续的淬火优选用冷水进行。
对于所述对象而言,在结束时进行硬化也可能是有利的。这样使得在需要时弹性模量可以进一步增加。为此,硬化优选在大约600℃-大约700℃的温度范围进行。
本发明还涉及根据上述方法制备的医疗植入体以及根据其它从属权利要求的医疗植入体。这样提供了由β-钛合金制备的、平均晶粒尺寸为至少0.3mm的医疗植入体。有关进一步解释,请参见上面的称述。
应该加入下列的额外注释:植入体可以是矫形假体,优选关节假体。关节假体经受大的静态和动态应力。载荷向周围骨结构的传递特别重要。这应该在生理学上尽可能有利。这方面的关键因素是:载荷从假体向周围骨的不利传递可能导致骨组织退化。这样绝对会常常导致假体变松。测试表明,由弹性模量较低的材料制备的假体和由刚性材料制备的假体相比,产生的受力状况更加符合生理学。这特别适用于具有长柄(schaft)的假体,比如髋假体或者其它关节假体的股骨部分。常规钛合金,例如TiAl6V4的弹性模量,是大约100000N/mm2,所以远高于皮质骨材料的弹性模量(大约25000N/mm2)。用本发明的植入体可以获得较低的值。例如,根据本发明由TiMo15制备的植入体的弹性模量是大约60000N/mm2,即,仅仅略微高于TiA16V4的值的一半。尤其对于具有长柄的关节假体,比如髋、膝、肩或者肘假体而言这是较大的优点。由于这样使得在将力传递到骨的方面上获得了明显的改善。
相应的考虑也适用于本发明的作为牙科假体的植入体实施方案。
下面参考附图描述本发明,所述附图示出了有利的示例性实施方案,其中:
图1示出了在铸造后即刻处于铸造状态的显微结构图像;
图2示出了在热等静压(Hippen)后的显微结构图像;
图3示出了在固溶退火及随后的淬火之后的显微结构图像;
图4示出了根据本发明的植入体的示例性实施方案的股骨部分的视图;
图5示出了作为另外的示例性实施方案的牙科植入体的视图;和
图6的表列出了已经根据本发明处理过的钛合金的机械性质。
首先,描述实施本发明的方法的方式。后面,将基于髋假体的股骨部分的示例解释所制备的植入体。
原材料是钼含量为15%的β-钛合金(TiMo15)。该合金可以以小坯块(锭)的形式购得。
第一步涉及精密铸造待铸造的对象。在本文中,对象应该理解为已经针对其最终用途而成形的植入体,比如内用假体,例如髋假体或者其它关节假体,或者固定的植入体,例如板或者钉或者牙科植入体。该术语不包括将要通过成形方法进一步加工的坯块,即,尤其不包括通过硬模铸造(Kokillenguβ)制备的、用于通过锻造或者其它成形方法进一步加工的锭。
为了熔融和铸造TiMo15,提供了铸造设备。铸造设备优选是冷壁坩锅真空感应熔融和铸造设备。这种类型的设备可以达到可靠熔融TiMo15以进行精密铸造所需的高温。TiMo15的熔点是1770℃,为了可靠的精密铸造,要再加上大约60℃。所以,总体而言,需要达到1830℃。然后,通过公知的方法,例如采用蜡芯和陶瓷模具作为消耗性的模具(verlorene Form),实施熔体的精密铸造。这种类型的精密铸造技术已经用于精密铸造TiAl6V4。
从图1中的图像可以发现(1000倍放大),形成了树枝状晶体,在树枝状晶体之间的区域出现了大量的沉淀。这是源于已知的钛钼合金的负偏析。这种效应基于钛钼合金的液相线和固相线温度的特定分布。在熔体中,具有高钼含量的区域首先固化,形成可以在图中看到的树枝状晶体。这样使得熔体的其余部分变贫乏,即,钼含量下降。铸件结构中的树枝状晶体之间的区域的钼含量低于15%,甚至可以降到大约10%。由于钼贫乏,所以树枝状晶体之间的区域缺乏足够量的β-稳定剂,所以在局部使得α/β相变温度升高,导致出现在图1中很容易看到的沉淀物。
在铸造过程中可能会形成的、称作(α相)的、硬脆层形式的表面区域(Randzone),很容易通过酸洗去除。该层的厚度通常为大约0.03mm。
为了抵消负偏析以及树枝状晶体之间的区域中出现的沉淀的不利影响,根据本发明,在精密铸造后去除了浇铸模具之后,将铸件进行热处理。这具体包括在刚好低于β-转变温度的温度进行的热等静压(HIP)。所述温度可以是710℃-760℃,优选大约740℃。压制采用氩气在1100-1200巴的压力下进行。这样使得在树枝状晶体之间的区域中不希望出现的沉淀物再次溶解。但是,在热等静压之后的冷却过程中,再次沉淀出细的二次相,优选在初始树枝状晶体之间的区域中出现(参见图2,1000×倍放大)。这样导致材料发生不希望地变脆。
为此,对象在热等静压后仅仅具有低的延展性。
为了消除破坏性的沉淀,将铸件在氩气保护气氛下在箱式炉中退火。为此,选择温度范围是大约700℃-860℃,持续数小时,一般是两小时。在本文中,在温度和持续时间之间存在着倒数关系;温度越高,更短的时间就足够,反之亦然。在固溶退火之后,将铸件用冷水淬火。图3(1000倍放大)示出了在固溶退火之后的结构。可以发现一次β-晶粒和在所述晶体之内的极细的树枝状晶粒之间的沉淀(参见图左上部的云雾状聚集体)。已经采用本发明方法进行精密铸造的对象在其晶体结构中具有平均尺寸大于0.3mm的β-晶粒。这种尺寸是根据本发明方法获得的晶体结构的典型尺寸。
在图5中的表中给出了在固溶退火之后获得的机械性质。
图4中举例说明的示例性实施方案示出了髋假体的股骨部分1。它由β-钛合金,也即TiMo15,组成。它在室温下具有体心立方晶体结构。
股骨部分1用于在股骨的上端植入。它具有沿长度延伸的柄10和颈11,以钝角连接。在颈的远离柄的端部,具有关节头12,其和髋臼部分2一起形成关节。植入包括完全或者部分切除大腿骨颈部的头部,打开到股骨骨髓腔的通道。经由此通道,股骨部分1的柄10插入到所述骨髓腔中,在此被锚定。取决于特定设计,提供水泥作为锚定手段或者不使用水泥进行固定。
股骨1将作用在髋假体上的机械载荷引入到股骨中,所述载荷当站立时是静态载荷,当走动时为动态载荷。为了将股骨部分1永久可靠地锚定在股骨的骨材料中而言,重要的是进行生理学有利的载荷转移。如果股骨部分1是刚性设计,那么它吸收大部分的载荷,由此减轻在骨材料,尤其在股骨上部区域中的骨材料上的载荷。从长期来看,这样导致该区域中股骨退化。从而导致出现股骨部分1变松并最终使得假体失效的危险。为了防止出现这种失效模式,有利的做法是股骨部分1采用刚性较低的设计。特别地,在此方面,股骨部分1的柄10很关键。在皮质骨区域,股骨骨材料的弹性模量为大约20000-25000N/mm2。根据本发明,股骨部分1的弹性模量仅仅为大约60000N/mm2。通常使用的材料,比如TiAl6V4,弹性模量为大约100000N/mm2,或者在钴-铬合金的情况下甚至为200000N/mm2。所以,根据本发明的股骨部分1具有生理学有利的低弹性模量。对于假体的长期相容性而言,尤其是柄10(在此方面很关键)的区域中的长期相容性而言,弹性模量低是个很大的优点。
本发明使得可以通过精密铸造简单地制备更复杂的形状。例如,股骨部分1在其柄10上具有多个凹槽和锯齿状凸起。这些用于改善股骨部分1在股骨中的锚定,从而使得可以进行无水泥植入。可以看见多个沿着柄10的纵向延伸的沟槽14。它们排列在柄10的前面和后面,但也可以提供在侧面。在柄10的上部区域中提供有多行锯齿状凸起15。而且,在朝向颈11的过渡处,提供有围绕环13。它可以设计成独立的元件,但本发明使得它也可以和柄10以及颈11整体化。如此复杂形状的假体部分传统上仅仅可以由TiAl6V4制备。但是,如同上面所解释的那样,该材料具有不希望的高弹性模量。虽然已经知道由β-钛合金制备股骨部分,但是仅仅可以通过锻造方法制备。锻造不可能制备出和图4所示形状一样复杂的并从医学观点来看一样有利的形状。本发明的益处在于即使对于由β-钛合金制备的髋假体而言,也可以制备如此复杂的形状。
图5示出了牙科植入体作为又一示例性实施方案。这种类型的牙科植入体3具有人造桩的功能。它目的是替代自然牙根,以及用于将牙科假体(未示出)固定到其头部32。牙科植入体3必须满足主要的两个不同条件。一方面,它必须能够承受高载荷。当咀嚼时,多达550N的静态力可以作用在牙齿上。这些力在逐年累月中必须作为波动的应力由牙科植入体承受,而且必须引入到颚骨中。这样导出第二个条件,即,确保和骨头的良好结合。引入在咀嚼中出现的力并不是没有问题的,尤其是由于牙科植入体仅仅具有非常细的柄30。为了实现在颚骨中的最优锚定并由此抵消植入体变松的危险,在柄30上设置了螺纹35。可以通过提供横向开孔34,优选通孔形式,来进一步改善锚定。这样促进了牙科植入体长入颚骨中,所以对于可靠的永久性锚定而言非常有利,但是它们确实会造成应力峰值,从而在柄30上造成更高的机械载荷。根据本发明的方法使得可以由β-钛合金通过精密铸造方法制备这种类型的牙科植入体3。在本文中,无需复杂的再加工,例如,通过切削加工,就可以很经济地制备复杂的形状,比如螺纹35和横向开孔34。所以,当选择合适的钛合金时以及在设计和确定尺寸的过程中,就无需考虑可机械加工性。以此方式,可以实现通过常规成形,比如通过锻造或者机械加工,所基本不可能实现的设计。而且,上面结合股骨假体进行的描述(借此,由于弹性模量低,所以使得周围骨结构的退化变得最小),也适用于牙科植入体。

Claims (17)

1.用于由钛合金制备医疗植入体的方法,包括如下步骤:
在和待制备的植入体相一致的铸造模具中精密铸造钛合金,
特征在于
采用β-钛合金,
热等静压,
固溶退火,和
随后淬火。
2.权利要求1的方法,特征在于在所述淬火之后硬化。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,特征在于采用钛-钼合金。
4.权利要求3的方法,特征在于钛-钼合金的钼含量为7.5-25%,优选大约15%。
5.前述权利要求之一的方法,特征在于在固溶退火过程中温度分布经选择使得钛合金不含?相。
6.前述权利要求之一的方法,特征在于在最高等于钛钼合金的β-转变温度以及最低为低于所述β-转变温度100℃的温度进行热等静压。
7.前述权利要求之一的方法,特征在于固溶退火在700℃-900℃的温度进行。
8.前述权利要求之一的方法,特征在于淬火优选采用冷水进行。
9.采用所述精密铸造方法由钛合金制备的医疗植入体,特征在于钛合金是β-钛合金,平均晶粒尺寸为至少0.3mm。
10.权利要求9的植入体,特征在于它经过热等静压和固溶退火。
11.权利要求9或10的植入体,特征在于钼含量为7.5-25%。
12.权利要求9-11之一的植入体,特征在于钛合金不含?相。
13.权利要求9-12之一的植入体,特征在于钛合金不含钒和铝。
14.权利要求9-13之一的植入体,特征在于它是矫形假体。
15.权利要求14的植入体,特征在于所述假体是关节假体。
16.权利要求15的植入体,特征在于它是髋关节假体的股骨部分(1)。
17.权利要求9-13之一的植入体,特征在于它是牙科植入体(3)。
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