CN100369646C - 蒸馏系统 - Google Patents

蒸馏系统 Download PDF

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CN100369646C
CN100369646C CNB038253089A CN03825308A CN100369646C CN 100369646 C CN100369646 C CN 100369646C CN B038253089 A CNB038253089 A CN B038253089A CN 03825308 A CN03825308 A CN 03825308A CN 100369646 C CN100369646 C CN 100369646C
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小劳伦斯·A·史密斯
居里·R·吉尔德特
詹姆斯·R·费尔
弗兰克·A·塞伯特
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
    • B01D3/009—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping in combination with chemical reactions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
    • B01D3/14—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column
    • B01D3/16—Fractionating columns in which vapour bubbles through liquid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
    • B01D3/14—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column
    • B01D3/16—Fractionating columns in which vapour bubbles through liquid
    • B01D3/22—Fractionating columns in which vapour bubbles through liquid with horizontal sieve plates or grids; Construction of sieve plates or grids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
    • B01D3/14—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column
    • B01D3/32—Other features of fractionating columns ; Constructional details of fractionating columns not provided for in groups B01D3/16 - B01D3/30
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/32—Packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit or module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
    • B01J2219/324—Composition or microstructure of the elements
    • B01J2219/32466—Composition or microstructure of the elements comprising catalytically active material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
    • B01J2219/326—Mathematical modelling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S203/06—Reactor-distillation

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Abstract

与不带填料的塔板相比，在含有带多孔容器填料的塔板的蒸馏塔操作中获得理论塔板等效高度的改进，所述多孔容器含有与弹性构件紧密相联的微粒材料，所述微粒材料带有至少50体积%开放空间，优选至少70体积%，并位于塔板上。所述填料可含有催化性微粒材料且蒸馏可包含反应及反应产物的蒸馏。微粒材料也可以是惰性的，并且常规类型的蒸馏用于分离没有反应的蒸馏混合物中的组分。

Description

蒸馏系统
发明背景
发明领域
本发明涉及并行实施蒸馏或化学反应及通过分馏作用分离反应物与产物的系统。
相关技术
现已开发有通过分馏作用可并行分离反应混合物组分的催化反应实施方法，并已广泛商业化。提出了几种系统，其中一种成功商业化的系统采用催化剂作为催化蒸馏结构。此种系统各自如共同转让的美国专利号4,215,011；4,232,177；4,242,050；4,242,052；4,302,356；4,307,254；4,336,407；4,439,350；4,443,559和4,482,775中所述。
简单地说，这些专利中描述的商业化催化结构包含布带(clothbelt)，带有多个沿布带隔开的小袋，并且小袋内含有微粒催化剂材料。带有以催化剂填充的小袋的布带绕诸如针织不锈钢丝网的间隔材料缠绕成螺旋，这些“捆包”全装载入蒸馏塔。美国专利号4,302,356，4,443,559和4,250,052另公开了作此用途的各种催化剂结构。
也有提议将微粒催化剂松散地置于标准蒸馏塔板上。例如参见美国专利号4,215,011和英国专利GB 2,096,603和2,096,604。美国专利号4,439,350公开了一种用以保持和支撑催化剂的封闭多孔容器的小夹，所述容器彼此隔开位于蒸馏塔板上并处于塔板上的液体中。有提议将催化剂置于标准蒸馏塔的降液管内，如美国专利号3,634,534。也有建议将位于塔板上的催化剂流态化，例如美国专利号4,471,154。此类流化床的一些缺陷已在1966年7月出版的ChemikerZeitung/Chemische Apparatur第90卷第13期，和美国专利号4,215,011中被认识到。Quang等在美国专利号4,847,430及Nocca等在美国专利号4,847,431中公开了将微粒催化剂装填于蒸馏塔的交替塔板上，并带有绕催化剂填充的塔板的气体旁路。长期以来均采用固体玻璃珠来分散和支撑位于固定床内的催化剂，尤其是在中试装置和实验室规模反应器中。例如参见采用玻璃珠作为实验室规模反应器蒸馏塔内的分散剂及载体的美国专利号4,918,244。目前，商业化最成功的一种装置将微粒催化剂置于封闭的小袋内，所述小袋沿玻璃纤维布带布置，如美国专利号4,215,011中所公开。
需通过改进寻求克服的主要问题有，减少通过柱子的压降，提供反应物与催化剂的充分接触，同时为分馏作用的气液良好接触作好准备。许多有用的催化剂是微细粉末形态，这就阻碍了其直接用作蒸馏组分。即使是更大的挤塑粒子本身也不能很好地作为蒸馏结构。因而采用布带、笼罩和支撑塔板是主导性的开发方向。尽管有提议采用更大的催化剂结构，然而许多催化材料的多孔性要求限制了其结构的完整性。许多仅依靠外表面活性且对大型结构具有抗力的催化剂只能用于气相反应，例如马来酸酐产物。美国专利号4,443,559和5,226,546均公开了可置于类似于筛板的塔板上的催化性蒸馏结构，用作蒸馏塔反应器中的支撑体。
本发明涉及这些结构和催化蒸馏，但本发明总的来说还涉及蒸馏。本发明的优点是，通过使用本系统可获得对常规蒸馏塔板的更高塔效率。并没有已知技术暗示本发明，实际上常规知识暗示本发明是起反作用的。从此处的公开内容可明显看出本发明的未料到的益处。
发明概述
已惊异地发现，在含有多塔板的蒸馏塔的操作中，其中填料包含含有微粒材料的多孔容器，所述多孔容器与弹性构件紧密相联，所述弹性构件由至少50体积％，优选为至少70体积％的开放空间构成并置于塔板上，则所提供的理论塔板等效高度(HETP)少于不带所述填料的所述塔板。填料可含有催化性微粒材料并且蒸馏作用可包含反应和反应产物的蒸馏。微粒材料也可以是惰性的，并且采用常规类型的蒸馏作用分离没有反应的蒸馏混合物中的组分。
塔板可以是任意的常规塔板(或其变型)，例如筛板和鼓泡塔板。
附图简述
图1是表示与不带填料的相同板式塔相比，本填料板式塔的以英寸表示的改进的理论塔板等效高度的图。
图2是合适位置带有填料的蒸馏作用局部剖视图的图形表示。
优选实施方案描述
本填料可填充塔板之间的整个空间，或者仅填充该区域的大部分，以获得更低HETP的益处。填料塔板可比未填充塔板具有更低的容量。对未填充塔板(如用于常规蒸馏)的局限性在于液体夹带，然而似乎本发明填料塔板容量的局限性是降液管容量。水力计算揭示了生产量限制，即降液管溢出(downcomer backup)可能对填充塔板产生影响。降液管中的等效清液面须按如下平衡蒸汽流动压降：
hdc-had＝hd+2hL
其中hdc＝降液管中等效清液的泡沫压头，
had＝降液管档板下的液体流动压力损失，
hd＝流过一个塔板的压力损失，
hL＝两相流通填料的压力损失。
在该关系式中，压头可以清液或等效的水表示。hL数值由总塔板压降的测量而得到。
已经发现，在催化剂床中，约50体积％的自由空间即足以获得可实施的分馏。
可通过将微粒材料封闭于布、筛用网线或聚合网等的多孔容器内来使用这些微粒材料。用于制造容器的材料必须对反应物和蒸馏或反应/蒸馏系统中的条件具有惰性。布可以是满足此种要求的任意材料，例如棉，玻璃纤维，聚酯，尼龙等。筛用网线可以是铝，钢，不锈钢等。聚合物网可以是尼龙，聚四氟乙烯等。用以制造容器的每英寸材料的网孔或丝线使得微粒材料保留于容器内而不会穿过开口。容器中可采用约0.15mm尺寸的粒子或粉末，以及高达约1/4英寸直径的粒子。
用以保持催化剂粒子的容器可具有任意的构型，例如公开于共同转让的上述专利中的小袋，或者容器可以是单圆筒、球形、环状、立方体、管状等。
每一含有固态微粒材料(惰性或催化性)的容器均包含有微粒组分。每一微粒组分均与间隔构件紧密相联，所述间隔构件由至少70体积％至高达95体积％的开放空间构成。该构件可以是刚性或弹性的或者其组合。催化剂组分和间隔构件相结合形成催化蒸馏结构。一种合适的此类材料是开孔针织不锈钢丝，通常被称为除雾器丝线或膨胀铝。其他的弹性构件可以是类似的尼龙、聚四氟乙烯等的开孔针织聚合细丝。唯一的必要是与催化剂组分紧密相联的间隔构件能起到如上所述的使各催化剂组分彼此隔开的作用。由此，间隔构件实际上提供了基本开放空间的矩阵，催化剂组分随机但基本均一地散布于所述开式空间内。
刚性或非弹性间隔构件公开于美国专利号5,730,843(此处以其全部引为参考)，其中刚性骨架由至少两个基本垂直的相同的栅格、多个基本水平的刚性膜和优选为丝网的多个基本水平的流体可渗透管道构成，所述刚性膜将栅板隔开并分别维持，所述管道安装至所述栅格从而在所述管道中形成多个流体通路，优选地至少部分所述丝网管道含有微粒材料。
容器可以是在使用环境中呈惰性的布或其他多孔材料。可使用棉或亚麻，但优选以玻璃纤维布或“聚四氟乙烯”布作为丝网。微粒材料可以是粉末，但通常为更大，例如0.25-1微米，也使用高达1/4英寸的大粒子。
填料的表面效率高。重要地是，液体似乎流穿布壁(受迫性地)，这可以提供比常规反向流更好的催化剂粒子的穿透。
参照图2，示出了带有筛板12和降液管14的部分柱10。各塔板之间为含有粒子容器20和除雾器丝线18的填料16。填料16布置于塔板的降液管之下，但使降液管从它所位于的塔板仍保持开放。在此实施方案中，间隔的最后数英寸填充有除雾器丝线。
实施例
采用带有6个以18英寸间隔的筛板的蒸馏塔，在全回流下条件下，在环己烷/正庚烷混合物分离的24磅/平方英寸绝对压力下得到图1数据。通过将多重连接或连续管形结构置于诸如除雾器丝线的丝网筛顶部而形成填料。管道包含填充有微粒催化材料的挠性半刚性丝网管状元件，管形结构每1-12英寸长度带有紧固零件，从而形成看似筛网金属丝“腊肠”链的多重连接。填料如5,432,890中所述，铺展及填充于每一塔板之间，管道的每一层之间填充有除雾器丝线，从而提供了除雾器丝线的交替层和紧密安置的催化剂管道。塔板之间的整个空间均以此方式填充，至少有除雾器丝线置于塔板上面。在降液管上面的空间保持开放，以使液体从填料释放。填充塔的分馏因子基本与单独的筛板相同。

Claims (9)

1.含有多塔板和与其相联的降液管的蒸馏塔，其中改进之处包含将填料置于所述塔板上，所述填料包括含微粒材料的多孔容器，所述多孔容器与间隔构件紧密相联，所述间隔构件由至少70体积％-高达95体积％的开放空间构成，所述填料在所述蒸馏塔中的用量使得带有填料的所述塔板的理论塔板等效高度HETP低于不带所述填料的所述塔板的HETP，且与塔板相联的降液管中的等效清液面须按如下平衡蒸汽流动压降：
hdc-hda＝hd+2hL
其中hdc＝降液管中等效清液的泡沫压头，
hda＝降液管档板下的液体流动压力损失，
hd＝流过一个塔板的压力损失，
hL＝两相流通填料的压力损失。
2.根据权利要求1的蒸馏塔，其中所述微粒材料包含催化性微粒材料。
3.根据权利要求1的蒸馏塔，其中所述微粒材料包含惰性材料。
4.根据权利要求1的蒸馏塔，其中间隔构件是弹性的。
5.根据权利要求1的蒸馏塔，其中间隔构件是刚性的。
6.根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的蒸馏塔，其中所述塔板包含筛板。
7.根据权利要求1、2、3、4或5的蒸馏塔，其中所述塔板包含鼓泡塔板。
8.根据权利要求6的蒸馏塔，其中所述蒸馏塔被操作，用于从正庚烷分离环己烷。
9.根据权利要求8的蒸馏塔，其中所述HETP低于28英寸。
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