CH621563A5 - Process for the preparation of a phenol-formaldehyde resin and its use - Google Patents
Process for the preparation of a phenol-formaldehyde resin and its use Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CH621563A5 CH621563A5 CH490675A CH490675A CH621563A5 CH 621563 A5 CH621563 A5 CH 621563A5 CH 490675 A CH490675 A CH 490675A CH 490675 A CH490675 A CH 490675A CH 621563 A5 CH621563 A5 CH 621563A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- resin
- phenol
- formaldehyde
- acid
- resins
- Prior art date
Links
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 title claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 121
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 121
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 66
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003110 molding sand Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims 1
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical group OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000009102 absorption Effects 0.000 description 24
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 16
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 101150046236 CNR1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;phenol Chemical compound O=C.OC1=CC=CC=C1 SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfuryl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CO1 XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003987 resole Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000219000 Populus Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011093 chipboard Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000005207 1,3-dihydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 description 1
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012431 aqueous reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940092714 benzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011101 paper laminate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002866 paraformaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N zafuleptine Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(C(C)C)NCC1=CC=C(F)C=C1 YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
- C08J3/09—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids
- C08J3/11—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids from solid polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C1/00—Compositions of refractory mould or core materials; Grain structures thereof; Chemical or physical features in the formation or manufacture of moulds
- B22C1/16—Compositions of refractory mould or core materials; Grain structures thereof; Chemical or physical features in the formation or manufacture of moulds characterised by the use of binding agents; Mixtures of binding agents
- B22C1/20—Compositions of refractory mould or core materials; Grain structures thereof; Chemical or physical features in the formation or manufacture of moulds characterised by the use of binding agents; Mixtures of binding agents of organic agents
- B22C1/22—Compositions of refractory mould or core materials; Grain structures thereof; Chemical or physical features in the formation or manufacture of moulds characterised by the use of binding agents; Mixtures of binding agents of organic agents of resins or rosins
- B22C1/2233—Compositions of refractory mould or core materials; Grain structures thereof; Chemical or physical features in the formation or manufacture of moulds characterised by the use of binding agents; Mixtures of binding agents of organic agents of resins or rosins obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- B22C1/2246—Condensation polymers of aldehydes and ketones
- B22C1/2253—Condensation polymers of aldehydes and ketones with phenols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G8/00—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
- C08G8/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes
- C08G8/08—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes of formaldehyde, e.g. of formaldehyde formed in situ
- C08G8/10—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes of formaldehyde, e.g. of formaldehyde formed in situ with phenol
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
- C08L97/02—Lignocellulosic material, e.g. wood, straw or bagasse
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J161/00—Adhesives based on condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09J161/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
- C09J161/06—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes with phenols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2361/00—Characterised by the use of condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2361/04—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only
- C08J2361/06—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes with phenols
- C08J2361/08—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with phenols only of aldehydes with phenols with monohydric phenols
- C08J2361/10—Phenol-formaldehyde condensates
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Phenolic Resins Or Amino Resins (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB16860/74A GB1503311A (en) | 1974-04-17 | 1974-04-17 | Production of thermosetting phenolformaldehyde resins |
| DE2436893A DE2436893A1 (de) | 1972-12-14 | 1974-07-31 | Thermisch haertbare phenol/formaldehyd-harze und verfahren zur herstellung derselben |
| FR7427434A FR2281391A1 (fr) | 1972-12-14 | 1974-08-07 | Nouvelle resine thermodurcissable phenol-formaldehyde et son procede de preparation et ses utilisations |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CH621563A5 true CH621563A5 (en) | 1981-02-13 |
Family
ID=27186032
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH490675A CH621563A5 (en) | 1974-04-17 | 1975-04-17 | Process for the preparation of a phenol-formaldehyde resin and its use |
| CH490775A CH601368A5 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1974-04-17 | 1975-04-17 |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH490775A CH601368A5 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1974-04-17 | 1975-04-17 |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (2) | JPS514245A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| AT (2) | AT346591B (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| AU (1) | AU496890B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| BE (2) | BE828043A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| CA (1) | CA1054293A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| CH (2) | CH621563A5 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| DE (2) | DE2516322A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| FR (2) | FR2268032B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| GB (1) | GB1503311A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| SE (2) | SE425250B (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6019375Y2 (ja) * | 1978-09-27 | 1985-06-11 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 汎用増幅器 |
| JPS5672563U (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) * | 1979-11-06 | 1981-06-15 | ||
| GB2145421A (en) * | 1983-08-26 | 1985-03-27 | Seang Ha Park | Manufacture of a building element |
| DE102014106177A1 (de) * | 2014-05-02 | 2015-11-05 | Ask Chemicals Gmbh | Formstoffmischung enthaltend Resole und amorphes Siliciumdioxid, aus diesen hergestellte Formen und Kerne und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3485797A (en) * | 1966-03-14 | 1969-12-23 | Ashland Oil Inc | Phenolic resins containing benzylic ether linkages and unsubstituted para positions |
-
1974
- 1974-04-17 GB GB16860/74A patent/GB1503311A/en not_active Expired
-
1975
- 1975-04-10 SE SE7504114A patent/SE425250B/xx unknown
- 1975-04-14 SE SE7504237A patent/SE423101B/xx unknown
- 1975-04-15 DE DE19752516322 patent/DE2516322A1/de active Pending
- 1975-04-16 AT AT290575A patent/AT346591B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-04-16 AT AT290475A patent/AT346590B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-04-16 CA CA225,028A patent/CA1054293A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-17 FR FR7511998A patent/FR2268032B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1975-04-17 JP JP50045903A patent/JPS514245A/ja active Granted
- 1975-04-17 DE DE19752516898 patent/DE2516898A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1975-04-17 BE BE155494A patent/BE828043A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-04-17 JP JP4590475A patent/JPS5415797B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1975-04-17 CH CH490675A patent/CH621563A5/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-04-17 CH CH490775A patent/CH601368A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-04-17 AU AU80272/75A patent/AU496890B2/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-17 BE BE155496A patent/BE828045R/xx active
- 1975-04-17 FR FR7511999A patent/FR2268033B2/fr not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU496890B2 (en) | 1978-11-09 |
| DE2516898A1 (de) | 1975-10-23 |
| DE2516322A1 (de) | 1975-10-23 |
| BE828043A (fr) | 1975-08-18 |
| JPS5415797B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1979-06-18 |
| FR2268033A2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1975-11-14 |
| CH601368A5 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1978-07-14 |
| ATA290575A (de) | 1978-03-15 |
| SE7504237L (sv) | 1975-10-20 |
| JPS50158693A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1975-12-22 |
| ATA290475A (de) | 1978-03-15 |
| SE423101B (sv) | 1982-04-13 |
| AT346590B (de) | 1978-11-10 |
| JPS544754B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1979-03-09 |
| SE425250B (sv) | 1982-09-13 |
| AU8027275A (en) | 1976-10-21 |
| JPS514245A (en) | 1976-01-14 |
| GB1503311A (en) | 1978-03-08 |
| FR2268032A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1975-11-14 |
| FR2268033B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1980-05-09 |
| CA1054293A (en) | 1979-05-08 |
| BE828045R (fr) | 1975-08-18 |
| AT346591B (de) | 1978-11-10 |
| SE7504114L (sv) | 1975-10-20 |
| FR2268032B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1977-04-15 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Mansouri et al. | Lignin‐based polycondensation resins for wood adhesives | |
| Valenzuela et al. | Industrial production of pine tannin-bonded particleboard and MDF | |
| Zorba et al. | Urea-formaldehyde resins characterized by thermal analysis and FTIR method | |
| CA1336733C (fr) | Procede de preparation de resines aminoplastes a tres faible degagement de formol | |
| HUE031618T2 (en) | Special aminoalkylsilane derivatives as binders for composite materials | |
| FR2556351A1 (fr) | Procede de preparation d'une resine uree formaldehyde presentant un rapport molaire tres faible du formaldehyde a l'uree | |
| FR3097866A1 (fr) | Composition comprenant un composé renfermant deux groupes polymérisables, un polymère à étages multiples et un polymère thermoplastique, son procédé de préparation, son utilisation et article la comprenant | |
| CH621563A5 (en) | Process for the preparation of a phenol-formaldehyde resin and its use | |
| EP3353256B1 (fr) | Composition adhesive comprenant un ester de silicate | |
| FR2459806A1 (fr) | Composition de resine phenol-formaldehyde, procede de sa preparation et procede pour preparer des articles en fibres de bois l'utilisant comme liant | |
| Sucipto et al. | Properties of a new adhesive composed of gambir-sucrose | |
| JP2013523916A (ja) | リグノセルロース製品の製造 | |
| KR100383251B1 (ko) | 포름알데히드 수지로부터 잔류 포름알데히드의 제거방법 | |
| FR2844802A1 (fr) | Nouveaux adhesifs renfermant des diacetals | |
| EP4308352A1 (fr) | Biomateriau a partir de biomasse lignocellulosique vapocraquee | |
| RU2076125C1 (ru) | Древесноволокнистый материал, способ изготовления древесноволокнистого материала и способ приготовления связующего для древесноволокнистого материала | |
| FR3011554A1 (fr) | Colles a bois pour la preparation de panneaux de particules | |
| RU2726232C1 (ru) | Клей для изготовления древесно-стружечных плит и плит на основе отходов однолетних растений | |
| EP0234148B1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication de panneaux de particules et de panneaux de contreplaqué | |
| WO2021078836A1 (fr) | Compositions adhésives biosourcées | |
| FR2536334A1 (fr) | Materiau composite a base de particules d'origine vegetale et son procede de fabrication | |
| RU2151055C1 (ru) | Способ получения малотоксичных клееных материалов | |
| FR2942234A1 (fr) | Procede d'obtention d'un agro materiau, notamment agro liant ou agro composite, et agro materiau obtenu par un tel procede | |
| Jalilov et al. | RETRACTED: Study and analysis of existing polymer binders used in the production of wood chip materials | |
| FR3155235A1 (fr) | Composition adhesive aqueuse comportant une resine thermodurcissable a faible taux de phenol |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL | Patent ceased | ||
| PL | Patent ceased |