CN101116020A - 平板透镜以及棱镜 - Google Patents

平板透镜以及棱镜 Download PDF

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CN101116020A
CN101116020A CNA2006800039537A CN200680003953A CN101116020A CN 101116020 A CN101116020 A CN 101116020A CN A2006800039537 A CNA2006800039537 A CN A2006800039537A CN 200680003953 A CN200680003953 A CN 200680003953A CN 101116020 A CN101116020 A CN 101116020A
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A·R·L·特拉维斯
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Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0045—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide
    • G02B6/0046—Tapered light guide, e.g. wedge-shaped light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
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    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
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    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
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    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
    • G02B6/0053—Prismatic sheet or layer; Brightness enhancement element, sheet or layer
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种具有入射面和出射面(2，3a)的光导，其关于第一面(2)极性对称并具有光线入射到第一面的角度决定它离开第二面(3a)的位置的光学特性。光导包括锥形透明板(3)，来自第一面的光线在该平板的厚端部进入，第二面形成该锥形板的一个面。输入/输出厚板(4)结合锥形板(3)将来自第一面(2)的光线发散到锥形板，过渡区域(8)位于该平板和锥形板之间。优选地，光导还包括一棱镜装置(20)来折叠光线以使该平板和锥形板可以相互折叠起来。也公开了一种制作这种棱镜的方法。

Description

平板透镜以及棱镜
技术领域
本发明通常涉及一种透镜并且其主要目的是消除透镜和其焦点之间通常所需的间隔。
背景技术
透镜通常用来聚焦准直光线到一个点，比如在照相机中，或准直从一个点发出的光线，比如在汽车前灯中。焦点位于透镜后某个距离处，并需要间隔以使得光线从焦点散开到透镜直径，或者反之亦然。这使得传统光学系统体积庞大。
这类问题的一个例子是在背投电视的设计中，背投电视比等离子电视和液晶电视便宜，但体积大。WO01/72037描述了怎样通过将视频投影仪对准朝向楔型光导的厚端部来制作一种薄型投影显示装置。当光向尖端部传输时，其在楔形部分的两个面之间发生全内反射，以逐渐增大的角度跳动。在某一点全内反射不再发生并且光线出射。光线的入射角和临界角之间的差别越大，光线在光导面上要反射的次数越多，因此，其出射之前传输到更接近于薄端部。因而入射角决定当光线从光导面出射时离入射点多远，这样投影图像的放大型出现在光导面上。
光路是可逆的，因此，上述的显示装置可以反向作为平板相机工作，如WO02/45413中的描述。以适当角度入射到光导面的光线通过全内反射可被引导到厚端部，光线从厚端部出射的角度由它们进入到光导的位置决定。由于当光线进入光导时它们是大致平行的，所以朝向光导厚端部的传统相机可以捕获在光导面前面的任何东西的平行投影。
当图像通过一个锥形光导时它们变成带状的，因为由跳跃n次的光线形成的图像部分和由跳跃n+1次形成的图像部分之间存在间隔。WO03/013151描述了怎样通过成形光导形状，而不是具有简单的直锥形，来避免带状。从具有该形状的光导出射的光线几乎是准直的因此其可以作为天然平板透镜使用；例如，如果聚光灯放置在光导的厚端部，则其就可以作为在汽车中的平板前灯使用。这种形状的问题是它在斜光线时工作不理想，即在光线具有垂直于锥形的光导轴线和反射面的法线的方向的分量，并且如果偏斜度比较大时，则图像变成带状。偏斜度可通过保持使入射光线的散开角度较窄来保持在可接受的程度，但是这会增加显示器的重量和厚度。第二个问题是沿平行于其中光导横截面是均匀的轴，出射光线具有发散的分量，因此光线并不是真正准直的。
发明内容
因此在这里描述一种平板透镜，其具有一种关于光入射点或出射点极性对称的锥形光导。优选地，所述光导包括锥形输出部分，在透镜的宽度上用于扩散点光源产生的光的平坦的、平行面厚板形输入部分，以及过渡部分。这些部分可以是全部集成的。输入部分(输出给相机型装置)可以是扇形的形式，见平面图，即从可布置有投影仪、光源或相机的小端部扩展到与锥形波导的宽度(在平面图中)相配合的宽的部分。在上述两部分之间应该具有一过渡区域以避免不连续。优选地，输入部分在输出部分上折叠以使得透镜更加紧凑。这可以通过具有厚度沿其长度变化来考虑极性对称的特殊棱镜来实现。该透镜可以用于投影仪、灯、相机，或其它的光学装置。
附图说明
为了更好地理解本发明，现在将参考附图通过例子来描述实施例，其中：
图1示出了锥形光导在它未折叠状态时的平面图和轮廓图，等厚线用虚线表示；
图2示出了具有极性对称棱形板的锥形光导在它未折叠状态时的平面图和轮廓图；
图3示出了怎样折叠一张具有楔形部分的截面的纸；
图4示出了怎样设计一对棱镜的角度来折叠锥形光导；
图5示出了围绕折叠的锥形光导的光路；以及
图6示出了可以用来抛光折叠极性对称锥形光导所需的具有不同厚度的折叠棱镜的夹盘。
具体实施方式
图1示出了通常用1表示的平透镜，包括圆扇形输入区域4和锥形输出区域3。对于反向使用，比如在相机中，这两部分的角色颠倒但为了方便仍用传统的“输入”和“输出”来标记。光线在通常用2表示的点处输入(或输出，取决于方向)，该处是一个在输入区域4的梢端上的小斜面。该输入区域在平面图中是平行面厚板并具有等腰三角形或圆扇形形状。具有输出面3a的输出区域3邻接此输入区域，最初与上述输入区域4具有相同的厚度，但是根据距输入点2的径向距离r而锥形下降，如剖视图中所示。该锥形可以是均匀的，如WO01/72037中描述的，或者，优选地，具有保持跳跃(bounce)总数为常数的形状，如WO03/13151中描述的。输入区域和输出区域4和3可由诸如玻璃或丙烯酸树脂的相同材料的一片制作，或可以是通过适当结合的不同片。
实际上输出波导3并不必须是几何锥形的，只要其具有使其中传播的光线的跳跃角度逐渐增加的效果。例如，这可通过图形输入(GRIN)技术来实现，其中折射率变化可实现“光学锥形”。
为避免图像中断，从平的或均匀的输入区域4到锥形输出区域3应该有一个渐变的过渡部分。该过渡部分通常用8来表示。
光线自然地从点光源径向发散，因此通过使锥形光导关于光入射点极性对称，如图1中的弧5所示，光线不会以相对于锥形部分的轴偏斜的角度传播。虚线可以代表等厚度线或轮廓线。至少如果想得到矩形图像的话，极性对称会引入一些扭曲，但可通过光学地或数字地预扭曲投影图像来消除它。
以相对于透镜1的平面呈各种入射角度在入射点2入射的光线通过全内反射(TIR)沿散开或输入区域4传播直到它们到达过渡区域8，那里透镜或波导的上表面和下表面开始变成锥形。过渡区域8或许占波导总长度的5-10％的区域。当它们进入到锥形部分3后，每次在面上的跳跃都以比前次稍微陡峭的角度进行。最后角度变得太陡峭以致TIR无法产生并且光线在平面中传播一距离后输出，该距离完全取决于最初的入射角：最初入射光线越陡峭则越靠近输入部分4输出，并且光线以越小的角度入射则越靠近远端即锥形的薄端部输出。对于反向操作，可以说在锥形的薄端部输入的光线以最小的角度在起点2输出。
当光线从极性对称的楔形部分出射时，它们不是垂直出射而是从楔形部分的平面稍微向上发散，并从它们入射到楔形部分的点处以其他方式继续向前传播。如图2所示，棱形膜10用来弯曲光线使得它们垂直于屏幕，由于具有极性对称楔形部分，如果要光线被适当地准直，棱镜的轴线必须遵循着对中在光入射点上的曲线，如图2所示。棱形膜的一种变形是配置成使光线弯曲相同角度的全息膜。这种系统也可以反向使用在相机中。
图2也十分示意地示出用15标记的与起点或第一表面2相关联的光学装置。该光学装置可以是作为点光源的简单光源(比如LED或激光装置)、视频或其他图像投影仪、或者对于相机应用而言是从第一表面2接收光线的小型相机装置。
如WO01/72037中描述的，在实际中出于空间考虑希望能折叠该装置以使该输入区域4位于输出区域3后面。这可以通过使两个厚板分离并使用三角形截面的棒状棱镜围绕两个90°拐角“弯曲”光线来实现。尽管如此，因为楔形部分是极性对称的，在楔形波导和把光线发散到楔形宽度的厚平板之间具有弯曲的边界。WO01/72037中描述的棱镜仅可以折叠具有平行侧面的厚平板，因此弯曲边界的底部必须邻接楔形部分的底部，并且一直到弯曲边界的顶部的空间在显示图像的下方将形成空白边缘，这是不希望得到的。
图3，4和5示出了怎样设计用于折叠楔形光导的棱镜20a，20b。在一张正面是空白的而背面是杂乱的纸上画一个楔形，将该形状切割出来并且其能以图3示出的方式折叠。杂乱区域限定了用于在由空白区域表示的两个半楔形之间折叠光线的两个棱镜的横截面。两个折叠棱镜之间的边界是两个半楔形之间的边界的延伸。
图4更精确地示出了图3的设计技术。两个折叠棱镜20a，20b都是直角棱镜，并且如果楔形锥度是角α，则棱镜的其它角度应该是(90°+α)/2和(90°-α)/2并且棱镜的侧边长度应该被设计成可使得没有间隙或重叠。
图5示出了与未折叠楔形部分相同的方式，光线围绕已折叠棱镜的曲线怎样传输的，其中棱镜的斜边做成可反射，棱镜的折射率足够大并且在棱镜之间和(可选地)棱镜/楔形部分的分界面处有低折射率层。具体的折射率要求与WO01/72037中描述的折叠棱镜相同。
折叠应该在锥形部分的底部沿垂直于图1示出的截面的轴线的线6插入。图1的轮廓5表示锥形部分3的厚度会沿折叠线6变化。因而断定棱镜的厚度也应该变化。
未折叠线性楔形部分的厚度t变化如下t＝t0-αr，这里t0是起始厚度，α是以弧度表示的楔形部分的锥角，而r是距光入射点的距离。这一公式甚至也可以对形似楔形作合理的近似使用。如果楔形面板是沿垂直于距光线入射点的距离r0的直线而切割，并且z是沿该直线距最厚点的距离，则：
r = r 0 2 + z 2
所以：
t = t 0 - α r 0 2 + z 2
这里t是沿切割的楔形部分的暴露端的厚度。放置图4中的上折叠棱镜以配合暴露的楔形部分的端部，所以，虽然折叠棱镜的横截面应该一直是与图4一致的三角形，但棱镜横截面的尺寸或厚度随着距中心的距离z而改变。下折叠棱镜20b用相同的方式设计，只是具有较大值的与其相适应的r0来取代离光线入射点稍微较远的棱镜平面的部分。
这样的棱镜可以通过抛光具有均匀直角三角横截面的棱镜然后通过吸力或热塑成形来弯曲该棱镜以使直角边缘配合进图6示出的夹盘30的凹槽来制作。然后在暴露侧上抛光平面，并且如果凹槽在高度上有合适的变化则获得的透镜在厚度上有需要的变化。
因具有极性对称轮廓，所以在楔形面板的厚端部处从点光源入射的光线以单一的准直方向从棱形膜发散出来。进一步，从该单一方向入射到楔形面板的光线会聚到一点。具有极性对称轮廓的楔形因此可以执行透镜的多个功能，具有在平的面板中实现准直或聚焦的优点。
这里已经解释了具有入射面和出射面2，3a的光导关于第一面2极性对称并具有其中光线入射到第一面的角度决定它离开第二面3a的位置，或者，如果在反向操作，光线进入到第二面的位置决定光线离开第一面的角度的光学特性。光导包括锥形透明板3，来自第一面的光线在该锥形板的厚端部进入，第二面形成该锥形板的一个面。输入/输出厚板4结合锥形板3，以将来自第一面2的光线发散到该锥形板，过渡区域8位于该平板和锥形板之间。极性对称意味着光线一直以锥斜方向对齐传播，这消除了条带。优选地，光导还包括一棱镜装置20，用于折叠光线以使平板和锥形板可以相互折叠起来。

Claims (15)

1.一种平面光导(1)，该光导具有用作光导的输入部分和输出部分(2，3a)的第一和第二面，所述第一面(2)相对于所述光导的宽度较小并且所述光导具有其中光线入射到所述第一面的角度决定它离开所述第二面(3a)的位置，或者光线进入到所述第二面的位置决定光线离开所述第二面的角度的光学特性；其中所述光导的光学轮廓关于第一面(2)极性对称。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光导，其特征在于，所述第二面由光学锥形透明板(3)形成，所述第一面(2)与该板的厚端部光学相连。
3.根据权利要求2所述的光导，其特征在于，还包括结合所述锥形板(3)的输入/输出厚板(4)，用于将来自所述第一面(2)的光线发散到所述锥形板。
4.根据权利要求3所述的光导，其特征在于，包括位于平板和锥形板之间的过渡区域(8)。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的光导，其特征在于，还包括棱镜装置(20)，用于折叠光线以使所述平板和锥形板可互相折叠。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的光导，其特征在于，还包括光重新定向板(10)，用于相对于法线方向从所述锥形板抽出光线或入射光线到所述锥形板。
7.一种区域光源，包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的光导和被布置成用于使光入射到所述光导的第一面(2)的点光源(15)。
8.一种显示装置，包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的光导以及一种投影仪(15)，该投影仪被布置成将图像入射到所述光导的第一面(2)，以便可以从第二面(3a)看到该图像。
9.一种相机装置，包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的光导以及一种小型相机(15)，该小型相机被布置成从所述光导的第一面(2)接收光线以形成与所述第二面(3a)收到的平行图像相应的图像。
10.一种使锥形光导折叠β角的棱镜，其中该棱镜的横截面等同于具有角度180°-β、(β-α)/2、和(β+α)/2的三角形，这里α是所述光导的锥角，且该棱镜具有足够高的折射率以阻止光线返回所述光导，其中光线从该光导进入所述棱镜。
11.根据权利要求10所述的棱镜，其特征在于，β＝90°。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的棱镜，其特征在于，所述棱镜的横截面尺寸设计成在其中心的任一侧减小。
13.根据权利要求12所述的棱镜，其特征在于，尺寸变化如下： t 0 - α r 0 2 + z 2 ,
这里z是横截面距中心(2)的距离，而其它符号是常数。
14.一种制作棱镜的模具(30)，所述棱镜的横截面在各点是全等的但横截面的尺寸随着所述棱镜的长度而变化。
15.一种使用根据权利要求1 4所述的模具制作棱镜的方法，其中所述棱镜被压入所述模具中然后在所述模具基座上抛光平面。
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WO2006082444A2 (en) 2006-08-10
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