CN100495115C - 显示器 - Google Patents

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CN100495115C
CN100495115C CNB028077164A CN02807716A CN100495115C CN 100495115 C CN100495115 C CN 100495115C CN B028077164 A CNB028077164 A CN B028077164A CN 02807716 A CN02807716 A CN 02807716A CN 100495115 C CN100495115 C CN 100495115C
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projector
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light
display
grating
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CN1500224A (zh
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阿德里安·罗伯特·利·特拉维斯
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Cambridge 3D Display Ltd
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/0081Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. enlarging, the entrance or exit pupil
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B30/00Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
    • G02B30/20Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes
    • G02B30/26Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the autostereoscopic type
    • G02B30/27Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the autostereoscopic type involving lenticular arrays
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0123Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices increasing the field of view

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  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
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  • Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种平板投影显示器,它包括一个透明的平板(1)和完整的平面光栅,一个沿着平板的边缘放置、带有完整的矩形横截面的线性光栅的透明棒(2),以及一个小的视频投影仪(3)。安装投影仪是用来让虚像直接或者通过反射镜(4)进入透明棒的末端,光沿着透明棒通过所有的内反射而传播。线性光栅将光转移到平板的平面上,平面光栅从平板中把它投影给观看者,从而使得观看者能看到极远处的图像。

Description

显示器
技术领域
本发明涉及到的领域有3D显示器、头载显示器以及投影显示器,它是一种使其平面化的方法。
背景技术
传统上投影显示器一般包括一个二维的发光器阵列以及一个投影透镜。透镜在空间的某个平面上形成图像阵列,如果形成的图像平面远离投影透镜,那么透镜的作用就是使二维阵列上的任意像素发出的光线准直。
投影显示器大多只是普通直射,因此图像成形在一个大的半透明的显示屏上,看着显示屏的观看者会在二维阵列上看见图片被放大了许多的图像。但现在固定在观看者头上的小型投影显示器的应用越来越普通,这种显示器直对着观看者的眼睛,来自二维发光器阵列上的单独像素、再由投影透镜准直的光线随后能被角膜聚焦到视网膜上,由此,观看者能看见通常被称为虚像的清晰的远处图像。
对一个大直径的投影显示器来说,将它放在液晶显示器或某个其它空间光调制器的后面来合成一个三维图像也是可能的。例如,见Travis,A R L,"Autostereoscopic 3-D Display(立体效果3-D显示器)",Applied Optics,Vol.29,No.29,pages 4341-4343,10 October 1990。每次点亮二维发光器阵列中的一个像素,同时,三维物体的合适图像就会显示在液晶显示器上,由此,只有在来自像素、由投影透镜准直的光线照射的方向上才能观看到三位物体的图像。以比眼睛能感觉到颤动的速率更快的速率重复一串图像,这样就可以对一个三维图像进行时间复用。此外,原则上有可能通过下述步骤来产生三维全息图像:在投影透镜的焦平面上放置一个二维点源发光器阵列,依次点亮每一个点源,在放置于投射透镜顶端的液晶显示器上显示出合适的全息图像,这样就能顺次观看到图像的不同点的全息图像。
头载显示器体积都很大,用户宁愿其平面化。利用一个平板波导,结合弱全息成像技术,就能使得头载显示器更加平面化,其介绍见Amitai,Y.,Reinhorn,S.and Friesem,A.A.,"Visor-display design basedon planar holographic optics(基于平面全息光学的头盔式显示器设计)",Applied Optics Vol 34,No.8,pp 1352-1356,10 March 1995。来自阴极射线管和全息图的光被耦合到波导中,全息图将以由来自发出光线的阴极射线管内的像素确定的方向,把这些光衍射出波导。
三维图像可以通过对液晶显示器的照明进行时间复用而合成,三维图像要求液晶显示器具有一个能快速切换的薄膜晶体管阵列,这些晶体管都是很昂贵的。Trayner和Orr展示了一种设备,其通过在传统的液晶显示器后面放置一个全息图,就可以把交替点亮的行引导到观看者左眼和右眼的视角中,从而避免了使用昂贵的薄膜晶体管阵列。这在他们的美国专利5600454中有描述。可是这种构思和可切换照明的构思都需要很大的体积,而用户则更希望三维显示器平面化。
通过把一个投射显示器和一个显示屏结合起来,就可以制成平板三维显示器,其中平行于所述显示屏的外表面照射的光在所述的显示屏上被射出,并且是沿着所述显示屏、按照可供选择的扫描线中的一根而射出的,如发明人较前的WO 98/15128中所述。每次选择了显示屏上的一根扫描线,投影显示器就同时发射出平行于显示屏的像素线,以使它们能射在所选择的扫描线上。顺序选择显示屏上的扫描线序列中的每一根,与之相同的像素线在显示器上重复地更换,按照这种方式在显示屏上时间复用一个完整的图像。因为仅仅使用了投影显示器的一根扫描线,所以要求发光器阵列只能有一根扫描线的高度,并且如果发射的光被准直在显示屏的平面上的话,那么就要求投影透镜只能有1或2毫米高,以使组合在一起的投影机和显示屏能平面化。
虽然发光器的阵列只有一个像素高,光线被导向得平行于可选择的扫描线的显示屏的外表面,但是如果是一个三维显示器发出的光,那么在显示屏上显示的就应该是三维的图像。这种三维显示器可能包括一个放在投影透镜后面的发光器阵列,投影透镜前面有一个液晶显示器,如上所述,但是为了在显示器的一根扫描线的扫描周期内提供若干幅图像,液晶的切换速率就需要等于图像数与显示器扫描速率的乘积,只有很少的液晶混合剂能切换得这么快。
有许多其它立体效果(autostereoscopic)和全息成像技术的三维显示器构思能够用于平板系统中。尤其令人感兴趣的是一个老的构思,它是把一组小的投影仪放在物镜的焦平面上。放置的每一个投影仪都在物镜的平面上形成一幅图像,就好像透镜是一个半透明的显示屏,但是物镜不像半透明显示屏那样使光线准直而只能从单个方向上观看到图片。另外的投影仪形成的图像,能通过物镜从其它方向观看到,这样的话,观看者就能看见一个三维的立体图像。可是观看者希望三维图像能在方位角和仰角上都有立体效果(autostereoscopic)。很少有人基于这种构思来考虑使图像随着仰角的改变而变动。
发明内容
根据本发明,提供了一种平板投影显示器,它包括一个透明的平板和完整的平面光栅(area grating),一个带有矩形横截面且完整的线性光栅、沿着平板的边缘放置的透明棒,以及一个小的视频投影仪,其中投影仪可用来将图像导进透明棒的末端,调整线性光栅以通过边缘将图像转移到平板的平面上,调整平面光栅以使图像从平板中投影给观看者。
这两个光栅或者其中的一个是可衍射的,优选地,光栅是通过蚀刻各自透明棒或平板部分的合适外表面(也即,分别正对着平板或观看者的外表面)上的线来形成的。另外,可使用一个半反射系统,在该系统中将一叠独立的透明板按入射光和期望的出射方向所成的角度而堆积在一起,形成棒或者平板,在光束路径上形成一个连续的分界面,每个分界面都反射部分的入射光。按照这种方式,进入系统的每一束光都以唯一对应的角度离开系统,但是在平板的平面上散开。
投影仪把一个准直图像输入到光学系统中,只是简单地被平板的板壁反射,维持其准直性,同时此系统也被光栅部分地反射,从而扩展仍然准直并且随后在整个平面上显现出来的图像。这样,每个方向都对应于图像的一个像素。使用这种装置观看远景的观看者能够看到远距离的图像,这种装置可用于头载显示器或者虚拟现实浏览器上。
两级光扩散系统是公知的,例如可参见Tai等人的专利US5668913,但是它们只是简单地用来将点源扩展成面源,并没有应用在远场图像系统中。
附图说明
为了更好的理解本发明,下面将结合例子,参照附图来进行对本发明的实施例进行描述,在附图中:
图1示出了透明平板,其包括一串其角度能以90°垂直反射入射光线的玻璃条;
图2示出了一种平板投影显示器;
图3示出了一个其角度能以90°垂直反射入射光线的反射镜,并且示出了绕着反射的起始方向对入射方向进行旋转是如何使得反射光在水平面上旋转的;和
图4示出了如何通过进入平板的光的方向和光栅的周期数来确定通过压印在平板一边上的光栅而从透明平板中耦合出的光的方向。
具体实施方式
如图1所示的透明平板1的制作方式如下:首先是把大约0.5mm厚的高度透明的浮点玻璃片切成矩形条状,然后将其一个挨一个地平行上下叠放,使得所有长边都在水平方向上,而短边都与水平方向成45°。堆栈里的玻璃间用胶水充满,可选择胶水的反射系数,使得胶水和玻璃之间的电介质分界面上的反射比较弱,然后堆栈被抛光成一个立体的平板,其表面平行于玻璃条的边缘。
透明棒2的制作方式与透明平板1一样,不同的是透明棒2有一个对应于平板厚度的、大致方形的横截面部分。图2示出了怎样装配平板投影显示器,首先是把视频投影仪3聚焦到透明棒2的一端,然后让透明棒2靠近并平行于透明平板1的底部,以这样的方向放置,从视频投影仪3出来的光就能从透明棒2中垂直地射入透明平板1中。
视频投影仪3的轴必须与水平面和垂直面成一个角度,从而使得从视频投影仪3中出来的光不能沿平行于透明棒的轴方向传播。此外,一对前置银质反射镜4a、4b必须放在相对于正对视频投影仪3的任何一边的棒的入口端,也即靠近投影仪的一端,而且视频投影仪3应该均匀地照亮棒的入口端和透明棒的入口端通过前置银质反射镜4a、4b呈现在投影仪上的三个图像。入射光沿着棒传播,经过边缘反射,因此光没有损失,在每个反射镜的边界上都有光被部分反射,在此边界上,光离开透明棒而进入平板中;同样的情形在平板中也会出现。
下面有一个简单的实验:让光线垂直照射到与水平面成45°的反射镜上,图3显示反射镜是怎样将光线反射到水平面上的。假如入射光绕着反射光的初始方向旋转,则得到的反射光的方向就在水平面上旋转。另一方面,如果入射光的方向是在入射光和反射光所在的平面上旋转的,那么反射光的方向就在同一垂直平面上以相同的角度旋转。
同样的,垂直入射到透明平板1上的光在每个玻璃/胶水分界面上都会发生部分反射。每个玻璃/胶水分界面就像一个单反射镜,当入射光的方向围绕着平板1的法线轴旋转时,反射光的方向就在水平面上旋转。玻璃/胶水分界面需要留出足够近的间隔,使得平板器件能够让光以任何单独的、可选的水平方向从器件表面的所有部分射进。同样也可以通过围绕平板1平面中的水平轴将入射光的方向旋转,从而控制出射光离开平板1的垂直方向。
在透明平板1的两板壁之间的光束将会交替地以两个方向中的一个来传播,因此反射镜组也会交替地反射出这两种方向的光。这就会形成了至少一个不想要的幻象,从而带来不便。此外,堆积玻璃条是实验室采取的一种将光栅集成为一个平板的方法。
图4示出了如果在平板的外表面上压印空间频率合适的光栅5的话,那么在透明板中传播的光线是如何被所有内反射垂直出射到透明平板的一个表面上的。正如图1和图3中的反射镜一样,导向光线的方向绕着平板的外表面的法线轴进行的旋转,将会使得出射光线的方向在法线和光栅中的任何一根线组成的平面上以相同的角度旋转。但是,正如图4所示,有可能通过围绕平行于光栅的任何一根线的轴改变传输的光线的角度,使得出射光的出射方向在正交方向上改变(也即,偏离法线)。在反射时,光线只受光栅的影响,所以,假如光栅被照亮的话,光线只会从光栅平面的两边中的一个方向出射。
这种构思在发明中可以有以下的应用。平板1和/或透明棒2上的光栅,可以不再是用浮点玻璃条制作的,而是将每个都配置成纯玻璃的立体结构,并且在其上压印一个散射光栅,或者把光敏物质微粒混合进玻璃中,通过用一对激光束照亮它,来在玻璃中形成一组全息图。
在优选实施例中,透明棒2是用纯玻璃制作的,并且压印上一个散射光栅,而平板1是用全息技术制成的。棒2中偏离平板1的衍射光被反射镜4b的延伸部分沿着整个棒的长度而反射回平板,以使所有衍射光都进入平板中。
光元件不一定必须用玻璃制作,但必须是一种合适的材料,而且应该易于无瑕疵地进行生产。元件可以做成厘米大小的,适用于平视(head-up)显示器或可佩戴的盔式显示器,当然它们也可以做得更大些。视频投影仪的尺寸应该和透明棒及透明平板的厚度在同一个数量级上,虽然有可能是它们的5倍,所有部分都被放进一个外壳中,形成一个成套完备的单元。
本发明的一个应用在于驾驶舱空间很小的民用飞机的平视显示器的样式翻新。因为系统要倾斜地刷新(flush)飞机上的斜置屏幕,所以由于玻璃/胶水反射镜反射出的光线的反向传输而产生的幻象将会蒙蔽领航员的眼睛。玻璃/胶水反射镜的边缘有可能产生阳光和着陆灯的衍射图像,而本发明的一个应用将通过将边缘的系数进行分级从而排除这种影响。

Claims (8)

1.一种平板投影显示器,其包括:透明的平板部分(1)和相应的平面光栅;透明的棒部分(2),带有相应的线性光栅,所述棒部分沿着所述平板的边缘安装;以及小的投影仪(3),其中,所述投影仪用于将图像导入所述棒的末端,所述线性光栅适用于将图像从所述棒转移到所述平板中,而所述平面光栅适用于将图像从所述平板投影给观看者;以及,所述投影仪的轴与所述棒成角度以便来自所述投影仪的光不能平行于所述棒的轴传播。
2.根据权利要求1所述的平板投影显示器,其中所述的光栅之一是一叠透明的板组成的,这些板放置在与入射光和出射光都成45°的位置上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的平板投影显示器,其中所述线性光栅压印在所述棒上,和/或所述平面光栅压印在所述平板上。
4.根据权利要求1所述的平板投影显示器,其中所述光栅中的至少一个是全息成像的。
5.根据权利要求1所述的平板投影显示器,其中所述平板和棒部分都是玻璃制作的。
6.根据上面权利要求1所述的平板投影显示器,其进一步包括反射镜(4a、4b),其安装在所述棒的入口端,与所述棒的轴平行,使得所述投影仪的输出能完全地进入到所述棒中。
7.一种结合上面任一权利要求所述的平板投影显示器的平视显示器。
8.一种包括权利要求1到6中任一权利要求所述的平板投影显示器的可佩带显示器。
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EP1377871B1 (en) 2009-08-05
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