CH711404B1 - Clockwork movement comprising a resonator and an escape mechanism comprising an escape wheel with field and non-return ramps. - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a clockwork movement comprising at least one resonator mechanism (100) and a clockwork escapement mechanism (200) comprising at least one escape wheel (1) arranged to cooperate with the resonator mechanism (100). ), or directly, or indirectly through a stop (2) that includes the exhaust mechanism (200), the escape wheel (1) having a succession of tracks carrying ramps (6) of potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field, these ramps (6) being arranged to cooperate with the resonator mechanism (100) or respectively with the stopper (2). This escape mechanism (200) comprises a non-return device (5) arranged to oppose the recoil of the escape wheel (1).

Description

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a timepiece movement comprising at least one resonator and an escape mechanism comprising at least one escape wheel arranged to cooperate with the resonator mechanism, either directly, or else indirectly through a stopper that comprises said exhaust mechanism, said escape wheel comprising a succession of tracks carrying ramps of potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field, said ramps being arranged to cooperate with said resonator or respectively with said stopper. The invention also relates to a watch comprising at least one such movement.

The invention relates to the field of escapement mechanisms for mechanical watches, and more particularly the field of controlled field escapements, called magnetic escapements, or electrostatic escapements, or the like.

Background of the invention Document EP 2 887 157 in the name of SWATCH GROUP RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Ltd. describes an optimized timepiece escapement, with a stopper cooperating on the one hand with a balance plate, and on the other hand with magnetic or electrostatic field barriers arranged on tracks of the escapement wheel.

Such a device very significantly improves the efficiency of the exhaust, due to reduced or non-existent contacts. However, its development is especially effective when the operation is not too abrupt. This is to reduce the rebound of the escape wheel, which can, if not controlled, lead to an unstable situation. In a traditional, fully mechanical Swiss lever escapement, the escapement wheel supplies the balance spring with a certain amount of energy from a barrel or other similar accumulator. The excess kinetic energy of the escape wheel is dissipated when one of its teeth falls on the plane of rest of the pallet of the anchor, during the fall. This very intense shock effectively prevents the escapement wheel from bouncing.

In an exhaust with magnetic or electrostatic field barriers as described in the applications EP 2 887 157 cited above, EP 14 186 297, EP 14 186 296 and EP 14 186 261 by the same applicant, all incorporated here by reference, the interaction between a polar mass of the escape wheel (the "tooth") and a polar mass of the anchor (the "pallet") is conservative: the kinetic energy of the wheel is more dissipated by the impact of the fall, it is returned almost entirely to the wheel, in the opposite direction. Bounces are then observed. Fig. 1 illustrates the principle: the escapement wheel, pushed by the barrel, partially mounts the potential magnetic energy barrier (or electrostatic as the case may be); when the barrier torque dominates that provided by the barrel, the wheel stops, then starts in the other direction. The wheel thus oscillates around a stable tilting position, which is always the same. Friction due to the pivots and aerodynamic losses eventually dampen the wheel after many oscillations.

Rebound is necessary for constant force operation since it helps dissipate excess energy. However, it is important to control their duration, which must be less than half a period for the system to operate stably. On the other hand, it is advantageous to completely prevent rebounds in order to store the excess energy in the magnetic potential, or electrostatic as appropriate, so as to be able to recycle this energy, which then has the effect of significantly increase the exhaust efficiency.

Summary of the invention [0008] The objective of a non-return device, such as a pawl or the like in an exhaust device with a stopper cooperating with a balance plate, and with magnetic field barriers or electrostatic, in particular in the form of a magnetic anchor, is to prevent the escape wheel from bouncing on the magnetic barriers, or electrostatic as the case may be.

The invention proposes to block the rebounds of such a magnetic or electrostatic exhaust device, by adding a non-return device, which temporarily stores the energy of the escape wheel in the magnetic or electrostatic potential, in order to be able to restore it to the balance or the like during the exhaust function, which has the effect of significantly increasing the efficiency of this type of exhaust, in particular when the torque supplied by the barrel or the accumulator is high.

And, more particularly, the invention seeks to increase the energy efficiency of the exhaust mechanism and of the movement.

To this end, the invention relates to a timepiece movement comprising at least one resonator and an escapement mechanism comprising at least one escapement wheel arranged to cooperate with the resonator mechanism, according to claim 1.

The invention also relates to a watch comprising at least one such movement.

CH 711 404 B1

Brief description of the drawings [0013] Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the detailed description which follows, with reference to the accompanying drawings, where:

fig. 1 shows, schematically, for a magnetic type escapement mechanism, a diagram illustrating the variation of the potential energy on the ordinate, as a function of the angle at the center on the abscissa;

fig. 2 shows, schematically, a simulation of the evolution of the rebounds of the escape wheel, with the angle of rotation of the wheel on the ordinate, as a function of time on the abscissa;

fig. 3 shows, schematically, according to a power scale on the ordinate as a function of the drive torque on the abscissa, the loss channels of a magnetic anchor escapement, the triangular zone illustrating the absolute amount of energy lost by rebounds of the magnetic wheel, and showing that at low torque values corresponding to disarming the barrel, operation is barely guaranteed, while at high values of torque supplied by the barrel or the accumulator corresponds an excess of available energy which tends to be dissipated by the rebound phenomenon;

fig. 4 shows, similarly to FIG. 3, the relative losses, with on the ordinate the ratio of the losses compared to the total power, as a function of the drive torque on the abscissa, the upper triangular zone illustrating the relative amount of energy lost by the rebounds of the magnetic wheel;

fig. 5 shows, similarly to FIG. 1, the combination specific to the invention between the same magnetic escapement and a non-return device, shown schematically without limitation by a pawl;

fig. 6 shows, schematically, and in plan view, a magnetic escapement with retainer comprising two arms each carrying a polar mass arranged to cooperate alternately with a track of the escape wheel, which is coupled to a non-return device under form of a pawl here not limited to shown in the form of a single pawl;

fig. 7 is a variant of the mechanism of FIG. 6, where the pawl cooperates with a toothed sector only in certain angular zones where the non-return function is not necessary, so as to minimize losses during the winding of the non-return device, in particular by friction of the pawl in this case;

fig. 8 illustrates a particular working configuration of the mechanism of FIG. 7, where the pawl operates in traction when the escape wheel tends to pivot opposite to its normal operating direction;

fig. 9 illustrates, in plan view, a simplified escape wheel with alternating ramps without barrier, and separated alternately by zones of potential energy of zero field;

fig. 10 illustrates, in plan view, an escape wheel comprising two concentric tracks, with alternating ramps extended by barriers of potential energy, and an anchor-type retainer, with single polar mass, pivotally mounted to cooperate alternately with these two tracks;

fig. 11 is a block diagram representing a watch comprising a movement equipped with an escapement mechanism according to the invention.

Detailed description of the preferred embodiments The invention provides a simple and reliable solution for controlling the rebounds of a magnetic or electrostatic exhaust device, by adding a non-return device, which increases the efficiency of this type of exhaust, especially when the torque supplied by the barrel or the accumulator is high. This non-return mechanism makes it possible to accumulate energy from the barrel or the like, to restore it to the resonator.

The invention relates to a clockwork escapement mechanism 200 comprising at least one resonator 100. The escapement mechanism 200 comprises at least one escapement mobile. This mobile is described and illustrated here in the specific and non-limiting case of an escape wheel 1, but it can take other forms, such as a cylinder, or the like. In this nonlimiting variant, the exhaust mechanism 200 comprises at least one escape wheel 1, which is arranged to cooperate with such a resonator mechanism 100, either directly, or else indirectly through a stopper 2 that comprises this escape mechanism 200.

The invention is illustrated, without limitation, with a stopper escapement, this stopper 2 being constituted in a particular example, again without limitation, by a pivoting anchor comprising, as the case may be a single polar mass 3 arranged to cooperate alternately with tracks of the escape wheel comprising magnetic or electrostatic fields of variable intensity, or else two polar masses 3 arranged to cooperate alternately with

CH 711 404 B1 at least one track 4 of the escapement wheel 1 comprising magnetic or electrostatic fields of variable intensity.

The invention also applies to other types of escapement mechanisms, cylinder, natural, or other, in the case of direct cooperation without stopper.

The escape wheel 1 comprising a succession of tracks 4, or alternatively, according to the variants described below 40, 41, 42. These tracks 4 carry ramps 6 of increasing potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field . These ramps 6 are arranged to cooperate with the resonator 100, or respectively with the stopper 2.

According to the invention, this exhaust mechanism 200 comprises at least one non-return device 5, which is arranged to oppose the return of the escape wheel 1, that is to say for the '' prevent backing off from its normal direction of pivoting.

More particularly, the exhaust mechanism 200 comprises a stopper 2 cooperating on the one hand with a plate that comprises the resonator mechanism 100, in particular a balance plate in the case of a balance-spring balance spring, and cooperating on the other hand with ramps 6 of potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field, by at least one polar mass 3, or even, according to the variants described below 30, 31, 32, that includes this retainer 2. This mass pole 3 is arranged to move in the field corresponding to these ramps 6 of potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field.

[0021] FIG. 1 takes up the teachings of application EP 28 871 573, relating to a magnetic exhaust device 200 with a stopper 2 with a single polar mass 30 pivoting so as to cooperate alternately with an internal track and an external track, as shown in the fig. 10. This diagram illustrates the variation of the potential energy, on the ordinate, along the magnetized tracks, as a function of the angle at the center on the abscissa, for each of the two tracks of FIG. 1: inner track in solid line, and outer track in broken line, each comprising a succession of magnetized zones with different intensities, and exerting different repulsion forces in interaction with the polar mass of the anchor when the latter is in their immediate vicinity, the areas immediately adjacent to the two adjacent concentric tracks also being of different magnetization level.

This fig. 1 shows the accumulation of potential energy taken from the escape wheel 1 on the sections P1-P2 and P3-P4 each corresponding to a half-period, and its restitution by the anchor 2 to the balance during the change of track of the polar mass P2-P3 and P4-P5. This fig. 1 shows a particular position PP, at the level of a significant change in slope between a ramp 6 and a barrier 7 of potential energy which extends it, around which position PP the rebounds are damped due to the play of the energy slopes potential of the fields. The value ER designates the energy of the ramp 6 at this point, that is to say the difference between the energy level of this particular point PP, and the minimum potential energy level of the tracks 4 of the wheel. exhaust 1.

The invention is described and illustrated here in the magnetic alternative, with non-return device on the escapement wheel; those skilled in the art will be able to carry out the electrostatic and mixed alternatives with reference to the patent applications cited above, from the same applicant.

The energy dissipation during rebounds is conventionally done by friction, at least partially viscous, in particular at the level of the pivots, and by aerodynamic losses, as visible in FIG. 2.

An important advantage of magnetic or electrostatic field escapement mechanisms is that the tipping point is fixed, perfectly reproducible, and the energy transmitted is constant. In such a configuration, the anchor always rocks at the same position, at the foot of the magnetic barrier when it exists (which is not always the case, we can also have the combination of a simple ramp and a mechanical stop to play the role of the potential energy barrier). The stopper or anchor therefore always transmits the same amount of energy to the balance, which makes it a constant force system, the excess being dissipated by rebounds.

The barrel does not always provide the same torque, this excess energy dissipated by rebounds is not constant, as can be seen in fig. 3, which shows the different loss channels of the magnetic anchor escapement, namely, from bottom to top:

- useful power received by the PU resonator;

- PAC anchor losses (shocks);

- losses in wheel rebounds (triangular sector) PRDR; these losses can be significant when the barrel is fully cocked; the system is dimensioned to operate just at low torque, at the end of disarming the barrel;

- PRER wheel and gear rotation losses,

- the upper oblique line representing the total, that is to say the total power supplied by the PTFB barrel.

The triangular area represents the absolute amount of energy lost by the rebounds of the magnetic wheel.

[0028] FIG. 4 shows, in the same order, the same quantities which are represented in relative values with respect to the total power supplied to the escapement wheel: This fig. 4 shows that, when the torque of the barrel is high, the proportion of energy lost (not transmitted to the balance-spring) in rebounds becomes very large, almost 50%. Full suppression of bounces is not possible.

CH 711 404 B1 The invention strives to minimize these rebounds as much as possible by adding a non-return device, such as a pawl or the like, acting on the escapement wheel.

It is a question, at the same time, of limiting the rebounds to the minimum, and above all of increasing the efficiency of the escapement mechanism, and, consequently, the power reserve of the clock movement.

The principle is illustrated in FIG. 5. The tipping point now depends on the torque, the energy transmitted is then variable.

The exhaust can therefore transfer more energy to the balance spring. The yield is improved. The system loses its constant force characteristic and becomes a variable force escapement with torque, like a traditional Swiss anchor escapement.

Various configurations for distributing the fields on the track or tracks 4 of the escapement wheel 1 can be used. In a first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10, the stopper 2 comprises a polar mass 3 which is a single polar mass 30 arranged to cooperate successively and alternately with two tracks 4 which are a first track 41 and a second track 42.

In a second embodiment, the retainer 2 comprises two polar masses 3, which are a first polar mass 31 and a second polar mass 32, arranged to cooperate successively and alternately with a track 4 which is a single track 40 .

And the escape wheel 1 comprises, arranged periodically at a pitch P, a plurality of zones, called useful zones ZU, each situated on the one hand a zone of minimum potential energy of such a track 4, 40, 41, 42 given, and on the other hand a zone of maximum potential energy of such a track 4, 40, 41, 42, which zone of maximum potential energy immediately follows the zone of minimum considered potential energy of this given lead.

And each crossing of such a zone of maximum potential energy of a track 4, 40, 41, 42, by a polar mass 3, 30, 31.32, corresponds to a tilting of the stopper 2 .

In the particular configuration comprising both ramps 6 and barriers 7 of potential energy, the ramps 6 of potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field disposed on these tracks 4, 40, 41,42 each have a barrier 7 of potential energy at their end of maximum field potential energy, tending to oppose its crossing by a polar mass 3 of the retainer 2.

More particularly, on such a track 4, 40, 41,42 each ramp 6 is extended by a barrier 7 of magnetic or electrostatic field, this barrier 7 comprising immediately following the ramp 6, at the particular point PP, a first zone 71 of rapid growth of potential energy whose gradient is greater than the maximum gradient of the ramp 6 concerned. This first zone 71 is followed by a second zone 72 of maximum potential energy where the concavity of the potential energy curve is inverted with respect to the first zone 71. The second zone 72 is immediately followed by a third zone 73 potential energy decay where the concavity of the potential energy curve is inverted with respect to the second zone 72, and this third zone 73 ends with a fourth zone 74 of minimum potential energy.

In the particular configuration of FIG. 10, each useful zone ZU is located between on the one hand a fourth zone 74 of minimum potential energy of a said track 4, 40, 41, 42 given, and on the other hand a second zone 72 of maximum of potential energy of such a track 4, 40, 41,42 immediately following this fourth zone 74 of minimum potential energy of this given track. And each crossing of such a second zone 72 of maximum potential energy of a track 4, 40, 41, 42 by such a polar mass 3, 30, 31, 32 corresponds to a tilting of the stop 2.

In a chained configuration as in FIG. 10, on a track 4, 40, 41, 42, each said first zone 71 immediately follows the previous fourth zone 74.

More particularly, on the escapement wheel 1 as a whole, each first zone 71 immediately follows the previous fourth zone 74.

In a fragmented configuration, on a track 4,40,41,42, each first zone 71 is separated from the previous fourth zone 74 by a fifth zone of constant or zero potential energy.

More particularly, on the exhaust wheel 1 as a whole, each first zone 71 is separated from the previous fourth zone 74 by a fifth zone of constant or zero potential energy.

In particular variants, such as in particular in FIG. 9, the ramps 6 of potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field arranged on the tracks 4 are devoid of potential energy barrier at their end of potential energy of maximum field, and the tracks 4 each comprise an alternation of zones of zero potential energy and such ramps 6. And, advantageously, in such cases, the potential energy ramps 6 of magnetic or electrostatic field disposed on the tracks 4,40,41,42 are each associated, at its zone d maximum potential energy, at a mechanical stop preventing it from being crossed by a polar mass 3 of the retainer 2.

CH 711 404 B1 In the variants with retainer 2, the non-return device 5 may include, without limitation: a compression pawl 51, a traction pawl 52, an internal compression pawl, or even a traction pawl inside, or combinations of these different pawls, or any other mechanism tending to oppose the recoil of the escape wheel 1.

[0047] FIG. 6 shows a compression pawl 51 comprising a first elastic connection with a first fixed part of the exhaust mechanism 200 external to the retainer 2 and to the escape wheel 1, this compression pawl 51 cooperates with at least one toothing 10 integral in pivoting with the escape wheel 1. A single pawl 51 is shown so as not to overload the figure, but it is clear, as for the other variants, that the mechanism can comprise a plurality of such pawls, including different types. In the same way, the mechanism may include several teeth, for example above and below the median plane of the wheel 1, and possibly alternately.

Preferably, this at least one toothing 10 is a wolf tooth toothing, allowing the advance of the escape wheel 1 by sliding on the compression pawl 51 and opposing the recoil of the wheel. exhaust 1 by subjecting this at least one compression pawl 51 to a buckling force when the escape wheel 1 tends to move back.

In FIG. 8, the non-return device 5 comprises at least one traction pawl 52 comprising a second elastic connection with a second fixed part of the exhaust mechanism 200 external to the retainer 2 and to the escape wheel 1. This at least a traction pawl 52 cooperates with this at least one toothing 10, and is arranged to operate in traction and exert on the escape wheel 1 a torque tending to cause it to advance, when the escape wheel 1 tends to move back. The teeth 10 are preferably arranged analogously to the previous case.

In another variant, the pawl is loaded on the escapement wheel and the teeth are arranged on a fixed wheel. The non-return device 5 then comprises at least one internal compression pawl comprising a third elastic connection with the escapement wheel 1 and cooperating with at least one toothing 10 which comprises a toothed ring internally fixed to a fixed part of the exhaust mechanism 200 outside the stop 2 and the escape wheel 1.

Regarding the teeth 10, various arrangements are conceivable.

The variant of FIG. 7 shows that this at least one toothing 10 periodically comprises, alternately with zones provided with teeth 11, zones devoid of teeth 12 to minimize losses when the non-return function is not necessary, when said polar mass 3 of the stopper 2 cooperates with a zone 8 of zero potential energy (or at zero gradient: constant potential energy) of a track 4, 40, 41,42, or a low potential zone of a ramp 6.

To ensure minimum operation, the at least one toothing 10 must have at least one tooth 13 on each useful zone ZU. This reduces the cost of cutting or trimming the teeth. For example, each useful zone ZU has only three teeth 13.

In a more conventional version, this at least one toothing 10 has, on the areas provided with teeth that it has, at least twenty times more teeth than the escape wheel 1 does not have P (also called tooth equivalents), each step P corresponding to the travel between two successive tiltings of the stopper 2. Of course, friction losses exist, they are nevertheless constant, and do not alter the chronometric performance.

[0055] FIG. 6 illustrates a variant of a non-return device constituted by a pawl on the magnetic escapement wheel. In an advantageous variant, the pawl has a high resolution, which guarantees that the non-return of the wheel is carried out correctly. Preferably, the non-return device has at least twenty times more teeth than there are equivalent teeth on the escapement wheel. In the nonlimiting example of FIG. 6, there are six equivalent teeth to the wheel and one hundred and eighty at the level of the teeth which cooperate with the pawl.

The arming of the pawl teeth consumes a little energy and alters the efficiency of the exhaust. This problem can be minimized by placing teeth only in the functional regions, as shown in fig. 7. The self-starting of the exhaust is then also improved, provided that the ratchet blade is not too pre-armed.

[0057] FIG. 7 thus shows spared areas, so as to minimize losses, in the working areas where the non-return function is not necessary, that is to say in the lowest (or zero) areas field potential.

Figs. 6 and 7 show a first variant where the pawl comprises an elastic blade, which works in compression when the wheel tries to move back.

A second variant, in fig. 8, relates to a pawl which works in traction, when the wheel tends to move back.

Many other non-return devices can be envisaged, such as the system used in automatic inverters in automatic movements with oscillating mass winding, as described on: http://www.horlogerie-suisse.com / technique / the-complications / the-automatic-reversers One can still use, in combination, a hard blade on a soft wheel, rubber or similar.

In another variant, this non-return device 5 comprises at least one freewheel device, or a low rolling hysteresis mechanism of the "OneWay" type from the company "MPS": http: //www.mps -watch.eom / en / bearing-technology / produits.html # C581.

CH 711 404 B1 The presence of a non-return device offers another advantage which is combined with the advantages linked to operation: the magnetic potential can be lower, which simplifies the manufacture of magnets, and lowers costs.

Another combination consists in using the original potential, but with a barrel sized as much as possible, therefore much less bulky, which is always sought after in watchmaking, in particular in the case of ladies' watches or of watches with complications.

Of course, one can choose, all other things being equal, to simply increase the power reserve of the movement.

FIG. 9 illustrates another simplified embodiment, with magnetic or electrostatic tracks without field barrier, only with alternating ramps, with zones having zero potential energy, interposed between the ramps, as illustrated in FIG. 8. Starting is further simplified, and the range of usable torque is even greater.

It is understood that the use of a non-return device does not overcome the mechanical anti-shock stops mentioned in document EP 2 887 157.

The production of exhaust mechanisms according to the invention is possible as well with traditional technologies, in particular milling or stamping, or even laser machining making it possible to obtain a higher resolution, appreciable for the machining of the toothing 10.

We can also minimize the power required to operate the non-return device, using modern manufacturing technologies, such as deep silicon etching or LIGA. In particular, we seek to minimize the inertia, the spring constant, or even the coefficient of friction.

The invention also relates to a timepiece movement comprising at least one such escapement mechanism. The invention also relates to a watch comprising at least one such escapement mechanism.

In sum, the non-return device according to the invention allows, at the cost of a low-cost arrangement and limited space, to obtain a large increase in the efficiency of the exhaust mechanism, and, consequently , of the movement's power reserve.

claims

Claims (20)

1. Clock movement (300) comprising at least one resonator mechanism (100) and an escapement mechanism (200) with clockwork comprising at least one escape wheel (1) arranged to cooperate with the resonator mechanism (100 ), either directly or indirectly through a stopper (2) that comprises said exhaust mechanism (200), said escape wheel (1) comprising a succession of tracks (4; 40; 41; 42 ) carrying ramps (6) of increasing potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field, said ramps (6) being arranged to cooperate with said resonator mechanism (100) or respectively with said retainer (2), characterized in that said mechanism exhaust (200) comprises at least one non-return device (5) arranged to oppose the return of said escape wheel (1). 2. Clock movement (300) according to claim 1, characterized in that said escapement mechanism (200) comprises a stopper (2) cooperating on the one hand with a plate which comprises said resonator mechanism (100), and on the other hand with the ramps (6) of potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field by at least one polar mass (3; 30; 31; 32) that comprises said retainer (2) and which is arranged to evolve in the field corresponding to said ramps (6) of potential magnetic or electrostatic field energy. 3. Clock movement (300) according to claim 2, characterized in that said retainer (2) comprises either a said polar mass (3) which is a single polar mass (30) arranged to cooperate successively and alternately with two said tracks (4) which are a first track (41) and a second track (42), or else two said polar masses (3) which are a first polar mass (31) and a second polar mass (32) arranged to cooperate successively and alternately with a said track (4) which is a single track (40), and in that each said track (4; 40; 41; 42) comprises, arranged periodically according to a step (P), a plurality of zones, called useful zones (ZU), of minimum potential energy, and zones of maximum potential energy each immediately following a zone of minimum potential energy, and in that each crossing of a zone of maximum potential energy of a said track (4; 40; 41; 42) by a so-called polar mass (3; 30; 31; 32) corresponds to a tilting of said retainer (2). 4. Clock movement (300) according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that said ramps (6) of potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field disposed on said tracks (4; 40; 41; 42) each have a barrier (7) of potential energy at their end of potential energy of maximum field, tending to oppose its crossing by said polar mass (3) of said retainer (2). 5. Clock movement (300) according to claim 4, characterized in that, on a said track (4; 40; 41; 42) each said ramp (6) is extended by a magnetic field barrier (7) or electrostatic, said barrier (7) comprising immediately following said ramp (6) a first zone (71) of potential energy growth CH 711 404 B1 whose gradient is greater than the maximum gradient of said ramp (6), said first zone (71) being followed by a second zone (72) of maximum potential energy where the concavity of the potential energy curve is inverted with respect to said first zone (71), said second zone (72) being immediately followed by a third zone (73) of potential energy decrease where the concavity of the potential energy curve is inverted with respect to said second zone (72), and said third zone (73) ending in a fourth zone (74) of minimum potential energy. 6. Clock movement (300) according to claims 3 and 5, characterized in that each said useful area (ZU) is located on the one hand a said fourth area (74) of minimum potential energy of a said track (4; 40; 41; 42) given, and on the other hand a said second zone (72) of maximum potential energy of a said track (4; 40; 41; 42) immediately following said fourth zone (74) of minimum potential energy of said said track (4; 40; 41; 42) given, and in that each crossing of a said second zone (72) of maximum potential energy of a said track (4; 40; 41; 42) by a said polar mass (3; 30; 31; 32) corresponds to a tilting of said retainer (2). 7. Clock movement (300) according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that, on a said track (4; 40; 41; 42), each said first zone (71) immediately follows said fourth zone ( 74) above. 8. Clock movement (300) according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that, on a said track (4; 40; 41; 42), each said first zone (71) is separated from said fourth zone (74 ) previous by a fifth zone of constant or zero potential energy. 9. Clock movement (300) according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said ramps (6) of potential energy of magnetic or electrostatic field disposed on said tracks (4) are devoid of barrier potential energy at their end of maximum field potential energy, and in that said tracks (4) each comprise an alternation of constant or zero potential energy zones (8) and of said ramps (6). 10. Clock movement (300) according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that said ramps (6) of potential magnetic or electrostatic energy disposed on said tracks (4; 40; 41; 42) are each associated , at its maximum potential energy zone, at a mechanical stop preventing it from being crossed by a said pole mass (3) of said retainer (2). 11. Clock movement (300) according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that said non-return device (5) is arranged to minimize the rebounds of said escape wheel (1) on at least one part of the angular travel of said escape wheel (1). 12. Clock movement (300) according to one of claims 2 to 11, characterized in that said non-return device (5) comprises at least one compression pawl (51) comprising a first elastic connection with a first part fixed from said exhaust mechanism (200) external to said retainer (2) and to said escape wheel (1), said at least one compression pawl (51) cooperating with at least one toothing (10) integral in pivoting with said escape wheel (1). 13. timepiece movement (300) according to claim 12, characterized in that said at least one toothing (10) is a wolf tooth toothing allowing the advancement of said escape wheel (1) by sliding on said compression pawl (51) and opposing the recoil of said escape wheel (1) by subjecting said at least one compression pawl (51) to a buckling force when said escape wheel (1) tends to move back . 14. Clock movement (300) according to one of claims 2 to 11, characterized in that said non-return device (5) comprises at least one traction pawl (52) comprising a second elastic connection with a second part fixed from said exhaust mechanism (200) external to said retainer (2) and to said escape wheel (1), said at least one traction pawl (52) cooperating with said at least one toothing (10) and arranged to operate in traction and exert on said escape wheel (1) a torque tending to make it advance, when said escape wheel (1) tends to move back. 15. Clock movement (300) according to one of claims 2 to 11, characterized in that said non-return device (5) comprises at least one internal compression pawl comprising a third elastic connection with said escape wheel (1) and cooperating with a toothing (10) which comprises a toothed ring internally fixed to a fixed part of said exhaust mechanism (200) external to said retainer (2) and to said escape wheel (1). 16. Clock movement (300) according to one of claims 12 to 15, characterized in that said at least one toothing (10) periodically comprises, alternately with zones provided with teeth (11), zones devoid of teeth (12) to minimize losses, when said polar mass (3) of said retainer (2) cooperates with an area of zero potential energy of a said track (4; 40; 41; 42) or an area of low potential a said ramp (6). 17. Clock movement (300) according to claim 3 or 5, and according to one of claims 12 to 16, characterized in that said at least one toothing (10) comprises at least one tooth (13) on each said useful area (ZU). 18. Clock movement (300) according to claim 3 or 5, and according to one of claims 12 to 16, characterized in that said at least one toothing (10) comprises, on the areas provided with teeth that it comprises, at least twenty times more teeth than said escape wheel (1) does not include said step (P), each said step (P) corresponding to the travel between two successive tiltings of said retainer (2). CH 711 404 B1 19. Clock movement (300) according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that said non-return device (5) comprises at least one freewheel device. 20. Watch (400) comprising at least one clockwork movement (300) according to one of claims 1 to 19.