CN100448832C - 乙酸的生产方法 - Google Patents

乙酸的生产方法 Download PDF

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CN100448832C
CN100448832C CNB2005800069294A CN200580006929A CN100448832C CN 100448832 C CN100448832 C CN 100448832C CN B2005800069294 A CNB2005800069294 A CN B2005800069294A CN 200580006929 A CN200580006929 A CN 200580006929A CN 100448832 C CN100448832 C CN 100448832C
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M·O·斯凯茨
D·A·特鲁巴
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Celanese International Corp
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种生产乙酸的改进方法,包括如下步骤:在包含水、碘代甲烷和催化剂的反应介质中,使一氧化碳与例如甲醇、乙酸甲酯、甲酸甲酯或二甲醚的可羰基化反应物反应,以生成包含乙酸的反应产物;分离反应产物,以得到包含乙酸、水和碘代甲烷的挥发相和不易挥发相;蒸馏挥发相,以生成纯化的乙酸产物和包含水、乙酸甲酯和碘代甲烷的第一塔顶馏分;对第一塔顶馏分进行分相,以得到包含水的第一液相和包含碘代甲烷的第二液相;以及将二甲醚以强化第一塔顶馏分分离成第一液相和第二液相的有效量加入工艺中。

Description

乙酸的生产方法
技术领域
本发明涉及通过甲醇羰基化生成乙酸的改进方法。
背景技术
在当前采用的乙酸合成方法中,最具商业价值的一种是使用一氧化碳催化羰基化甲醇,如1973年10月30日授予Paulik等的美国专利No.3,769,329中所教导的。该羰基化催化剂包含铑和例如碘代甲烷的含卤助催化剂,其中铑溶解或分散在液态反应介质中或负载在惰性固体上。可以将铑以任何形式引入反应体系中,而活性催化剂络合物中铑部分的准确性质并不确定。同样,卤化物助催化剂的性质并不关键。专利权人公开了大量合适的助催化剂,其中大部分是有机碘化物。最典型和最有用地,使一氧化碳气体连续鼓泡通过其中溶解有催化剂的液态反应介质来进行反应。
现有技术中对在铑催化剂的存在下使醇羰基化生成比该醇多一个碳原子的羧酸的方法的大部分改进公开在美国专利No.5,001,259(1991年3月19日授予)、No.5,026,908(1991年6月25日授予)、No.5,144,068(1992年9月1日授予)和1992年7月1日公布的欧洲专利EP 0161874B2中。这些专利公开了在含有乙酸甲酯、特别是碘代甲烷的卤代甲烷和催化有效浓度的铑的反应介质中由甲醇生成乙酸的方法。这些专利的发明人发现:通过在反应介质中保持至少一定浓度的水、乙酸甲酯和碘代甲烷,在作为碘代甲烷或其它有机碘化物存在的碘化物的含量之上的指定浓度的碘离子,以及催化有效量的铑,即使水浓度非常低,即在反应介质中为4重量(wt)%或更低(尽管一般工业实践中将水保持在约14wt%或15wt%),仍能使催化剂稳定性和羰基化反应器的产率保持在意外高的水平。碘离子作为简单盐存在,优选碘化锂。这些专利教导:乙酸甲酯和碘盐的浓度是影响特别在反应器低的水浓度下使甲醇羰基化生成乙酸的速率的重要参数。通过使用较高浓度的乙酸甲酯和碘盐,即使液态反应介质中的水浓度低到约0.1wt%,如此低以致可以简称为“一定浓度”的水,仍获得了意外程度的催化剂稳定性和反应产率。此外,所用的反应介质改善了铑催化剂的稳定性,即催化剂耐受沉降的能力,特别是在该方法的产物回收步骤中。该方法中进行的蒸馏回收乙酸产物往往会带走催化剂的一氧化碳配体。在反应器内保持的环境中,这些配体具有稳定化铑的效果。通过引用将美国专利No.5,001,259、No.5,026,908和No.5,144,068结合于此。
还已发现:虽然乙酸生产的少水羰基化工艺减少了诸如二氧化碳、氢气和丙酸之类的副产物,但也增加了一般痕量存在的其它杂质的量;当试图通过改善催化剂或改变反应条件来提高生成速率时,乙酸的品质有时会受损。这些痕量杂质影响乙酸产物的品质,尤其将它们再循环通过反应工艺时。关于羰基化反应体系中杂质的进一步讨论,参见Catalysis of Organic Reactions,75,369-380(1998)。
通常在一个或多个蒸馏塔中蒸馏粗乙酸产物,以脱除轻质反应组分(一般是乙酸甲酯和碘代甲烷)、水和重质杂质。先前已观察到:避免将大量碘代甲烷回流到轻质馏分蒸馏塔中特别重要,因为如果碘代甲烷回流到轻质馏分蒸镏塔中,从乙酸产物中分离轻质馏分反应组分会明显变差。普遍通过从塔顶轻质馏分中分离出大部分碘代甲烷作为单独的相来防止碘代甲烷回流,但在某些条件下塔顶轻质馏分能形成单一液相。本发明提供了一种防止轻质馏分塔中这种单一相形成条件的方法。
发明内容
本发明的一方面是生产乙酸的方法,包括如下步骤:在包含水、碘代甲烷和催化剂的反应介质中,使一氧化碳与例如甲醇、乙酸甲酯、甲酸甲酯、二甲醚或其混合物的可羰基化原料反应,以生成包含乙酸的反应产物;以反应产物进行气-液分离,以得到包含乙酸、水和碘代甲烷的挥发相和包含催化剂的不易挥发相;对挥发相进行蒸馏,以生成纯化的乙酸产物和包含水、碘代甲烷的第一塔顶馏分;对第一塔顶馏分进行分相,以得到包含水的第一液相和包含碘代甲烷的第二液相;以及向反应产物、挥发相、第一塔顶馏分或与蒸馏有关的料流的其中至少一种中加入二甲醚,以强化第一塔顶馏分分离形成第一液相和第二液相。
在一个实施方案中,从所述第一液相和第二液相其中至少一种中脱除乙醛,并且将二甲醚加入与所述乙醛脱除步骤有关的料流中。
在另一实施方案中,所述乙醛脱除步骤包括从包含碘代甲烷的混合物中分离出乙醛,并且部分二甲醚有效地减少了从所述混合物中随乙醛分离出的碘代甲烷的量。
在另一实施方案中,第一液相的至少部分用作挥发相蒸馏中的回流。
在另一实施方案中,使第二液相循环,以提供部分反应介质。
在另一实施方案中,将大部分加入的二甲醚循环到第二液相中的反应介质中。
在又一实施方案中,至少某些循环的二甲醚在反应介质中转化为乙酸。
本发明的另一方面是一种使包含乙酸、乙酸甲酯、碘代甲烷和水的混合物分相,以得到包含水和乙酸甲酯的第一液相和包含碘代甲烷的第二液相的方法,其特征在于该方法包括将二甲醚加入混合物中,以促进分相。
本发明的另一方面是一种蒸馏包含乙酸、碘代甲烷和水的混合物,以得到纯化乙酸产物、包含水的第一液相和包含碘代甲烷的第二液相的改进方法。在该方法中,将蒸馏塔的塔顶馏分分离形成第一液相和第二液相,并且使部分第一液相在蒸馏塔中回流。该改进方法包括将二甲醚以强化第一液相和第二液相分相的有效量加入该混合物、塔顶馏分或第一液相的回流部分中。
在一种实施方案中,将二甲醚加入所述塔顶馏分中。在另一实施方案中,所述混合物作为羰基化反应器反应产物的挥发相。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明方法的工艺流程图。
虽然本发明容易进行各种修改和替换,但在此在图中示例性示出并详细描述了具体实施方案。但是,应该理解到本发明并非意在受限于所公开的具体形式。相反,本发明意在涵盖落在如所附权利要求所限定的本发明范围内的所有修改、等同和替代方案。
具体实施方式
以下描述本发明的说明性实施方案。为清楚起见,本说明书中没有描述实际实施的所有特征。当然要认识到,在任何这种实际实施方案的开发中,必须要决定许多特定实施方式,以实现开发者的特定目的,例如遵守与系统有关和与商业有关的约束条件,而这在一种实施方式与另一种之间将变化。而且,要认识到这种开发努力可能复杂而耗时,但这是本领域技术人员得益于本公开内容后所进行的常规工作。
本发明适用于任何在第VIII族金属催化剂,例如铑和碘化物助催化剂的存在下使甲醇羰基化成乙酸的工艺。特别适合的工艺是如前面提及的美国专利No.5,001,259中示例的由甲醇经少水铑催化羰基化成乙酸。可以通过将铑以铑金属、例如氧化物、乙酸盐、碘化物等的铑盐或铑的其它配位化合物的形式引入到反应区中,而提供催化剂体系的铑组分。
催化剂体系的含卤助催化剂组分包括有机卤化物。因此,可以使用烷基、芳基、取代烷基或芳基的卤化物。优选地,卤化物助催化剂是烷基卤,其烷基与被羰基化的进料醇的烷基一致。因此,在甲醇羰基化成乙酸中,卤化物助催化剂是卤代甲烷,更优选碘代甲烷。
所用的液态反应介质可以包括任何与催化剂体系相容的溶剂,并且可以包括纯的醇、或醇原料和/或期望羧酸和/或这两种化合物的酯的混合物。用于该少水羰基化工艺的优选溶剂和液态反应介质是羧酸产物本身。因此,在甲醇羰基化成乙酸中,优选溶剂是乙酸。
水在反应介质中的浓度要显著低于原本被认为是达到足够反应速率的实用浓度。前面已有教导:在本发明提到的这类铑催化羰基化反应中,水的加入会给反应速率带来有益效果(美国专利No.3,769,329)。因此,大多数商业操作都在至少约14wt%的水浓度下进行。由此相当意外:在低于14wt%和低至约0.1wt%的水浓度下,能获得的反应速率与在这种高水浓度下获得的反应速率基本相等和更大。
根据本发明最适合生产乙酸的羰基化工艺,通过在反应介质中包含乙酸甲酯和附加的碘离子,即使在低水浓度下也能获得期望的反应速率;其中碘离子与作为例如碘代甲烷或其它有机碘化物的助催化剂存在的碘化物的含量相等和更高。该附加碘化物助催化剂是碘盐,优选碘化锂。已发现:在低的水浓度下,仅当乙酸甲酯和碘化锂都以较高浓度存在时,它们充当速率促进剂;并且当这两种组分同时存在时,促进效果更好(美国专利No.5,001,259)。
可以在适合形成羰基化产物的温度和压力下,使一般呈液相的甲醇进料与气态一氧化碳接触,进行甲醇羰基化成乙酸产物的反应,其中一氧化碳鼓泡穿过含有铑催化剂、碘代甲烷助催化剂、乙酸甲酯和附加的可溶性碘盐的液态乙酸溶剂反应介质。一般认为,是碘离子在催化剂体系中的浓度重要,而非与该碘盐相关的阳离子;而且在给定的碘盐摩尔浓度下,阳离子的性质并没有和碘盐浓度的效果一样明显。因此,可以使用任何金属碘盐,或任何有机阳离子、或季阳离子(例如季铵或季鳞)或无机阳离子的碘盐,条件是该盐可充分溶于反应介质中,以提供期望的碘盐含量。当该碘盐作为金属盐加入时,优选它是周期表中第IA族和第HA族金属的碘盐,如CRC Press出版的Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,Cleveland,Ohio,2002-03(第83版)中提及的。特别地,使用碱金属碘盐,优选碘化锂。在本发明最适合的少水羰基化工艺中,在有机碘化物助催化剂之上的附加碘盐在催化剂溶液中的存在量为约2-约20wt%,乙酸甲酯的存在量为约0.5-约30wt%,碘化锂的存在量为约5-约20wt%。铑催化剂的存在量为每百万份重量约200-约2000份(ppm)。
羰基化的典型反应温度为约150℃-约250℃,优选为约180℃-约220℃。一氧化碳在反应器中的分压可以宽泛地变化,但一般为约2-约30个大气压,优选约3-约10个大气压。由于副产物的分压和所含液体的蒸汽压,反应器总压力为约15-约40个大气压。
图1示出了用于使甲醇碘化物助催化铑催化羰基化成乙酸的典型反应和乙酸回收系统。该反应系统包括羰基化反应器10、闪蒸器12和碘代甲烷/乙酸轻质馏分塔14,该塔14具有乙酸侧线流17,它继续被进一步纯化。如美国专利No.5,416,237(通过引用将其内容结合于此)中所公开的,轻质馏分塔14也可以包括有利于乙酸与水分离的其它阶段,从而不需要单独的干燥塔来完成这种分离。典型地,羰基化以应器10是搅拌容器或泡罩塔,其中反应液体物质自动保持在恒定液位。向该反应器中连续引入新鲜甲醇流6、一氧化碳流8、使反应介质中保持至少一定浓度的水所需的足量水、来自闪蒸器12底部的循环催化剂溶液流13、以及来自碘代甲烷、乙酸轻质馏分塔或分离塔14的塔顶馏分接收倾析器的循环碘代甲烷和乙酸甲酯相21和循环含水乙酸相36。所用的蒸馏系统用于回收粗乙酸,并将催化剂溶液、碘代甲烷和乙酸甲酯循环到反应器中。在一种优选的工艺中,正好在搅拌器下方将一氧化碳连续引入被搅拌的羰基化反应器中,由此使一氧化碳完全分散通过反应液体。将清洗气流从反应器中排出,以防止形成气态副产物,并在给定反应器总压下控制一氧化碳的分压。控制反应器的温度,并以足够保持期望的反应器总压的速率引入一氧化碳进料。
液态产物以足够保持其中恒定液位的速率从羰基化反应器10排出,并被引到闪蒸器12中。在闪蒸器中,催化剂溶液作为底部料流(主要是含乙酸的铑催化剂和碘盐以及少量的碘代甲烷、乙酸甲酯和水)排出,而闪蒸器顶部气流包含粗乙酸产物和一些碘代甲烷、乙酸甲酯和水。离开反应器并进入闪蒸器的料流11还包含溶解的气体,包括部分一氧化碳和气态副产物,例如甲烷、氢气和二氧化碳。它们作为顶部气流26的部分离开闪蒸器,而顶部气流26被导入轻质馏分塔或分离塔14。
蒸汽流28从轻质馏分塔或分离塔14的塔顶移出、冷凝、并被导入倾析器16。蒸汽流28包含可冷凝的水、碘代甲烷、乙酸甲酯、乙醛和其它羰基组分,以及不可冷凝的气体,例如二氧化碳、氢气等,它们可以如图1中所示的作为气流29排放。优选地,将可冷凝蒸汽冷却到足以使可冷凝的碘代甲烷、乙酸甲酯、乙醛和其它羰基组分和水冷凝并分离成两个液相的温度。将料流30的至少部分作为回流34导回轻质馏分塔14中;在本发明的优选实施方案中,料流30的另一部分作为侧线流32转移,并在返回到反应系统或轻质馏分塔之前经处理脱除乙醛和其它还原高锰酸盐化合物(PRC)。本领域已知许多脱除乙醛和其它PRC的处理方法;这种方法的例子公开在美国专利No.5,625,095、No.5,783,731、No.6,143,930和No.6,339,171中,通过引用将每一专利的内容整体结合于此。为有助于保持该工艺内的水平衡,可以将该轻质相30的另一部分41在返回到反应系统之前,从系统中清除或处理脱除过量的水。
一般将料流28的离开塔顶馏分接收倾析器16的重质相21再循环到反应器,但是也可以将侧流(slip stream),一般为少量重质相,例如25体积%、优选少于约20体积%的重质相导到PRC脱除工艺中,余下的循环到反应器或反应系统中。可以单独地,或与料流30的轻质相合并来处理该重质相的侧流,以进一步蒸馏和萃取羰基杂质。
如前面已解释的,高度期望在该羰基化反应介质中保持低的水浓度,例如8%以下,并且优选更低至少是出于两个原因:第一,保持低的水浓度有助于控制反应器中由于水-气转移反应而作为副产物形成的二氧化碳的量;第二,也更有意义,低的水浓度还有助于控制作为副产物形成的丙酸的量。但是,随着反应介质中水浓度降低,塔14的蒸汽负载增加。这种增加的蒸汽负载导致从轻质馏分塔14的塔顶被携带进入倾析器16的乙酸不可接受地多。乙酸在碘代甲烷和水相中的可溶性造成分相变差,最终导致倾析器中形成单一液相。当这种情况发生时,塔14的回流包含高浓度的碘代甲烷。这种额外碘代甲烷的存在明显干扰了塔14从乙酸产物17中完全分离出例如乙酸甲酯的轻物质的能力。这将频繁地要求关闭整个反应系统,直至该问题能解决(为此,一般仅有含有较少碘代甲烷的轻质相30用作塔14的回流)。
鉴于该潜在问题,保持在倾析器16中的分相极为重要,即使由于低的水浓度以及高浓度乙酸甲酯往往造成轻质馏分塔中的高蒸汽负载而使这种分相变得更困难;如上提到的,这促进了单相的形成。虽然该问题在美国专利No.5,723,660(通过引用将其公开内容结合于此)中有一定程度的认识,但是其中建议的方案却包括昂贵的步骤,例如蒸馏塔顶轻质馏分以脱除乙酸甲酯,或在进入倾析器之前明显降低塔顶轻质馏分要冷却到的温度。将水分批进料到轻质馏分塔中,以确保乙酸甲酯的浓度保持在40重量%以下的第三种建议方案在每次加入水时可能明显改变了整个工艺的水平衡。
本申请人发现另一确保塔顶轻质馏分在倾析器16中分相的有效方法,该方法没有美国专利No.5,723,660中建议的任何复杂步骤,也不会明显改变工艺中的水平衡。简而言之,本申请人发现可以通过加入(a)与水不混溶的;(b)与该工艺化学相容的和(c)削弱乙酸促进单相形成影响的组分,来确保倾析器中的合适分相。具体地,本申请人发现通过将二甲醚(DME)加入塔顶轻质馏分、轻质馏分塔进料或与轻质馏分塔14相关的其它料流中,可以防止倾析器16中的液体物质形成单相。
除了与水几乎不混溶之外,DME与本工艺化学相容。如上解释的,在倾析器16中形成的有机(富含碘代甲烷)重质相返回羰基化反应器10。DME在羰基化反应条件下与水和一氧化碳反应生产乙酸。而且,如美国专利No.5,831,120中公开的,由于DME的羰基化消耗了水,所以DME对于控制工艺中水聚积也有用。例如,DME羰基化额外消耗了水,可以使得没有必要为脱除过量的水而清除或处理轻质相30返回反应器的部分36。最后,DME在轻质相30待经进一步处理以脱除乙醛的侧线流32中的存在具有一定的有益效果。最明显地,如同时递交、共同转让的美国专利申请No.10/708,420和No.10/708,421中更详细公开的,当足够DME存在于轻质相侧线流32中或直接形成在乙醛脱除系统中时,乙醛脱除工艺过程中所不期望的碘代甲烷损失明显减少。
要认识到在乙酸工艺中,例如上述工艺,许多工艺料流在纯化区内循环或从纯化区循环到反应系统。因此,DME可以在该工艺的任何位置加入,条件是足量的DME聚积在轻质馏分倾析器16中,以达到强化其中分相的期望效果。例如,可以将DME(作为料流37)注入要进料到轻质馏分塔14的闪蒸器顶部料流26中,或者可以将DME单独(作为料流38)进料到该塔中。或者,可以将DME经回流34注入轻质馏分塔中。但是,目前认为将附加的DME进料通过轻质馏分塔14可能过量促成塔中的蒸汽负载。因此,优选将DME经不会通过轻质馏分塔14的一股料流或一系列料流直接或间接地加入轻质馏分倾析器16中。例如,可以将DME(作为料流35)直接加入塔顶轻质馏分流28中。或者,在美国专利No.6,143,930和同时递交、共同待审的美国专利申请No.10/708,420和No.10/708,421中所公开的乙醛脱除技术的特定实施方案中,从乙醛脱除系统返回的所有或部分料流返回到倾析器16或轻质馏分塔14中。DME也可以加入到这种返回料流(例如美国专利No.6,143,930图1中的料流46)中,或加入到乙醛脱除系统内的其它料流中,使得该返回料流包含足以强化倾析器16中分相的DME。
虽然已参照优选实施方案描述了本发明,但本领域技术人员可以进行显而易见的修改和变化。因此,本发明意在完全包括下面权利要求书或其等同特征概括的范围内所有这种修改和变化。

Claims (14)

1.一种生产乙酸的方法,包括如下步骤:
(a)在包含水、碘代甲烷和催化剂的反应介质中,使一氧化碳与选自甲醇、乙酸甲酯、甲酸甲酯、二甲醚及其混合物的至少一种反应物反应,以生成包含乙酸的反应产物;
(b)对所述反应产物进行气液分离,以得到包含乙酸、水和碘代甲烷的挥发相和包含所述催化剂的不易挥发相;
(c)蒸馏所述挥发相,以生成纯化的乙酸产物和包含水、乙酸甲酯和碘代甲烷的第一塔顶馏分;
(d)对所述第一塔顶馏分进行分相,以得到包含水的第一液相和包含碘代甲烷的第二液相;以及
(e)向所述方法中加入二甲醚,其量要有效地强化第一塔顶馏分分离形成第一液相和第二液相。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将二甲醚加入所述反应产物、所述挥发相、所述第一塔顶馏分或与所述蒸馏有关的料流或塔的其中至少一种中。
3.根据权利要求2的方法,其中将二甲醚加入所述第一塔顶馏分中。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,还包括步骤:从所述第一液相和第二液相其中至少一种中脱除乙醛,并且将二甲醚加入与所述乙醛脱除步骤有关的料流中。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其中将二甲醚加入来自乙醛脱除系统的返回料流中。
6.根据权利要求4的方法,其中所述乙醛脱除步骤包括从包含碘代甲烷的混合物中分离出乙醛,并且部分二甲醚有效地减少了从所述混合物中随乙醛分离出的碘代甲烷的量。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其中第一液相的至少部分用作挥发相蒸馏中的回流。
8.根据权利要求1的方法,其中使第二液相循环,以提供部分反应介质。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其中将大部分加入的二甲醚循环到第二液相中的反应介质中。
10.根据权利要求9的方法,其中至少某些循环的二甲醚在反应介质中转化为乙酸。
11.一种使包含乙酸、乙酸甲酯、碘代甲烷和水的混合物分相,以得到包含水和乙酸甲酯的第一液相和包含碘代甲烷的第二液相的方法,其特征在于该方法包括将二甲醚加入混合物中,以促进分相。
12.一种分离包含乙酸、碘代甲烷和水的混合物,以得到纯化乙酸产物、包含水的第一液相和包含碘代甲烷的第二液相的方法,包括如下步骤:
蒸馏所述混合物,以得到塔顶馏分和所述纯化乙酸产物;
将所述塔顶馏分分相,以得到所述第一液相和第二液相;
使部分第一液相回流蒸馏;以及
将二甲醚以强化第一液相和第二液相分相的有效量加入所述混合物、所述塔顶馏分或所述第一液相的回流部分中。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其中将二甲醚加入所述塔顶馏分中。
14.根据权利要求12的方法,其中所述混合物作为羰基化反应器反应产物的挥发相。
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