CH630226A5 - Method and apparatus for making sowing or planting rows in fields - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a method and a device for the mechanical production of seed or plant rows for seed or plant material on fields covered with living or dead plants and / or crop residues and / or fertilizer.

Most of the previously known methods for preparing seedbeds or for producing rows of seeds or plant rows mechanically require plowed or loosened and finely crumbled arable soil that has been completely or at least predominantly cleared of plants, crop residues.

Therefore, before plowing or loosening, organic material present on the soil surface, e.g. living or dead plants, crop residues such as B. straw, beet leaf or straw fertilizer, either plowed deep or chopped and mixed into the field crumbs, as long as it cannot rot between plowing, loosening, crumbs apart. At the time of sowing, there should generally no longer be any noteworthy organic residues on the soil surface when working with conventional coulters. Even when using known disc coulters, there must not be too much organic or even stalked mass so that the seeds can be introduced into the soil without gaps and without intermittent blockage of the coulters.

So far, experts and agricultural practice have assumed that the arable land should be planted with main crops, e.g. Cereals, potatoes, sugar beets, maize etc., either plowed or milled to the appropriate depth - if they are covered with living or dead plants, plant residues etc. - in order to either plow these residues into the ground or to grind them into the arable soil. Plowing in organic material has major disadvantages:

It acts as a foreign body in deeper soil layers if it decays anaerobically in the absence of air. If, for example, organic material introduced through skimmers, e.g. Green manure plants, straw, etc. form a coherent mattress, the rise of soil moisture from deeper layers into the upper layers is also disturbed by the capillaries. That is why plowing with reversible plows, especially on heavy or poor soil, despite the loosening and deepening of the arable crust achieved, the more harmful the deeper you plow.

It is known that the flatter introduction or mixing of shredded organic material, including the manure, into the upper areas of the arable land has the advantage that this material can rot under the influence of air, but that toxic reaction products are formed in the initial stage of aerobic decomposition processes are harmful to the growth of roots. You may have to wait several weeks after incorporating such organic matter with the seeds until the products have degraded. This has the disadvantage that either the seed is spread too late or rises poorly, or that the rotting time has to be brought forward by plowing very early. This means that the field often remains uncovered for far too long and the crops that are desired for crop rotation - especially winter crops - have to be avoided too often. Another disadvantage is that after each cultivation of the soil, valuable nutrients from the humus capital are mineralized due to the entry of air and are therefore washed out in the event of subsequent rain traps. In addition, many valuable soil components are washed away by the influence of wind and water, thereby increasing the progressive erosion of cultivated soils. If the uncovered surface of the soil is covered by heavy rainfall or driven on by vehicles, there is usually greater compaction than in a field covered with plants until the subsequent order. Another disadvantage is that when the manure or manure is mixed in too early, its nutrients are already converted before the plants of the following crop are even able to use them or z. B. absorb and utilize the carbonic acid produced during the rotting processes.

If a field remains without a protective plant cover for a long time, it can also lead to an excessive increase or decrease in individual types of soil organisms and thus to increased pest pressure

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come. Living or dead plant cover, on the other hand, represent much better living conditions for a diverse and balanced soil flora and fauna.

The usual mostly full-surface cultivation of the soil also has the disadvantage that a particularly large number of soil organisms (earthworms, etc.) are damaged or killed. This affects the soil cookers and thus the yields, so that farmers are forced to give more and more nutrients in the form of commercial fertilizers. The easily soluble nutrients not only require a disproportionate amount of energy in their manufacture and transport, they are also the reason why rapidly increasing amounts of pesticide poisons have to be used.

The full-surface cultivation of the arable crumb, especially if it is carried out in several work steps in a row, also leads to premature or excessive drying of the arable crumb and thus to reduced yields and shrinkage in dry years. If there is insufficient or uneven soil closure, more seeds will be used.

Because of these many and serious disadvantages of conventional tillage, attempts have also been made to use other known methods, which are also referred to as “minimal tillage”. In these processes, the soil is not worked at least sometimes, and the seeds are introduced in rows or over a wide area into the top, unploughed soil layer. The so-called “clean field” required for the ordering equipment is either produced by milling only flat, or by killing the organic soil cover with chemical agents (herbicides) or causing it to decompose quickly or by flaming.

For flat milling, the ground must be dry enough and it must not have any deeper lanes on tractors or vehicles that z. B. when harvesting the previous crop or when applying fertilizers. This method can therefore not be used on relatively moist soil, although this condition would be the most favorable for sowing and the emergence of the seed. In addition, the so-called rotting time of the organic material must also be awaited here. Since the entire surface is milled, it is impossible or difficult to mill the field with conventional tractors in one operation and to order at the same time. This is difficult, if not impossible, because when plant residues are mixed into the top layer of soil, the crumbling or closing of the soil, especially on heavy soil,

is usually deficient. To order the field, several work steps are usually necessary. If these are separated in time, there is the further disadvantage that the organic material is too rapid, i.e. rots before the period when the conversion products of the fertilizers and nutrients can best be used by the growing stock of the next crop.

When spraying with chemical agents or when flaming, the soil flora and fauna are damaged and thus prevented from fulfilling their task of supplying the next crop with nutrients. Reductions in yield can therefore also only be compensated for in this process by increasing the amount of mineral fertilizers - and, in turn, the amounts of herbicides used and their known disadvantages.

Other known methods, in which grooves are cut or cut in the soil covered or covered with plants using rotating disks, knives, milling machines, stars or cutting wheels, have the disadvantage that the loosened soil crumbs are partly in the seed grooves and partly on the unprocessed ones Field patrols are filed. So far, they have not achieved the desired success because the individual work organs either work at unequal depths or are too sensitive to stones. In addition, either too little fine soil is produced as a seed bed or the soil crumbs removed from the grooves are mixed too much with organic substances. If the floor is not z. B. was sufficiently deep and properly loosened for sowing the previous crop, it does not absorb enough rainfall overall, although the rainfall may then concentrate in the seed grooves and cause “stagnant moisture” in these.

If these methods are used to pull seed grooves and spread the seeds at the same time, the emergence is often unsafe.

Another known method provides for the upper layer of the soil covered with plants, crop residues, fertilizer etc. to be comminuted broadly and flatly by rotating tools, i.e. to produce a so-called mulch layer from a mixture of plant and soil particles, then pile this mulch layer into dams and place the seeds in the furrows that have formed between them on the soil horizon unprocessed by the milling organs, press on them and cover them with little soil. The so-called mulch mass in the pile dams is to be used later, when the plants have grown, to cover or pile up the rows of plants. This method does bring a considerable improvement because it allows the immediate cultivation of a field covered with plants etc. and the preparation and sowing of the seed bed in the same or in closely sequential operations. This prevents the soil from drying out and the rotting of the organic material too early, so that unusually high yields can be achieved.

However, the method still has the disadvantage that the power required for several milling, piling and sowing operations to be carried out simultaneously for conventional tractors is still too great, and that the milling organs - especially on heavy soil or in damp weather - have an undesirable smear layer on them of the soil horizon they leave behind means that the production of ridging dams from loose earth is only possible with larger row widths, ie with root crops better than with cereals. Especially with very sensitive fine seeds, the rotting of the mulch cover - depending on the weather - will still be a little too fast or too slow in dry and cool weather, so that rotting poisons can damage the plant roots.

The invention has for its object to provide a method and an apparatus for the mechanical production of seed or plant grooves for seeds and seedlings (seeds or seedlings) on fields covered with living or dead plants and / or crop residues and / or fertilizer, which has the disadvantages avoids these known methods and devices. In particular, it should enable the production of seed or plant grooves on any soil, after any previous crop, at any time of the year and the simultaneous or later introduction of the seeds, seedlings, seed tubers, etc. to a uniform depth and even with relatively damp soil, without clogging and optimal working and ensure growth conditions even if the entire surface of the soil has not been plowed, loosened or milled immediately beforehand, nor has it been cleaned of the living or dead plants, crop residues, straw manure etc. covering it. The device is said to be small

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Have power requirements and be versatile, so that fields with dense, high or lush cover crops or green manure crops can be sown immediately after harvesting, without the implementation of these fertilizer masses affecting the emergence or growth of the next crop. In addition, the nutrients of such green manure plant residues and the manure should be used even better and more completely than in all other known processes.

The invention solves this problem in that for each row of seeds or plants undercut a narrow strip of the uppermost layer of soil, detached from the subsoil, raised, laterally offset and placed on the adjacent untouched field strip, and that the seed or planting material in the same operation or later sowed or planted on the sole of the resulting seed or planting groove, which has been freed of plant and crop residues and fertilizer (if necessary additionally loosened and / or crumbled beforehand).

Preferably, several seed or planting grooves drawn at the same time are separated from one another by a field strip that remains untouched, on which the top soil layer that is detached and laterally displaced when each seed groove is pulled, together with the plants, crop residues, fertilizer, etc. covering it, in the form of a dam covering the untouched field strip is filed.

After lifting and laterally moving the top layer of soil, the sole of the seed or planting grooves is expediently loosened, crumbled or deepened as a plant furrow, and the seed or planting material introduced and, if necessary, pressed on is covered with a flat layer of fine soil.

If a delay in rotting is desired, it is advisable to loosen the top layer of a field strip after cutting it under, to turn it 180 degrees and then to lay it on the adjacent untouched field strip.

If, on the other hand, all roots and herbs growing on the field are to be destroyed or damaged, the undercut top layer of soil can also be lifted off in a first step and temporarily placed on the adjacent untouched field strip without turning and then temporarily deposited in a subsequent second Work step also undercut this adjacent soil strip and turn it together with the top layer covering it and place it on the adjacent seed groove produced in the first work step and the seeds or planting material are introduced into the seed groove produced in the second step.

A device for carrying out the method, which has a plurality of rotating, disk-like or knife-like tools rolling on or in the ground, which are connected to feed devices for the seed or planting material and each of which is located at the free end of a support suspended from the frame of the device opposite the Soil is arranged in a pendulum height, characterized in that the pendulum-suspended carrier is designed as an elongated gear box, which is held at an adjustable distance from the ground surface by means of known feeler wheels, sliding shoes, etc., the output shaft of which runs transversely to the direction of travel and with another, itself in the axial direction, rotatably mounted shaft is in drive connection, the central axis of which forms an acute angle with the central axis of the output shaft and on the free end of which the disk-like or knife-like tools, preferably replaceable, are fastened.

If you are working in heavy or moist soils or if the floor is not to be crumbled or only slightly, the tools are preferably designed as concave disks.

If dry soil or plant growth is to be crushed, the tools can be designed as knife stars.

A plurality of concave disks are preferably arranged on the further shafts projecting on both sides of the elongated gear box.

Two concave disks are expediently attached to the free ends of the shafts in such a way that their concave disks face one another, so that a “double dam” is produced.

Additional tools for deepening the grooves and / or for crimping the sole are preferably arranged behind the tools in order to be able to cover the applied seed or planting material, which is preferably pressed against the surface of the sole, with loose soil.

The peripheral speed of the rotating hollow disks can either be greater than the driving speed, or even a multiple thereof.

Sowing coulters are preferably arranged behind the driven tools, which deposit the seed on the base of the seed groove, and pressure rollers and / or adjusters can be arranged in height and / or oscillating and / or under spring pressure directly behind the coulters, which is located in the seed groove Press the seed onto the sole of the seed groove and / or cover it loosely with earth crumbs scraped off the lateral edges of the seed grooves.

In a particularly expedient embodiment, the elongated gear is provided with axially flanges concentrically flanged to its output shafts, and the further shafts arranged at an acute angle to the axes of the output shafts are mounted in bearing tubes flanged to the axles and are thus protected by articulated shafts or housed therein Angular drives with the output shafts in drive connection.

If it is desired to let some of the green manure plants in the field continue to grow for a while during the youth development of the seeded culture in order to produce material for subsequent manure cover, the concave sides of the hollow discs facing each other will be on different sides of the gear unit are arranged so that the concave sides face the gear unit housing and the top layer of soil, which is undercut and laterally offset by both hollow disks, is placed as a double dam between the two seed grooves that were created, so that the untouched earth strip adjacent to the other side of this seed groove is left untouched also uncovered and its plants remain undisturbed.

It is expedient to arrange a holding arm with a pocket on the elongated gear housing, on which is arranged a rigid cross member extending behind the tools transversely to the direction of travel, to which known holding devices for coulters are attached.

In addition, further linkages for pressure rollers and / or spreaders running in the seed grooves can be articulated on the cross member or on the holding device.

In another embodiment of the invention, the elongated gears with the disks are arranged in at least two rows one behind the other such that the disks in the rear row are open to the disks in the front row by several steps of manufacturing

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To be able to perform seed grooves and lateral shifting of soil strips when crossing the field.

The invention is described in detail with reference to several exemplary embodiments shown in the drawings, the same reference numerals in different figures denoting identical or similar parts.

Show it:

1 shows a cross section through the arable crumb 46, which is covered with living plants 47 or dead plants, crop residues 48, etc., in the state before carrying out the method according to the invention;

FIG. 1b shows a cross section to FIG. 1 after the method has been carried out;

Fig. 2 shows a corresponding cross section through the vegetation before and

2b shows the field after performing another variant of the method;

3a the plant stand,

Fig. 3b the field after performing the first operation and

Fig. 3c after performing the second operation of a further variant of the method;

Fig. 4a before and

4b shows the field status after the method has been carried out;

Fig. 5 is a partial perspective view obliquely from behind of a device for performing the method with mounted and attached drill devices.

FIG. 6 shows a perspective and enlarged partial view of a device for producing seed or plant grooves according to FIG. 5;

Fig. 7 is a partial perspective view of an opposite

Fig. 6 modified embodiment;

8 shows a partial view, partially in the vertical plane and transversely to the direction of travel, of a part of the device according to FIGS. 6 and 7;

9 shows a section in the horizontal plane through the device according to FIG. 8;

Fig. 10 is a schematic, partially sectioned side view;

11 is a partially sectioned schematic plan view;

Fig. 12 is a partially broken rear view of another embodiment of the invention.

As shown in FIG. 1, the field crumb 46 is covered either with living plants 47 or with dead plants or harvest residues 48 before the method is carried out.

From Fig. 1 b it can be seen that after carrying out the method, the living or dead plants, crop residues etc. are cut out in the form of narrow strips from the uppermost layer of soil la, detached from the subsoil, lifted off, offset laterally and as a small dam lb between the cutting out the resulting seed and planting grooves 4 are placed on the surface of the untouched field strips. The seed deposited on the sole 3 or the plant bulb 49 is therefore placed on a soil strip completely freed from living plants and harvest residues, fertilizer etc. and can be covered with fine soil 5 removed from the edges 40 or from the sole 3 of the seed or plant groove 4 will.

2a shows a plant stand before carrying out another variant of the method. As shown in FIG. 2 b, the uppermost soil layer 1 a is cut out in narrow strips, turned, laterally offset and with the plants standing thereon downward in the form of a layer or a strand or pancake on the field strip 2 that is connected by the roots of these plants filed between the seed or planting grooves 4. This has the consequence that the plants growing on the field strip 2 are prevented from further growth by the layer 1 covering them and rot very slowly together with the cover layer 1, but that all soil organisms in the field strip 2 remain undisturbed and undamaged.

3a shows a plant stand before carrying out a further variant of the method;

Fig. 3b the state of the field after performing a first operation: the narrow strips 1 were only cut out of the top soil layer la, but not turned, and laterally offset, i.e. placed on the adjacent field strip 2 with plants pointing upwards.

3c, this field strip 2 is then undercut in a second operation with the layer 1 lying thereon, turned and laterally offset in the seed or planting groove 4a produced first, with the plants placed downward so that it forms this seed or planting groove 4 not only fills, but can also form a dam between the seed or planting grooves 4b produced in the second operation. As a result, the seed or the tuber can then be placed in the seed or planting groove 4b after the second operation and again covered with fine soil 5. The advantage of this method is that the entire field surface and therefore also all root weeds are undercut, and that even more soil and organic matter can be stored between the rows for the slowest possible decomposition, covering and fertilization.

Fig. 4a shows the cross section of a field soil with vegetation before and

Fig. 4b its state after performing a further variant of the method: It consists in that the narrow strips 1 undercut the top soil layer la and laterally offset them in opposite directions (with or without a turn) and on the untouched field strips 2 between them Double dam lc are filed. This has the effect that the untouched field strips 2 bordering on the opposite side of the seed or planting groove 4a and 4b remain uncovered in the subsequent period, so that the plants standing thereon (e.g. clover and other green manuring plants) still have a certain amount after the seed of the subsequent crop Time continues to grow, ie Form green mass, continue to shade and fasten the ground and, if necessary, assimilate air-nitrogen, e.g. if the seeded corn or beets or potatoes cannot take advantage of the available space when they are young. In a second, later work step, the green material grown on this strip can be chopped up and / or milled flat and piled onto the rows of useful plants as a mulch or soil covering layer using known chopping or chopping devices. This results in an astonishing improvement in the ground cooking and thus the yields.

5 and 6 show, the disk-shaped tools 6a can be mounted in pairs on the respective angled output shafts 15, 16 of a known elongated gear 12, the input shaft of which is designed as a hollow hub 24. As a result, a plurality of gears 12 can be attached to a profile shaft 25 at adjustable intervals and driven by this together from a main gear known per se, not shown in detail. This main transmission is mounted in a known manner on a frame 9, which can be detachably mounted on a motor agricultural machine, also not shown, by means of attachment and lifting devices, not shown

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strengthens and is guided in the working position by means of known support wheels 26 on the ground. The frame 9 carries a plurality of displaceable brackets 27, on which a known storage container for seeds 29 is detachably fastened and on which holding chains 23 are also suspended, which guide the lower end of the gear mechanism to a limited height.

The discharge device 30 is driven by an impeller 32 which rolls in the working position on the ground, but stands still when the entire device is lifted and is in drive connection with the variator gear (not shown) of the discharge device 30 via an elongated gear 33 designed as a rocker.

The elongated gears 12 are pressed by compression springs 41, which are supported on a torsion tube 34, into the working position with adjustable force against the ground, in order to be able to achieve a desired depth of penetration of the disks 6 or knives 7 even on heavy or hard ground. Fig. 16)

At the lower end of the gear 12, a holding arm 38 with a pocket 39 is attached, in which a holding handle 40 for a feeler wheel 13 or a slide shoe 14 is attached in a height-adjustable manner, around the free end of the gear 12 and thus also the disk-like or knife-like tools 6, 7 to be able to set the desired depth of penetration or the desired distance from the ground independently of the other gears or tools (see Fig. 7).

Also attached to the pocket 39 is a cross member 42 which extends transversely to the direction of travel in the area behind the knife-like or disk-like tools and on the free ends of which holding tubes 44 for the telescopic seed line tubes 31 and / or coulters 20 are attached.

On these holding tubes 44 or on the cross member 42, fork-shaped linkages 45 are also articulated to a limited extent, between which pressure rollers 21 are mounted and at their free ends feeders 22 are additionally articulated to a limited extent.

Fig. 6 shows an enlarged view of an elongated gear 12, which is suspended by means of holding chains 23 on brackets 27 to a limited extent and is pressed against the ground with adjustable force via the torsion springs 34 supported on the torsion tube 34. It is mounted as a hollow profile hub 24 input shaft on the hexagonal profile shaft 25 in a known manner slidably and lockable; the torsion shaft 34 and the profile shaft 25 are fastened in several bearing plates 28 to the frame 9 of the overall device.

In the pocket 39, a holding handle 40 is fastened in a height-adjustable manner, which consists of two parts connected by a joint and is rigidly attached to the rear end of a sliding shoe 14 in order to be able to adjust this sliding shoe articulated in front of and below the output shaft of the transmission 12 to different heights.

This embodiment enables the production of particularly deep seed or plant grooves, because the disks 6a can also cut very deep moist or heavy soil and can layer out of the seed or plant grooves 4 to form a double irrigation dam.

The embodiment according to FIG. 7 differs from that according to FIG. 6 essentially in that, instead of the grinding shoe, a feeler wheel 13 is attached to the holding handle 40. This design is particularly useful for light soil and for the production of relatively flat seed or plant grooves.

From the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 8 and 9, further details of the design of the lower end of the gear 12, the bearing housing 35 flanged onto it concentrically to the output shaft 15 and the bearing tube 36 flanged to it in a direction deviating by the angle a can be seen . In the bearing tube 36, the shaft 16 can be seen, on the projecting end 16a of which the disks 6a are attached in a rotationally fixed manner. The shaft 16 is connected to the output shaft 15 via a universal joint or a drive shaft 37. This enables the discs 6 to be driven reliably and permanently because the universal joints cannot be contaminated by soil.

The exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 10, 11 and 12 differ from those according to FIGS. 6 and 7 essentially in that known knife stars 7 are fastened to the free ends of the shafts 16, which as a result of their planes of motion running obliquely to the direction of travel expose a flat seed or planting groove 4, but crush the soil and any parts of the plant and place it in the form of a double dam on the unaffected field strips between the two seed or planting grooves. In order to prevent earth or even parts of plants from being thrown into the adjacent seed or planting grooves, a boom 49 is attached to the transmission, at the free end of which the pocket 39 is fastened with the holding handle 40. At the lower end of the holding arm 40 there is a bearing bush 50, in which the common axis 51 of two disk wheels 52 and 53 is mounted, between which the lower part of the holding arm 40 is located. Since the disc wheels 52, 53 are only designed with a rim flanged to the outside, but are otherwise designed as smooth discs, the disc knives 7a running under protective hoods 54 throw the excavated soil and the plant parts through an obliquely rearward exit opening 55 towards the disc wheels 52, 53, of which this good is collected and deposited in the form of a split double dam.

The results of the work with the method according to the invention are generally best if the field to be ordered is covered with living crops or a closed (but not airtight) layer of dead plants, e.g. Field mustard, straw, beet leaf, manure etc., remains covered. A particularly good shade is created under this plant cover, which is largely preserved even in winter or during dry periods. In addition, at least the heavy soil must be loosened and crumbled as deeply as possible or necessary before the sowing of the intermediate or green manuring fruit serving as plant cover in a dry state. The field should be prepared as well as it could not be better for main crops. This favors the development and activity of all soil organisms and thus the growth of the plants. This applies all the more, the more consistently one avoids driving on the field that has been loosened and tilled afterwards or even with heavy machinery and vehicles during the harvest. Rather, each harvested field should be processed immediately as indicated above and ordered with a green manure or catch crop in the conventional way as broad or drill seeds, unless clover or clover or similar plants have already been sown in the previous main crop (e.g. grain). In the latter case, one has to avoid any harmful lane through harvesting machines or when fertilizers are applied later. The field may therefore only be driven on with very dry or well frozen ground.

The best way to meet these conditions is to use tractors and machines that all have the same track width and are spaced 5

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These tracks create so-called tramlines and only these are used when driving on the field. This applies at least to all sowing, care and harvesting operations that follow plowing, loosening and harrowing. Accordingly, the working widths of all working machines for drilling, chopping, spraying etc. should either be the same as the lane used for the tractor or a multiple of the same.

Since each lane is driven twice by a wheel, it is achieved that not only the total number of all lanes is reduced to a fraction, but also the inevitable minimum number of lanes is halved each time the field is worked on, if the lane that has been created is used again and again . So-called “arable beds” are therefore created within the wheel tracks of the tractor, which, at least from the time of plowing 5 or loosening and loosening the field, generally remain free of all harmful lanes.

This bed culture ensures optimum soil quality and the best plant growth and thus particularly large increases in yield, cost reductions and savings in labor and purchased means of production through the method and the device according to the present invention.

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Claims (21)

630 226 PATENT CLAIMS 1. A method for the mechanical production of seed or plant rows for seed or seedlings on fields covered with living or dead plants and / or harvest residues and / or fertilizer, characterized in that for each seed or plant row (A) a narrow strip ( 1) cut out of the uppermost layer of soil (la), detached from the subsoil, lifted off, laterally offset and placed on the adjacent untouched field strip (2), and that the seed or planting material is applied to the sole (3) of the in the same operation or later resulting sowing or planting (4) from plant and crop residues and from fertilizer or planting is sown or planted. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a plurality of seed or planting grooves (4) are cut out simultaneously, detached from the substrate and lifted off, each separated by a field strip (2) which remains untouched, on which the each seed is produced - or planting groove (4) detached and laterally offset top soil layer is deposited together with the plants, crop residues and fertilizer covering it in the form of a dam (lb) each covering the untouched field strips (2). 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the sole (3) of the seed or plant grooves (4) after lifting and lateral displacement of the top soil layer (la) additionally loosened, crumbled or as a seed or plant furrow (4a ) is deepened, and that the introduced and, if necessary, pressed seeds or planting material is covered with a flat layer of fine soil (5). 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the top soil layer (la) of a field strip (1) after cutting out, loosened, turned by 180 degrees and then placed on the adjacent untouched field strip. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in a first operation the cut out top soil layer (la) is lifted and laterally offset without turning on the adjacent untouched field strip (2), and in a subsequent second operation this adjacent soil strip ( 2) likewise undercut and turned together with the top layer covering it (la) and placed on the adjacent seed or planting groove (4a) produced in the first step, and that the seed or planting material is placed in the seed step produced in the second step or planting groove (4b) is introduced. 6. Device for performing the method according to claim 1, with a plurality of rotating, rolling on or in the ground disc-shaped or knife-like tools (6 or 7), which are connected to feed devices for the seed or planting material, and that each tool (6, 7 ) is arranged at the free end of a support (11) suspended from a frame of the device in an oscillating manner in relation to the ground, characterized in that the pendulum-suspended support (11) is designed as an elongated gear box (12) which is operated by means of feeler wheels (13 ) or sliding shoes (14) is held at an adjustable distance from the surface of the ground, the output shaft (15) of which runs transversely to the direction of travel and is in drive connection with a further, axially extending, rotatably mounted shaft (16), the central axis of which is connected to the central axis of the Output shaft forms an acute angle (a) and on its free end (16a) the disks * or knife-like tools (6 , 7) are attached. 7. The device according spoke 6, characterized in that the tools (6) are designed as concave discs (6 a). 8. The device according to claim 6, characterized in s net that the tools (7) are designed as knife stars (7a). 9. The device according to claim 7, characterized in that a plurality of concave discs (6a) on the on both sides of the elongated gear box (12) projecting io further shafts (16) are arranged. 10. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that two concave discs (6a) are mounted on the projecting further shafts (16), and that their concave sides face each other. 15 11. Device according to one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that behind the rotating tools (6, 7) additional tools for deepening the seed or planting grooves (4) and / or for crumbling the sole (3) are arranged to the spread, preferably to the 2o to be able to cover pressed seed with loose soil (5). 12. The device according to claim 7, characterized in that the peripheral speed of the rotating concave discs (6a) is greater than the speed of travel. 25th 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, characterized in that the peripheral speed of the rotating concave disc (6a) is several times greater than the speed of travel. 3o 14. Device according to one of claims 7 to 13, characterized in that seed coulters (20) are arranged directly behind the driven rotating tools (6, 7), which deposit the seed on the sole of the seed or planting groove (4). 3s 15. Device according to claim 14, characterized in that directly behind the coulters (20) pressure rollers (21) and / or infeeders (22) are arranged such that they are adjustable in height and / or oscillating and / or under spring pressure, which the in the seed or press planting groove (4) lying seed (23) against the sole (3) of the seed or planting groove (4) and / or cover loosely with crumbs scraped off the lateral edges (4c) of the seed or planting grooves (4). 16. The apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that a plurality of elongated gear boxes (12) with their input shaft designed as a hollow hub (24) on a motor-driven profile shaft (25) mounted on the frame (9) and extending transversely to the direction of travel adjustable distances are arranged side by side, and that the frame (9) can be guided in the working position on height-adjustable support wheels (26) and can be arranged on motorized agricultural machines or tractors by means of attachment and lifting devices. 17. The apparatus according to claim 16, characterized in that a storage container (29) for the seed is releasably attached to the frame (9), which has a device (30) for discharging adjustable amounts of the seed into any number of seed line tubes (31 ) which can be driven by an impeller (32) which is connected via an elongated gear (33) designed as a vertically movable rocker arm to a variator gear of said device (30) for discharging the seed. 18. Device according to one of claims 16 and 17, characterized in that the elongated gear boxes 65 (12) can be pressed against the ground in the working position by means of pressure springs (41) adjustably attached to a torsion tube (34) and can be fixed in the raised driving position by means of holding chains attached to brackets. 3rd 630226 19. The apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the elongated gear box (12) with concentrically to its output shafts (15) laterally flanged axles (35) is provided, and that at an acute angle to the axes (17) of the output shafts (15) arranged further shafts (16) are mounted in bearing tubes (36) flanged to the axles (35) and are thus in drive connection with the output shafts (15) by means of articulated shafts (37) or angular drives which are accommodated in them. 20. The apparatus according to claim 10, characterized in that the concave sides facing each other concave discs (6a) are arranged on different sides of the gearbox (12), so that the concave sides of the gearbox (12) and facing the two slices (6a) undercut and laterally offset top soil layer between the two created seed or plant grooves as a double dam (lb + lc), so that the one on the other side of these seed or plant grooves (4) adjoining, remaining untouched Earth strip (2) also remains uncovered. 21. The apparatus according to claim 16, characterized in that on the elongated gear boxes (12), a holding arm (38) with a pocket (39) for the handle (40) of an adjustable feeler (14) is arranged, on which pocket (39) in addition, a rigid cross member (42), which extends behind the tools (6, 7) and extends transversely to the direction of travel, and on the free ends of which holding devices (44) for coulters (20) are attached (FIG. 5). 22. The apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that on the cross member (42) or on the holding device (44) further linkages (45) for pressure rollers (21) and / or spreaders (22) running in the seed or planting grooves are articulated. 23. The device according to claim 22, characterized in that the coulters (20) and / or the free ends of the gear boxes (12) and / or the linkages (45) for the pressure rollers (21) and feeders (22) by on the frame ( 9) the device is suspended holding chains (47) are suspended to a limited height. 24. The device according to claim 16, characterized in that the elongated gear boxes (12) with the disks (6) are arranged in at least two rows one behind the other so that the disks of the rear row are in gap with the disks of the front row.