CN100398251C - Cadmium-free silver solder containing gallium and cerium - Google Patents
Cadmium-free silver solder containing gallium and cerium Download PDFInfo
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- CN100398251C CN100398251C CNB2006100396979A CN200610039697A CN100398251C CN 100398251 C CN100398251 C CN 100398251C CN B2006100396979 A CNB2006100396979 A CN B2006100396979A CN 200610039697 A CN200610039697 A CN 200610039697A CN 100398251 C CN100398251 C CN 100398251C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a cadmium-free silver solder containing gallium and cerium, which belongs to welding material. The cadmium-free silver solder comprises the following components by weight: 25.0% to 32.0% copper (Cu), 25.0% to 35.0% of zinc (Zn), 0.1% to 3.0% of gallium (Ga), 0.01% to 1.0% of stannum (Sn), 0.002% to 0.10% of cerium (Ce) and the balance of argentum (Ag). The cadmium-free silver solder has the advantages of capability of saving a precious argentum resource for displaying economical efficiency, good wettability and spreadability to base material, good soldering seam mechanical property, ideal solidus and liquids temperature, and capacity of replacing silver brazing alloy BAg45CuZnCd and BAg45CuZn; a right amount of gallium and a trace amount of stannum are added into the cadmium-free silver solder to reduce the melting point of a main constituent alloy (Ag-Cu-Zn alloy) and simultaneously improve the wettability on red copper, brass, carbon steel, stainless steel and nickel base alloys; the cerium which is a rare earth element is added into the cadmium-free silver solder so as to refine crystal grains of the solder and improve the plasticity and the comprehensive mechanical property of the solder; the components do not contain the toxic cadmium element any longer, and the operators' safety can be guaranteed; and the influence on environment is avoided.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of cadmium-free silver brazing alloy that contains gallium and cerium, belong to brazing material.
Background technology
Present silver solder BAg45CuZnCd, the BAg45CuZn that uses, silver content is about 45% solder in its chemical composition.Because silver belongs to precious metal material; price is comparatively expensive; therefore; research and development have quite or similar brazing property, solid-liquid phase line temperature is suitable, silver content is lower again the cadmium-free silver brazing alloy that contains gallium and cerium substitute aforesaid BAg45CuZnCd, BAg45CuZn solder; but both the silver-colored resource of saves valuable, reduce cost and embody economy, can embody protection operator's health safety again and eliminate pollution environment.Because will not allow in many household electrical appliances are produced, to use in the material that " WEEE " and " ROHS " by European Union's promulgation that implement July 1 this year two instruction regulations contain cadmium.
Summary of the invention
It is low and help saving welding position silver-colored resource, in brazing process and after the soldering and do not have the good cadmium-free silver brazing alloy that contains gallium and cerium of poisonous element cadmium and brazing property and comprehensive mechanical property fully that task of the present invention provides a kind of silver content.
Task of the present invention is finished like this, a kind of cadmium-free silver brazing alloy that contains gallium and cerium, its component be (by weight) 25.0%～32.0% copper (Cu), 25.0%～35.0% zinc (Zn), 0.1%～3.0% gallium (Ga), 0.01%～0.8% tin (Sn), 0.002%～0.10% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
One of advantage that the present invention has is compared with traditional BAg45CuZnCd, BAg45CuZn solder, and silver content has obtained effective reduction (can reduce about 5%), thereby but the silver-colored resource of saves valuable is used the embodiment economy; Two, to the mother metal wetability, spreadability is good, the brazed seam mechanical property is good, solid, liquid phase line temperature ideal, therefore complete alternative BAg45CuZnCd, BAg45CuZn silver solder; Three, by adding an amount of gallium (Ga) and trace tin (Sn), can reduce the fusing point of principal component alloy (Ag-Cu-Zn alloy) effectively, improve the wetability on red copper, brass, carbon steel, stainless steel and nickel-base alloy simultaneously, add rare-earth element cerium (Ce), the crystal grain of fined solder, the plasticity and the comprehensive mechanical property of raising solder; Four, no longer contain poisonous cadmium (Cd) element in the composition, can guarantee operator's safety and avoid influence environment.
The specific embodiment
1), use commercially available silver, cathode copper, zinc ingot metal, tin slab, gallium, metallic cerium, proportioning on demand adopts that conventional intermediate frequency smelting furnace is smelted, casting, by extruding, drawing, promptly obtains needed solder wire material then; 2), according to producing needs, tin slab, gallium, metallic cerium can be smelted into alloy respectively in advance, add then in silver-copper-zinc alloy smelt, casting, by extruding, drawing, promptly obtain needed solder wire material again.Solidus temperature at 680 ℃～700 ℃ scopes, liquidus temperature 710 ℃～730 ℃ scopes; Cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, brazing material is following combination: when red copper-brass, brass-carbon steel, stainless steel-nickel-base alloy, the brazed seam mechanical property is respectively: σ
b=185～365MPa, τ=180～355MPa.
Adopt conventional intermediate frequency smelting furnace to smelt, cast, by extruding, drawing, promptly obtain needed solder wire material then; The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy that contains gallium and cerium of the present invention is that 45% solder is an object of reference with silver content, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, during combinations of materials such as soldering red copper-brass, brass-carbon steel, stainless steel-nickel-base alloy, wetability, spreadability to mother metal are suitable with it, the suitable with it (σ of brazed seam mechanical property
b=185～365MPa, τ=180～355MPa scope).The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy that contains indium and cerium of the present invention does not have the harmful element cadmium fully, has protected operator's health safety effectively, has eliminated the pollution to environment.The brazed seam mechanical performance index of solder and BAg45CuZnCd, BAg45CuZn solder are suitable, and solder of the present invention is as the substitute of BAg45CuZnCd, BAg45CuZn solder and be applied to the production industry of refrigeration part and so on.
Embodiment 1
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 30.0% bronze medal (Cu), 30.0% zinc (Zn), 0.01% tin (Sn), 0.1% gallium (Ga), 0.002% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 700 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 730 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 2
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 30.0% bronze medal (Cu), 27.0% zinc (Zn), 0.03% tin (Sn), 3.0% gallium (Ga), 0.10% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 680 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 710 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 3
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 32.0% bronze medal (Cu), 25.0% zinc (Zn), 0.03% tin (Sn), 3.0% gallium (Ga), 0.03% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 680 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 720 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 4
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 25.0% bronze medal (Cu), 35.0% zinc (Zn), 0.03% tin (Sn), 3.0% gallium (Ga), 0.03% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 680 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 710 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 5
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 28.0% bronze medal (Cu), 30.0% zinc (Zn), 0.02% tin (Sn), 2.0% gallium (Ga), 0.03% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 690 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 720 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 6
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 28.5% bronze medal (Cu), 30.5% zinc (Zn), 0.02% tin (Sn), 1.0% gallium (Ga), 0.03% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 690 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 725 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 7
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 30.5% bronze medal (Cu), 29.5% zinc (Zn), 0.02% tin (Sn), 0.3% gallium (Ga), 0.03% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 695 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 725 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 8
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 30.5% bronze medal (Cu), 29.5% zinc (Zn), 0.01% tin (Sn), 0.15% gallium (Ga), 0.03% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 700 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 730 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 9
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 30.5% bronze medal (Cu), 29.5% zinc (Zn), 0.03% tin (Sn), 0.65% gallium (Ga), 0.005% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 695 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 720 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 10
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 27.5% bronze medal (Cu), 30.5% zinc (Zn), 0.4% tin (Sn), 2.25% gallium (Ga), 0.005% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 685 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 720 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 11
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 26.5% bronze medal (Cu), 32.0% zinc (Zn), 0.4% tin (Sn), 1.25% gallium (Ga), 0.005% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 695 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 720 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 12
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 28.5% bronze medal (Cu), 28.0% zinc (Zn), 0.8% tin (Sn), 2.75% gallium (Ga), 0.01% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 685 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 720 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 13
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 29.8% bronze medal (Cu), 28.5% zinc (Zn), 0.8% tin (Sn), 0.75% gallium (Ga), 0.01% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 695 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 730 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 14
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 29.8% bronze medal (Cu), 29.5% zinc (Zn), 0.3% tin (Sn), 0.25% gallium (Ga), 0.01% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 700 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 730 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 15
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 28.5% bronze medal (Cu), 29.5% zinc (Zn), 0.5% tin (Sn), 1.5% gallium (Ga), 0.006% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 690 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 730 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 16
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 30.5% bronze medal (Cu), 25.5% zinc (Zn), 0.8% tin (Sn), 3.0% gallium (Ga), 0.006% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 680 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 720 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Embodiment 17
Percentage proportioning by weight, its composition is: 26.5% bronze medal (Cu), 31.5% zinc (Zn), 0.2% tin (Sn), 1.8% gallium (Ga), 0.006% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
The cadmium-free silver brazing alloy solidus temperature that contains gallium and cerium that the mentioned component proportioning obtains about 690 ℃, liquidus temperature (considered experimental error) about 730 ℃, cooperate FB102 (QJ102) brazing flux, the brazed seam intensity when the soldering mother metal is following the combination is seen data in the bracket: red copper-brass (σ
b=210 ± 25MPa, τ=200 ± 30MPa), brass-carbon steel (σ
b=330 ± 25MPa, τ=325 ± 30MPa), stainless steel-nickel-base alloy (σ
b=350 ± 15MPa, τ=260 ± 10MPa).
Another technical characterstic of the present invention is, because the cadmium-free silver brazing alloy of gallium and cerium that contains of the present invention is to soldering mother metal red copper, brass, carbon steel, stainless steel, nickel-base alloy all has good wettability respectively, so any cadmium-free silver brazing alloy that contains indium and cerium in the above-mentioned specific embodiment 1 to 17, in soldering red copper-red copper, red copper-brass, brass-carbon steel, brass-stainless steel, carbon steel-stainless steel, carbon steel-nickel-base alloy, stainless steel-nickel-base alloy, red copper-nickel-base alloy, during different combined material (mother metal) such as brass-nickel-base alloy, combined material (mother metal) to institute's soldering all has good wetability, and soldered fitting has good comprehensive mechanical properties.
Claims (1)
1. cadmium-free silver brazing alloy that contains gallium and cerium, it is characterized in that the copper (Cu) of its component for (by weight) 25.0%～32.0%, 25.0%～35.0% zinc (Zn), 0.1%～3.0% gallium (Ga), 0.01%～0.8% tin (Sn), 0.002%～0.10% cerium (Ce), all the other are silver (Ag).
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| CNB2006100396979A CN100398251C (en) | 2006-04-11 | 2006-04-11 | Cadmium-free silver solder containing gallium and cerium |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2006100396979A CN100398251C (en) | 2006-04-11 | 2006-04-11 | Cadmium-free silver solder containing gallium and cerium |
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| CN100398251C true CN100398251C (en) | 2008-07-02 |
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Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100420538C (en) * | 2006-11-26 | 2008-09-24 | 常熟市华银焊料有限公司 | Cadmium-free silver based solder containing gallium, indium and cerium |
| CN101716705B (en) * | 2009-11-26 | 2012-01-25 | 金华市三环焊接材料有限公司 | Multi-alloy cadmium-free phosphor-free copper-based solder |
| CN106001989A (en) * | 2016-06-23 | 2016-10-12 | 国网江苏省电力公司宿迁供电公司 | Silver brazing flux and preparation method thereof |
| CN113843548B (en) * | 2021-09-16 | 2023-03-31 | 南京理工大学 | High-strength cadmium-free low-silver brazing filler metal |
| CN114850729B (en) * | 2022-03-25 | 2023-09-26 | 郑州机械研究所有限公司 | Cadmium-free silver brazing material |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5352542A (en) * | 1992-09-02 | 1994-10-04 | Degussa Aktiengesellschaft | Use of silver alloys as cadium-free brazing solder |
| US5531962A (en) * | 1992-09-02 | 1996-07-02 | Degussa Aktiengesellschaft | Cadmium-free silver alloy brazing solder, method of using said solder, and metal articles brazed with said solder |
| DE19725956A1 (en) * | 1996-07-20 | 1998-01-22 | Degussa | Manganese-containing copper-zinc-silver brazing alloy for highly stressed steel pipe |
| US20040084509A1 (en) * | 2002-11-01 | 2004-05-06 | Heinrich Meyer | Method of connecting module layers suitable for the production of microstructure modules and a microstructure module |
| US20050089440A1 (en) * | 2003-10-24 | 2005-04-28 | Kembaiyan Kumar T. | Braze alloy |
| US6918530B2 (en) * | 2002-01-25 | 2005-07-19 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Bonded member comprising different materials, and production method thereof |
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2006
- 2006-04-11 CN CNB2006100396979A patent/CN100398251C/en active Active
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5352542A (en) * | 1992-09-02 | 1994-10-04 | Degussa Aktiengesellschaft | Use of silver alloys as cadium-free brazing solder |
| US5531962A (en) * | 1992-09-02 | 1996-07-02 | Degussa Aktiengesellschaft | Cadmium-free silver alloy brazing solder, method of using said solder, and metal articles brazed with said solder |
| DE19725956A1 (en) * | 1996-07-20 | 1998-01-22 | Degussa | Manganese-containing copper-zinc-silver brazing alloy for highly stressed steel pipe |
| US6918530B2 (en) * | 2002-01-25 | 2005-07-19 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Bonded member comprising different materials, and production method thereof |
| US20040084509A1 (en) * | 2002-11-01 | 2004-05-06 | Heinrich Meyer | Method of connecting module layers suitable for the production of microstructure modules and a microstructure module |
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| GB2409209A (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2005-06-22 | Smith International | A braze alloy, down hole cutting tool and a method of manufacture of said tool |
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| CN1836824A (en) | 2006-09-27 |
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