CN101014371A - 空气再生方法及系统 - Google Patents
空气再生方法及系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供再生空气及净化或纯化封闭区域(例如建筑物或运载工具内部)的系统,该等系统包括导入清洁的气体物质进该区域,及以一种或多种光催化剂处理该区域。本发明的系统可提供有效除去或分解微生物与气体化学污染物。
Description
本申请案主张2004年三月31日申请的临时申请案第60/558,393号的专利权,该案所揭示内容已以引用方式并入本文中。
技术领域
本发明大致为关于自目标区域除去或分解气体或固体物质的方法及系统。更明确地来说,本发明系统提供净化或纯化封闭区域例如建筑物或运载工具内部,该等系统包含i)导入臭氧或其它清结的气体物质进该区域及ii)以一种或多种光催化剂处理该区域。
背景技术
室内污染已被确认为严重的健康议题。更甚者,已有报导指出暴露至室内产生的物质而表现环境相关症状的个案较室外者更为典型。
参见Indoor Air Pollution,U.S.Government Printing Office PublicationNo.1994-523-217/81322 1994。美国医学学会已报导有三分之一的美国国家健康预算支出直接归因于室内污染所造成,该等室内污染可包括各种病原体例如霉菌、细菌、病毒等。其中,包含上述病原体的许多污染物的浓度,其室内浓度可显著地高于室外环境。参见Indoor AirPollution,supra。
各种运载工具的内部环境是特别成问题的。各种努力已被报导为清洗或除去污染物(例如排放物质)、病原体(例如可能宿生于通风系统的霉菌和真菌)等。先前的方法包括有笨重且常常无效率的净化系统。参见,例如,美国专利5,221,292及5,954,577。亦参见于,日本专利申请案0303994;02253662;00157621;及11299470。
病原体及其它污染物的传播所特别关注的是利用循环空气的环境,亦即,从容纳环境(例如航空器的内部)的空气经处理(如经加热)然后再重新分布至该容纳环境。特别的关注在于航空器及其它密死循环境中病原体的存在,其包括造成严重急性呼吸道症候群(SARS)、肺结核及病态建筑症候群。
先前的方法已使用过滤系统,该系统包括HEPA(高效率粒子空气)滤器。尤其,HEPA滤器已被用于除去循环空气系统中的微生物。然而,该等滤器仅能捕获病原体,而有害的病原体因此可在该过滤系统内积聚。积聚于滤层上的病原体可引起环境污染及传染媒介物繁殖基地的来源。HEPA滤器亦可能对不适合尺寸经滤器基材所捕获的病原体完全无效。
因此渴望有新型的净化与纯化系统。特别渴望有新型的纯化系统以用于封闭区域,例如建筑物或运载工具内部。
发明内容
我们现在提供用于净化封闭区域(例如建筑物或运载工具的内部)的新方法及系统。本发明的方法及系统可自密死循环境中有效地除去或分解各种不欲的气体化学物质及病原体。
本发明的优选方法包括i)导入清洁的气体物质进封闭区域及ii)以一种或多种光催化剂处理该区域,例如以半导体物质(如二氧化钛)处理。特别优选的处理气体物质为臭氧,尽管可使用其它物质例如卤化气体。
本发明中先后的气体及光催化剂处理提供对微生物及其它病原体的有效处理机制,该等微生物及病原体是悬浮于封闭区域的环境空气中或出现于区域内的表面,例如空调系统、家具等的表面。本发明的系统及方法可消灭或使出现于目标环境中的有害病原体无活性(inert),因此避免以过滤为基础的方法的相关议题,例如活性病原体积聚于滤器表面及无法除去小尺寸的微生物。
确实,本发明的方法及系统提供有效地净化与纯化,而未使用HEPA滤器或其它种类的过滤系统。
于本发明代表性的方法及系统中,臭氧是在正压下被导入封闭区域,例如经馈源(feed source)导入气体进封闭区域或经在封闭区域中的设备产生或释放清洁的气体进该区域。该清洁的气体处理可作用一段长时间,例如一段实质上持续、延长的暴露,而有效地效果可仅以间歇的清洁气体处理达成。
本发明的方法及系统复包括以一种或多种光催化剂(例如半导体物质)处理封闭区域中存在的空气。光催化剂处理可与清洁的气体处理协同进行,且优选为该区域已暴露过清洁气体之后开始,尽管光催化剂处理可在区域暴露至清洁气体之前或暴露期间适当地发生。各种装配的设备可用以提供光催化剂处理,其包括例如一种设备,该设备包含1)填充床,其包含纯化一种或多种光催化剂的有效量,2)活化辐射源,例如紫外光辐射源,及3)用于封闭区域中使存在的空气流通或近似光催化剂床的方法。光催化剂的流化床(fluidized bed)亦可为有效。
如上所述,各种封闭环境可经以本发明的系统处理,包括建筑物及运载工具的内部。
本发明的系统特别适用于净化航空器内部。例如,在完成飞行后,于未占用的航空器内部可暴露至本发明的多重处理,以确实地除去存在的空气及内部表面的病原体。
本发明的其它态样揭露于下文。
附图说明
第一图为图表式地显示本发明优选的程序;
第二图显示本发明示范的光催化剂处理系统;及
第三图及第四图描绘本发明优选的纯化系统。
具体实施方式
如上陈述,本发明的系统及方法特别适用于室内空气环境及表面的再生。依照本发明以化学剂或生物剂渗入封闭区域可有效地处理该封闭区域。
值得注意的是,本发明的先后清洁气体及光催化剂处理提供经病原体及/或化学物污染的区域有效地再生以产生良性的产物。例如,本发明的系统是使用臭氧处理产生产物例如二氧化碳、氧气及水。
更特别是,以清洁的气体(例如臭氧)处理可除去病原体以及有毒或不欲的化学物品。臭氧处理对于除去含有不饱和部分的化学物品特别有效。
在曝露至该等清洁的气体之后,优选的光催化剂处理在水汽存在下可产生羟自由基(·OH),该自由基将与有机化学物品及各种病原体反应并分解以产生相对无活性的物质例如水及二氧化碳。该光催化剂处理亦可将前者所述的暴露存在的清洁气体分解成更无活性的物质,例如该光催化剂处理可分解存在的臭氧为氧分子(O2)。
参考第一图中的图标,本发明优选的程序是以图表式地显示。欲处理的区域或物质10是暴露至气体净化物质20(例如臭氧)。除臭氧外,其它适用的净化物质包括,例如卤化物质,特别是氯化物质例如二氧化氯。
欲处理的区域或物质可为各种物质包括,例如存在于封闭空间例如商业或住宅建筑物内的空气、存在于运载工具例如地面机动车辆(汽车、卡车、火车等)、航空器、船舶的储存舱或客舱、潜艇或其它水上船只、军用运载工具如坦克等,以及该等封闭区域内部的固体表面。本发明的系统及方法特别用于处理医疗场所(例如医院)以及政府机关场所的封闭空间内的空气,这些地点可能发生具威胁性或实属蓄意的导入病原体。
目标物质或区域可使用清洁气体物质经各种方法处理。例如,清洁的气体物质可在正压下导入区域予以处理。因此,例如气态臭氧可经馈线(feed line)导入封闭区域例如建筑物房间或运载工具内部以替换或与封闭区域内的存在空气混和。如上陈述,臭氧因此可有效使空气传播的病原体(例如病毒、细菌、真菌等)无活性,同时可使宿生于该区域内的各种表面(例如家具、墙壁、楼梯、天花板等)的该等病原体无活性。
该处理的气体剂(gaseous agent)一般可于各种条件下经导入至目标区域并达到良好的净化/纯化效果。任一个别环境最理想的条件可依经验容易地决定,例如,一种或多种气体剂的选择用量及暴露时间可经导入至目标区域且于导入前与引入后测量病原体的减少因而决定最理想的处理条件。将清洁的气体导入区域的优选用量可能因子种因素而变化,例如欲处理的封闭区域的尺寸、欲处理区域的气流率或交换率等。对许多应用情况而言,优选为导入清洁的气体剂用量至封闭区域,其用量为该封闭区域的至少0.1至1体积百分比的用量,然而亦可适当地导入更多或更少用量的清洁气体剂。在导入0.1体积百分比或更多的气体物质至区域后亦可优选的提供一段至少五分钟的活性暴露时间(亦即,在清洁的气体剂被导入至该封闭区域内的一段时间)。如上陈述,较长的暴露时间亦可用来提供实质上连续的以臭氧或其它清洁的气体的处理。对许多应用情况而言,在封闭区域内的臭氧气体浓度至少约10至15ppm适合使用约20至30分钟的暴露时间。
清洁的气体可经各种方法导入至区域。例如,在使用臭氧作为清洁的气体的实例中,臭氧产生装置是设置在欲处理区域内或接近欲处理区域。该等装置为已知且典型经以放电或相对短波长辐射处理空气产生臭氧。(例如具有少于约254nm波长的紫外光辐射)
如第一图所示,以清洁的气体剂处理之后,目标物质或区域(参考第一图中的10A)在设备30之内进一步以含有一种或多种光催化剂处理,其可提供进一步净化效果并产生经处理的物质10B。
如上陈述,可使用各种光催化剂。一般优选的半导体物质,例如二氧化钛(TiO2)、氧化锌(ZnO)、三氧化二铁(Fe2O3)及该等物质的混和物。特别优选的光催化剂包括二氧化钛,且更优选为以二氧化钛/二氧化硅(titania/silica)为基础的触媒,例如二氧化钛是存在于二氧化硅基材(silica matrix)上或存在于二氧化硅基材内。二氧化钛-二氧化硅小粒可经溶胶-凝胶技术制造,且已发现特别地有效。美国专利公开案2002/0187082所揭露额外的光催化剂可适用于本发明系统中。
更特定言之,为形成优选的SiO2-TiO2组成物凝胶光催化剂,可适当地利用一种或多种酸类、水、硅烷氧化物(二氧化硅前趋物)、及共溶剂。该等物质的比例范围可自二氧化硅前趋物体积的0.11∶1多至1.4∶1范围。于凝胶化作用期间,二氧化硅可与商业可购得的光催化剂掺杂,例如二氧化钛。以重量/重量为基础计,适合的二氧化钛百分率可自0.5%至40%间变化。亦可使用混合的烷氧化物合成以形成具有更均匀TiO2分布的SiO2和TiO2组成物凝胶。各种合成及老化(aging)步骤可制造依需要具有孔径范围自微孔(<10平均孔径)至巨孔(>50nm平均孔径)的组成物。触媒小粒可经模制(mold process)适当地制备。参见,例如,下文实施例一的程序,该实施例一详细描述用于本发明的方法及系统优选的SiO2-TiO2光催化剂的制备。
第二图图表式地说明适合的光催化剂处理设备的某些细部。如图所描绘,欲处理的物质(参考10A)通过可适当地包含辐射源(参考34)或光催化剂床(参考32)的光催化剂设备(参考30)。可利用的各种辐射源包括,例如紫外光辐射源。当容许进入的物质(例如在封闭区域中存在的空气)通过该光催化剂设备,光催化剂床可经辐射源活化并与目标物质反应,特别是如上所述的经由产生羟自由基,以分解存在于物质中的污染物,然后经纯化的物质再自该设备中通过出来。
在优选的系统中,一种或多种光催化剂的填充床是位在该设备内。光催化剂优选为如不连接的小粒或粒子(亦即,分离且彼此不同的粒子或小粒)或如其它可填充的装配以提供上述的触媒床。此外,多孔性小粒或粒子可为特别有效的,例如,具有平均孔径约20至约500的触媒小粒或粒子,更典型为平均孔径自约30至约140。
除填充床外,可利用流化的光催化剂系统,该系统可提供数种优势包括:暴露更大体积的触媒至活化辐射(例如,UV辐射源)。光催化剂可经各种方法予以流化,包括经机械搅拌及使用含有磁性成分的光催化剂然后暴露该光催化剂至磁场中以提供搅拌。适合于磁场搅拌的具磁性覆层的光催化剂揭示于美国专利公开案2002/0187082。
欲处理的物质(再次述及,例如,在封闭区域存在的空气)可经各种方法导入通过设备,包括风扇或唧筒系统。通过光催化剂设备的物质合适的流量率可相当广泛地变化。最理想的流量率依数种因素而变化,包括于光催化剂设备内光催化剂(群)的浓度及类型、通过该设备的空气的温度及湿度等。优选的流量率可依经验容易地决定。
单一或复合的光催化剂设备可利用至处理目标的封闭区域。复合的光催化剂设备可优选的处理较大体积的区域例如建筑物广大或复合的房间。
第三图及第四图描绘以本发明的系统处理封闭区域适合的方法。因此,第三图显示封闭区域(参考40)其可如上所述的建筑物的一个或多个房间、运载工具的内部等。清洁的气体(参考20)例如臭氧或氯化气体是被推进至该封闭区域以处理存在的空气以及暴露的表面。在目标区域处理一段所欲的时间之后,可导入清洁的气体至该封闭区域内予以结束。在之前,于相同时间或在以清洁的气体处理结束之后,于封闭区域内的空气可以一种或多种光催化剂处理,例如,所描绘的设备是以流动该经清洁的气体处理的空气通过光催化剂设备而处理。
第四图描绘本发明另一种装配的系统,其中气体及光催化剂处理是各位于单一结构(参考50)内。存在于光催化剂设备30的封闭区域40存在的空气(参考10B),在连续以臭氧或其它清洁的气体处理之后进行光催化剂处理。
本文所有述及的文件可全文引用并入本说明书揭示的内容。
下文非限制性的实施例为本发明的说明。
实施例1:用于本发明系统优选的光催化剂的制备
优选的SiO2-TiO2组成物凝胶光催化剂是使用溶胶-凝胶方法而形成。将氢氟酸及硝酸的酸类、水、四乙基正硅酸盐(tetraethyl orthosilicate)的烷氧化物(二氧化硅前趋物)及醇的共溶剂掺合,然后引起凝胶化作用。于凝胶化期间,该二氧化硅可与商业上可购得的光催化剂掺混,例如二氧化钛。以重量/重量为基准计,该二氧化钛百分率可自0.5%至40%间变化。当溶液变黏稠时,接着将溶液移至铸模中以制造一定尺寸的小粒。在凝胶化之后,该组成物于室温下老化两天,接着于65℃下老化两天。在老化之后,将该等小粒自铸模中移出,以水洗涤,然后置于另一个容器中以进行另外的热处理。将该等小粒置于烘箱中然后温度自室温升至103℃并持续18小时,使得多孔性二氧化硅基材内的液体蒸发而形成干凝胶(xerogel)。温度接着上升至180℃然后持续6小时。于更高温度(高至600℃)进行额外的硬化亦能达成强化凝胶。该凝胶的产物平均孔径范围可自孔径30至孔径100至200之间,其取决于起始配方。该等小粒可在填充的管柱中使用。
实施例2:本发明系统的操作
如第三图中所示,本发明的系统是藉由使用商业上可购得的电晕放电臭氧生成器(corona discharge ozone generator)所提供,该臭氧生成器是放置于已疏散乘客的载客航空器内部。该生成器于航空器内制造臭氧持续至少20分钟以使浓度达约10至15ppm。在这段时间之后,终止臭氧生成器,接着将如第二图中所示的系统30的光催化剂设备开启,以使航空器存在的空气导至该设备并接近如实施例1中所述的制备二氧化钛-二氧化硅触媒小粒的填充床。该触媒小粒经暴露至紫外线辐射源而活化。存在的空气通过光催化剂室(chamber)至少约30分钟。
本发明已详细描述于其特别实施例为参考。然而,咸了解于此技术领域中熟知彼等技艺者,基于本文所揭示文的考量,可于本发明的精神与范围内作修改及改良。
Claims (20)
1.一种净化封闭区域的方法,该方法包括:
(a)导入清洁的气体物质进该区域;及
(b)以一种或多种光催化剂处理该区域。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的气体物质为臭氧。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述的气体物质是在正压下被导入至该区域中。
4.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中存在于所述的封闭区域中的空气流经含有一种或多种光催化剂的结构。
5.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中存在于所述的封闭区域中的空气在经气体物质处理之后经光催化剂处理。
6.如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法,其中该一种或多种光催化剂是利用使用辐射源。
7.如权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中一种或多种光催化剂包括二氧化钛。
8.如权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中一种或多种光催化剂包含二氧化钛。
9.如权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中一种或多种光催化剂包括在二氧化硅基材中的二氧化钛。
10.如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法,其中所述的一种或多种光催化剂产生羟基。
11.如权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法,其中所述的区域为运载工具的内部。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述的运载工具为飞机、地面运载工具、军用运载工具、船舶或潜艇。
13.如权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法,其中所述的区域为商业或住宅建筑物的房间。
14.一种净化封闭区域的系统,该系统包括:
(a)臭氧源;及
(b)一种或多种光催化剂。
15.如权利要求14所述的系统,其中所述的臭氧源及光催化剂是位于所述封闭区域内或接近所述封闭区域。
16.一种净化封闭区域的系统,该系统包含:
(a)臭氧源;及
(b)一种或多种二氧化钛-二氧化硅光催化剂,其与活化辐射源耦合。
17.如权利要求16所述的系统,其中所述的一种或多种光催化剂为溶胶-凝胶二氧化钛-二氧化硅小粒。
18.如权利要求16或17所述的系统,其中所述的一种或多种光催化剂及辐射源是位于一种设备内。
19.如权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述的设备包括该一种或多种光催化剂的填充床或流化床,且存在于封闭区域中的空气流经或靠近所述的催化床。
20.如权利要求16至19中任一项所述的系统,其中所述的系统是位于航空器内。
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US8980171B2 (en) * | 2009-10-13 | 2015-03-17 | David W. Mazyck | System and method for purifying air via low-energy, in-situ regenerated silica-titania composites |
CN102973957B (zh) * | 2011-09-05 | 2014-12-03 | 成都易生玄科技有限公司 | 一种收集太阳能消毒餐具的方法 |
FR2999482B1 (fr) * | 2012-12-18 | 2016-08-26 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Systeme de depollution d'une enceinte, notamment d'un habitacle de vehicule automobile |
US10307706B2 (en) | 2014-04-25 | 2019-06-04 | Ada Carbon Solutions, Llc | Sorbent compositions for use in a wet scrubber unit |
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US9446742B1 (en) | 2015-11-10 | 2016-09-20 | NuVinAir, LLC | Apparatus and system for air-borne cleaning of surfaces |
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JPH11299470A (ja) * | 1998-04-27 | 1999-11-02 | Sharp Corp | 食品収納庫 |
JP3046951B2 (ja) * | 1998-04-27 | 2000-05-29 | 株式会社セイスイ | 空気清浄化装置 |
DE10084820T1 (de) * | 1999-07-19 | 2002-12-19 | Mitsui Shipbuilding Eng | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Reinigung von sauerstoffhaltigem Gas |
US6358374B1 (en) * | 1999-12-17 | 2002-03-19 | Carrier Corporation | Integrated photocatalytic and adsorbent technologies for the removal of gaseous contaminants |
JP2001187124A (ja) * | 1999-12-28 | 2001-07-10 | Toshiba Lighting & Technology Corp | 脱臭装置および冷蔵庫 |
US7056476B2 (en) * | 2000-06-15 | 2006-06-06 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Refrigerator and deodorizer producing ozone by high-voltage discharge |
US6680033B2 (en) * | 2000-07-25 | 2004-01-20 | Asahi Environmental System Ltd. | Composite deodorization system and ion deodorization system |
JP2002066257A (ja) * | 2000-08-29 | 2002-03-05 | Andes Denki Kk | 光触媒を用いた反応装置 |
JP2002253662A (ja) * | 2001-03-05 | 2002-09-10 | Koji Tanaka | 車両用空気清浄器 |
US20020187082A1 (en) * | 2001-06-06 | 2002-12-12 | Chang-Yu Wu | Photocatalyst coated magnetic composite particle |
JP2003039944A (ja) * | 2001-07-26 | 2003-02-13 | Toshiba Corp | 車両用空気浄化装置 |
CA2518351C (en) * | 2003-03-06 | 2011-11-08 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated | Method and a composite for mercury capture from fluid streams |
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- 2005-03-31 JP JP2007506552A patent/JP2007531597A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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- 2005-03-31 WO PCT/US2005/010888 patent/WO2005094380A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-03-31 CA CA002562941A patent/CA2562941A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-03-31 CN CNA2005800173758A patent/CN101014371A/zh active Pending
- 2005-03-31 US US11/097,990 patent/US20060067854A1/en not_active Abandoned
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EP1732616A4 (en) | 2008-12-03 |
WO2005096908A2 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
US20060067854A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
CA2562941A1 (en) | 2005-10-13 |
WO2005096908A3 (en) | 2006-09-21 |
AU2005228691A1 (en) | 2005-10-13 |
WO2005094380A3 (en) | 2006-07-27 |
JP2007531597A (ja) | 2007-11-08 |
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