CA3202014C - Method and system for treating animal products - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed is a method for processing animal products, in particular products from poultry farming, comprising the following steps: a) chemical treatment by placing collected waste in contact with an ammonia-based buffer with a pH of at least 8; b) heat treatment of the material resulting from step a), by heating said material in a humid medium to a temperature of at least 70°C; c) separation of the organic matter and inorganic matter in the presence of water from the material resulting from step b), then separated collection of (i) the liquid fraction comprising the inorganic matter, and (ii) the solid fraction comprising the organic matter; and d) addition of the liquid fraction resulting from step c (ii), comprising the inorganic matter, in a basin (22) filled with water held in a controlled manner at a setpoint temperature ranging from 20°C to 42°C, preferably from 28°C to 35°C, in which a protein-rich plant or bacterium is cultivated, in particular microalgae or cyanobacteria, preferably spirulina. Also disclosed is a system for implementing this method.

Description

WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 1 Description Title: METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PRODUCT PROCESSING ANIMALS technical field This description relates to the field of processing animal products, in particular products generated by the practice of raising animals, especially poultry, using techniques that respect the environment and are compatible with sustainable development. Previous technique The development of industrial-scale agri-food activities has seen considerable growth in recent years. In particular, the increase in poultry production, driven by growing demand for poultry meat and egg products, generates residual waste that raises several challenges. Indeed, one of the major problems facing the poultry sector is the large-scale accumulation of this waste, which raises concerns about disposal and pollution (Bolan et al., VWorld's Poultry Science Journal, 2010). Current methods for treating organic waste such as carcasses, excrement, feathers, and poultry litter are traditional, including landfilling, incineration, rendering, and composting. These methods raise environmental, biosecurity, social, and economic concerns (Baba et al. 2017 J Dairy Vet Anim Res). Furthermore, raising these poultry generates a significant amount of ammonium and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, which is a serious problem for the health of the animals (tracheal irritation, eye damage, decreased feed efficiency and mortality) and of the employees present (respiratory problems) as well as for the environment (Pereira et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019). It is therefore urgent to develop new technologies for the treatment of this waste in a way that is environmentally and economically sustainable. A plurality of processes for recycling waste generated by the practice of animal husbandry have been described in the prior art. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 2 The document Baba et al. (Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018)) proposes the use of fermentation processes for the recycling and transformation of waste. Lactic fermentation contributes to the decontamination of carcasses and allows the subsequent use of the final product as fermented feed for other animals. The Brandelli et al. paper (Food Research International (2015)) proposes the use of enzymes to transform poultry by-products into useful products. However, these solutions do not allow for the effective and sustainable treatment of all the waste generated by these large-scale farms. US patent application 2017/0354906 describes a bioreactor system for treating solid waste. US patent application 2016/0264484 describes an integrated animal waste treatment system comprising an animal waste anaerobic digestion unit, which generates biogas and crude digestate. The crude digestate is separated into a solid fraction and a liquid fraction. The liquid fraction is then treated in reactors containing microalgae or macrophytes, and the solid fraction is treated by vermiculture. PCT application published under number WO 2017/101654 describes a slurry and wastewater treatment system comprising a desalination unit and a microalgae culture tank. EP patent application 3,181,524 describes a system for treating raw materials, primarily animal waste, by anaerobic fermentation in a pressurized bioreactor. There is therefore a need to develop a more environmentally friendly animal waste processing method, with greater compatibility with a sustainable development objective, and which, where appropriate, has a moderate cost price. In particular, it would be desirable to design new processes enabling the use of waste organic and mineral materials to obtain products that can be recycled, especially in the form of products for human or animal consumption. The need for processes of this type, which would allow for low external energy input, or even have a neutral or even negative carbon footprint, is very important in regions that are structurally poorly adapted to intensive agriculture, particularly due to their aridity, such as certain regions of the Middle East. The East and Africa. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 3 There is a need for new processes to transform animal waste into food in a hostile, particularly arid, environment. Summary of the invention This description relates to a process for the treatment of animal products, in particular products from poultry farming, comprising the following steps: a) chemical treatment by contacting the collected waste with an ammonia-based buffer at a pH of at least 8; b) thermal treatment of the material obtained in step a) by heating said material in a moist environment to a temperature of at least 70°C; c) separation of organic and mineral matter in the presence of water from the material obtained in step b), followed by separate collection of (i) the liquid fraction comprising the mineral matter and (ii) the solid fraction comprising the organic matter; and d) addition of the liquid fraction obtained in step c(ii), comprising the mineral matter, to a tank filled with water maintained in a controlled manner at a set temperature ranging from 20°C to 42°C, preferably from 28°C to 35°C, in which a protein-rich plant or bacterium, in particular microalgae and cyanobacteria, preferably of the spirulina. In certain embodiments of the process, the basin implemented in step d): - is contained in an enclosure substantially sealed against liquid and gaseous fluids from the external environment, said enclosure having a roof at least partially transparent to daylight, said roof being equipped with a plurality of photovoltaic cells, preferably Graetzel photovoltaic cells, and/or - is equipped with a device for mixing the water and recovering the plant or protein-rich bacteria, - is supplied with light energy, and/or - is equipped with a device for thermoregulating the water contained in the basin. According to certain embodiments of the process, the thermoregulation device, for heating the water contained in the basin, is in fluidic communication with a hot water outlet pipe from an evaporation-concentration desalination unit. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 4 According to some embodiments of the process, the heat exchanger device, for cooling the water, includes a geothermal exchanger device. According to some embodiments of the process, said basin is equipped with a controllable water supply device, said water supply device being in fluidic communication with a salt water outlet pipe of a water desalination device by evaporation-concentration. According to certain embodiments of the process, step c) being followed by step cl) of digesting the material obtained in step c) by bringing said material into contact with (i) insect larvae, preferably insect larvae of the species Hermetia illucens and/or (ii) an edible wood-decaying fungus. This description also relates to a system for the treatment of animal products, said system comprising: - a reactor for the chemical and thermal treatment of said animal products. - an extruder equipped with a controlled heating system, which may be in fluidic communication with said reactor, the outlet of the extruder being equipped with a liquid/solid separator, - an enclosed chamber comprising a basin surmounted by a roof made of a material substantially transparent to light, said basin being able to be filled with water and intended for the cultivation of a plant or bacterium, in particular a protein-rich plant or bacterium such as protein-rich microalgae or protein-rich cyanobacteria, - a water desalination system by evaporation-concentration comprising (i) a brine supply pipe, a non-desalinated water discharge pipe and a desalinated water outlet pipe, it being specified that: - optionally, said reactor is in fluidic communication with the extruder, - said basin being equipped with a controllable water supply device, said water supply device being in fluidic communication with a pipe salt water outlet from the desalination system. In some embodiments, the system further includes a bioclimatic greenhouse structure comprising: - an enclosed space including a floor and a roof, the floor being located underneath CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 of the ground level, - said roof being substantially transparent to light, on the surface of which are arranged a plurality of photovoltaic cells, preferably cells of Graetzel, - said enclosure being equipped with a dehumidification device for the internal atmosphere of the enclosure, - said enclosure being temperature-controlled, - a suitable substrate for the cultivation of plants being placed on the surface of said floor, said substrate being, at least in part, made up of the solid fraction of the product of the treatment of animal waste in, successively, the reactor and then the extruder device. In some embodiments of the system, the thermoregulation device of the enclosure of the bioclimatic greenhouse device includes a heat exchanger in fluidic communication with the water desalination system. In some embodiments, the system further comprises an agroforestry arrangement including: - an area planted with shade-generating trees arranged in rows spaced appropriately to accommodate a tunnel greenhouse, or a plurality of tunnel greenhouses, between two rows of said trees, - a tunnel greenhouse, or a plurality of tunnel greenhouses, arranged between two rows of trees, and - a tree irrigation system, and where appropriate a plant irrigation system for plants that may be cultivated in the tunnel greenhouse(s), said irrigation system being in fluidic communication with the desalinated water outlet of the evaporation-condensation water desalination system. Brief description of the drawings [Fig 1] represents a general diagram of the animal product processing system. Detailed description This description relates to a process and system for treating animal products, in particular products generated by poultry farming, the process and system being designed to (i) generate a CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 6 reduced water and energy consumption, (ii) allow optimal use of organic and mineral matter contained in these animal products, with the aim of animal farming practices compatible with sustainable development, with respect for the environment. For the purposes of this description, an animal product includes, or is made up of, all or part of an animal carcass and of substances secreted or excreted by an animal. Preferably, the animal product is an animal by-product. An animal by-product is defined as an animal product, whether fit or unfit for human consumption, but not intended for human consumption, whether due to legal requirements or commercial reasons. For example, an animal by-product as defined herein includes, or consists of, muscle, viscera, skin, hooves, horns, feathers, bones, shells, greaves, blood, milk, ova, embryos, sperm, biomass, manure, biogas residues, or mixtures thereof. The animals from which animal products or by-products are derived, as defined in the description, may be livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and hares, birds, or fish, or other animals, such as horses, companion animals, arthropods, including insects and crustaceans, reptiles, or mollusks. Livestock specifically includes poultry, particularly birds such as geese, turkeys, ducks, hens and chickens, guinea fowl, capons, quail, pheasants, and pigeons. Method according to this description This description relates to a process for the treatment of animal products, in particular products from poultry farming, comprising the following steps: a) chemical treatment by contacting the collected waste with an ammonia-based buffer at a pH of at least 8, b) thermal treatment of the material obtained in step a) by heating said material in a moist environment to a temperature of at least 70°C, c) separation of organic and mineral matter in the presence of water from the material obtained in step b) and then separate collection (i) of the liquid fraction comprising the CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 7 mineral matter and (ii) the solid fraction comprising organic matter, and (d) addition of the liquid fraction obtained in step (c(ii), comprising mineral matter, into a basin filled with water maintained in a controlled manner at a set temperature of 20°C to 42°C, preferably 28°C to 35°C, in which a protein-rich plant or bacterium, in particular microalgae or cyanobacteria, preferably spirulina, is cultivated. As shown in the example, the process described herein enables the destruction of pathogens that may be present in the starting animal products. In particular, it is shown that this process can achieve the complete destruction of pathogens in highly contaminated starting animal products. Thus, the results demonstrate that the process described herein leads to the complete destruction of pathogenic prions in starting animal products, even when the contamination level of the starting animal products exceeds 10⁸ LD50/g. Preferably, according to the process for the treatment of animal products, the plants or bacteria consist of photosynthetic plants or photosynthetic bacteria of a known type. For the purposes of this description, cyanobacteria mainly, if not exclusively, include cyanobacteria that are not toxic to humans and animals. In some embodiments, the animal product is ground prior to implementation of the steps of the above process, in order to obtain a granular product with an average particle size, or granulometry, advantageously of no more than 20 mm, preferably of no more than 10 mm, and most preferably of no more than 5 mm. Step a): Chemical treatment At step a) of the process, the animal product is subjected to chemical treatment with an ammonia-based buffer at a pH of at least 8. Advantageously, the animal product is presented in small pieces, thus optimizing its processing throughout the various stages of the procedure. Typically, the animal product to be processed consists of pieces whose largest dimension ranges from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. Preferably, an aqueous ammonia solution is used. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 8 The quantity of ammonia solution relative to the weight of animal product can be optimally determined by a person skilled in the art, particularly based on the order of magnitude of the water content of the animal product to be treated. For illustrative purposes, 5 mL of an aqueous solution of 0.67% w/w ammonia can be used for 15 grams of animal product to be treated. Chemical treatment with an aqueous ammonia solution reduces water loss from the animal product during the subsequent heat treatment stage. Chemical treatment makes it possible to substantially reduce the potential contamination of the animal product by pathogens, in particular by viruses, bacteria and pathogenic fungi. In some embodiments, the aqueous ammonia solution also includes citrate. In these embodiments, the chemical treatment step allows for a further reduction of potential contamination by pathogens, including unconventional pathogens such as prion-like protein pathogens. According to another advantage, step a) of chemical treatment avoids the phenomenon of shrinkage of the animal product which occurs during heat treatment. Thus, thanks to the chemical treatment carried out in step a), the animal product does not shrink when it is subsequently subjected to step b) of heat treatment which is described later. In some embodiments, an ammonia-based buffer with a pH of at least 9 is used. The use of an ammonia-based buffer, at the chosen pH, avoids introducing sodium into the chemically treated animal product, as would have been the case if a sodium carbonate and/or sodium bicarbonate buffer had been used for the chemical treatment. Step a) of chemical treatment can for example be carried out by simply bringing the animal product into contact with the ammonia solution and then impregnating the animal product with this solution, by simple passive diffusion. Step a) of chemical treatment can also be carried out by bringing the animal product into contact with the ammonia solution and then kneading the liquid/solid mixture in order to promote the rapid diffusion of the liquid into the heart of the pieces of the animal product to be treated. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 9 Preferably, step a) of the process is carried out at ambient temperature, i.e. at a temperature below 45°C, for example at a temperature ranging from 15°C to 25°C. Step b): Heat treatment In step b), the material from the chemical treatment of the animal product, which is obtained at the end of step a), is subjected to heat treatment by heating in a humid environment, also called humid heating. In general, it is known that treating a product with moist heat provides an increased sterilization effect against a variety of microorganisms, compared to heat treatment with dry heat at the same temperature. In general, for the humid heating stage, the moisture comes from the water contained in the animal product, i.e. the water that was initially contained in the animal product before the chemical treatment stage a) and the water from the aqueous ammonia composition that diffused into the core of the animal product during the chemical treatment stage a). Preferably, step b) of heat treatment is carried out in an atmosphere where the moisture content of the material to be treated is at least 80%. Percentage of moisture refers to the amount of water contained in the material to be treated. The percentage of moisture of the material to be treated is easily determined by a person skilled in the art, for example by using the classic method comprising (i) a step of weighing the material to be treated, (ii) a step of evaporating the water contained in the material to be treated by heating, for example in an oven at 100 C at atmospheric pressure, then (iii) a step of weighing the material after evaporation of the water. Step b) of heat treatment is preferably carried out at a temperature above 70 C. It can be less than 100°C, for example ranging from 70°C to 100°C, such as at a temperature ranging from 75°C to 85°C. As is logical, the duration of step b) can vary from a few minutes to a few tens of minutes, depending in particular on the temperature conditions, and where applicable pressure, of the heating step, as well as the quantity of material to be treated. For example, step b) can last from 5 minutes to 60 minutes. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 Conversely, shorter processing times will be compensated by temperatures ranging from 100°C to 118°C, preferably from 110°C to 115°C. During step b) of the heat treatment, the ammonia contained in the material to be treated evaporates as ammonia gas, which is then preferably recovered as ammonia by contact with water, for example with a water curtain interposed in the gas stream. Preferably, cooling is carried out with water, which allows the ammonia to remain trapped in the water stream. The aqueous ammonia composition thus generated is advantageously recovered for use in a repetition of step a) of chemical treatment 10 for an animal product that is to be subsequently treated by the process described herein. The ammonia, thus collected by dissolution in a stream of cold water, is then recirculated to the reactor used for the chemical treatment. The duration of step b) can be easily adapted by a person skilled in the art, using general knowledge, particularly according to the values of temperature, humidity, and where appropriate pressure, which have been chosen. The fact that the heat treatment step is carried out in a humid atmosphere allows for a substantially greater reduction of various pathogens, including viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Furthermore, the applicant has shown that this moist heating heat treatment step significantly reduces the presence of unconventional pathogens, such as prion-like protein pathogens. The reduction in pathogen presence, particularly the reduction in the presence of unconventional transmissible pathogens like the prion-like protein pathogen, is further enhanced in the presence of citrate, with the ammonia/citrate mixture being particularly effective at destroying prion-like protein pathogens. Thus, the temperature and humidity conditions of heat treatment step b) allow for the production of a material, chemically treated in step a) and then heat-treated in step b), that is substantially free, or even completely free, of transmissible pathogens. Therefore, the material obtained at the end of step b) contains mineral and organic elements that can be subsequently used, for example, as useful inputs in agricultural practices. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 11 Etapc c): separation of organic matter and mineral matter In step c), the organic matter and mineral matter contained in the material obtained at the end of step b) are separated. More specifically, the material obtained at the end of step b) organic matter and mineral matter are collected separately, using any technique known to those skilled in the art, for example at the outlet grid of an extruder. In some embodiments of the process, all steps a), b), and c) can be carried out in a single industrial processing device. For example, in these embodiments, an extruder device, preferably a screw extruder, including a twin-screw extruder, can be used. In embodiments where an extruder device is used to successively carry out each of steps a), b) and c): - for step a), the appropriate quantities of animal product and aqueous ammonia composition are introduced, together or separately, at the feeding elements of the extruder, then the resulting liquid/solid mixture is mixed within the extruder, for example simultaneously with the progression of this mixture along a mixing chamber of the extruder, - for step b), the material chemically treated in step a) is conveyed to a heating chamber equipping the extruder, then the material is heated simultaneously with its progression in the heating chamber of the extruder, and - for step c), the chemically treated, then thermally treated, material is conveyed to the extruder outlet where the liquid and solid are separated, for example at the outlet grid of the extruder. In some embodiments of step c), the material is cooled and then brought into contact with an appropriate amount of water before final pressing at the outlet grid of the extruder device. In these embodiments, the duration of each of the steps a) and b) is easily controlled, for example (i) according to the length of each of the chemical and thermal treatment chambers and (ii) according to the speed chosen for the progression of the material being treated in each of the aforementioned chambers. The organic matter was contained mainly in the solid fraction of the material obtained at the end of step b) and is therefore found in the solid fraction separated at the outlet of the extruder. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 12 The mineral materials were contained mainly in the liquid fraction of the material obtained at the end of step b) and are therefore found in the liquid fraction separated at the outlet of the extruder. Because of their substantially sterile, or even totally sterile, and substantially free from transmissible pathogens, or even totally free from transmissible pathogens, each of the (i) liquid mineral matter and (ii) solid organic matter obtained separately at the end of step c), can be subsequently used as an input material, useful in agriculture. Typically, the liquid mineral matter spread on fields corresponds to a liquid flash fertilizer that is leached by rain, leading to groundwater pollution and green algae blooms through eutrophication of waterways. It is precisely this green algae phenomenon that is mitigated by the process described here, and which is controlled thanks to the presence of the basin in which the plant or protein-rich bacteria, particularly microalgae or cyanobacteria, and especially spirulina, are cultivated. As for the solid matter, in traditional agriculture, this corresponds to manure to be spread and not to animal feed, here insects in the larval stage (after predigestion by the mycelium of edible wood-decaying fungi which here too, in traditional agriculture would be used very differently, i.e. for their fruitings and not at all for their mycelium. Steps c1) and c2): pretreatment of the liquid and solid fractions The liquid and solid fractions obtained separately at the end of step c) are, as will be detailed later in this description, used for their respective physicochemical and nutritional contributions. However, before their subsequent use, both the liquid and solid fractions undergo pretreatment, each of which is detailed below. Step cl): Pre-treatment of the liquid fraction At step cl) the liquid fraction obtained at the end of step c) is put in contact with a woody substrate colonized by an edible wood-decaying fungus, and more specifically with a woody substrate colonized by the mycelium of an edible wood-decaying fungus. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 13 The woody substrate advantageously consists of sawdust, wood chips or wood pellets. For the implementation of step cl) the substrate material, for example wood chips or pellets, is inoculated with an edible wood-decaying fungus in its primary mycelium form, which can be chosen in particular from Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pubnonarius, elm oyster mushroom (Hypsizygus pubnonarius), or Agaricus blasei and Agaricus breaziliensis. Preferably, it is Pleurotus ostreatus. During contact with wood colonized by the mycelium of an edible wood-decaying fungus, heavy metals and other potentially toxic compounds that may be contained in this liquid fraction are fixed by this colonized substrate, the said liquid fraction then being rid of these undesirable compounds, if they are present. The liquid fraction, freed from these undesirable compounds, can then be used in step d) of the process. Etapc c2) of the process The solid fraction obtained at the end of step c) of the process advantageously also undergoes a pre-treatment step, which increases its suitability for subsequent use as a nutrient input for insect larvae, for the purpose of generating high value-added products such as proteins and oil, with the residues resulting from digestion being able to be used as compost. Thus, in certain advantageous embodiments of the process, step c) is followed by a step c2) of digestion of the solid fraction obtained in step b) by bringing said material into contact (i) with at least one edible wood-decaying fungus, and then where appropriate (ii) with insect larvae, preferably insect larvae of the species Hermetia illucens, also called soldier fly. The production of compost by digestion of organic waste by insect larvae of the species Hennetia illucens is known in itself and is part of the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art. For the digestion of the solid fraction obtained in step c) by an edible wood-decaying fungus, in combination with digestion by insect larvae, said material is inoculated with an edible wood-decaying fungus in its primary mycelium form, which may be selected in particular from Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulnionarius, CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 14 elm oyster mushroom (Hypsizygus ulmarius), or even Agaricus blasei and Agaricus breaziliensis. Preferably, it is Pleurotus ostreatus. In one embodiment, and to facilitate the start of the first fermentation, the edible wood-decaying fungus is pre-cultivated on a suitable culture medium before being inoculated onto the material. The conditions for carrying out this pre-cultivation are known to those skilled in the art. The pre-cultivation may, for example, be carried out on wheat, brewer's grains, rice, or a mixture of rice, straw, and/or wood. In some preferred embodiments of step c2), the material obtained in step c) is inoculated with between 10% and 20% by dry weight, preferably around 20% by dry weight, of the preculture of the edible wood-decaying fungus and is then maintained at an optimal growth temperature for the edible wood-decaying fungus used. For example, the culture temperature is between 15°C and 30°C, preferably around 25°C. At step c2) digestion by an edible wood-decaying fungus is carried out when the material to be treated consists of livestock bedding including animal excrement. In step c2), the material to be treated is first inoculated with the edible wood-decaying fungus. The colonization and digestion of the material by the edible wood-decaying fungus typically lasts approximately 1 to 5 weeks. In some embodiments, miscanthus is also added to the material to be treated at this stage. The first step is therefore the complete colonization by the mycelium of the wood-decaying fungus (between 1 and 5 weeks, preferably 10 days under certain favorable conditions followed by thermal inactivation (typically at 70 C) the second step is the contact of the substrate with an appropriate quantity of young Hermetia larvae so that after a week all the substrate has been composted by the larvae which will have reached maturity in order to be harvested (growth by a factor of 500). The edible wood-decaying fungus digests biological polymers into smaller units, such as monomers, which are then absorbed by the mycelium. These are the main agents in the decomposition of cellulose and lignin found in animal bedding, as well as the keratin that makes up feathers. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 of birds, including poultry such as hens and chickens. The products of digestion by the edible wood-decaying fungus are edible by humans and/or animals. The digestion stage by insect larvae is carried out systematically, including when the material to be treated contains animal meat, or consists of animal meat. Insect larvae and the edible wood-decaying fungus can then be killed by heat treatment. Mycelium growth is stopped by moderate heat treatment. 10 Insect larvae that have multiplied during the digestion stage can subsequently constitute biomass that can be processed and contribute to the manufacture of a feed composition intended for animal nutrition. The compost resulting from the digestion of the material obtained in step b) by combining the mycelium of an edible wood-decaying fungus followed by insect larvae 15 can be advantageously used as a fertilizer for plant cultivation. 11 It is possible to utilize the substrates thus treated in numerous industrial sectors, subject to regulatory changes in certain countries, typically in Europe. Step d): Use of the mineral liquid fraction The liquid fraction obtained separately at the end of step c), or preferably at the end of step c1), consists mainly of mineral matter, combined with water-soluble organic matter also originating from the chemically and then thermally treated material, such as amino acids and sugars. Furthermore, due in particular to the presence of ammonia, this liquid fraction is alkaline. At step d) this liquid fraction is added to a basin in which a plant or a protein-rich bacterium is cultivated, preferably protein-rich microalgae or cyanobacteria. As will be detailed below, the basin implemented in step d) of the process is contained within an enclosure substantially sealed against liquid and gaseous fluids from the external environment, said enclosure having a roof at least partially transparent to daylight, said roof being equipped with a plurality of cells CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 16 photovoltaics, dc preference of Graetzcl photovoltaic cells, and/or - is equipped with a device for mixing water and recovering plant or protein-rich bacteria, - is supplied with light energy, and/or - is equipped with a device for thermoregulating the water contained in the basin. The various nutrients, primarily mineral but also organic, contained in the liquid fraction obtained at the end of step c) constitute a nutritional contribution to the growth of the protein-rich plant or bacterium, and where applicable, constitute the sole nutritional contribution enabling the growth of said protein-rich plant or bacterium. Furthermore, due to its alkaline nature, the addition of this liquid fraction alkalizes the aqueous environment in which the protein-rich plant or bacterium grows, thus promoting its growth, particularly when said protein-rich plant or bacterium is a microalga, and especially a microalga of the genus Arthrospira, such as spirulina. At the same time, contamination by undesirable organisms, such as toxic cyanobacteria, is prevented. Preferably, the protein-rich cyanobacteria cultivated in the said tank are of the genus Arthrospira. Cyanobacteria of the species Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima are preferred. Depending on the preference, the protein-rich plant or bacterium is spirulina. At step d), the basin which is supplied with the liquid fraction obtained in step c) is thermoregulated, the temperature of the water contained in the basin being maintained in a controlled manner at an appropriate setpoint temperature. The appropriate setpoint temperature is understood to be a temperature that allows for optimal growth conditions for microalgae or cyanobacteria cultivated in the tank, this temperature being part of the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art. As a reminder, the growth of microalgae and cyanobacteria occurs when they are exposed to daylight. During the period when these protein-rich organisms are exposed to daylight, their growth is favored when the water temperature varies between 25°C and 35°C, for example, between 28°C and 35°C. In all cases, the water temperature in the pool must not exceed 43 C. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 17 However, during periods when these protein-rich plants or bacteria are not exposed to light, a lower pond temperature is acceptable, provided that this lower temperature does not affect the survival of the plant or protein-rich bacteria, such as cyanobacteria or microalgae. Ideally, the pond water temperature should be at least 20°C. As detailed elsewhere in this description, maintaining the water temperature of the basin at the chosen setpoint temperature can be ensured by a controlled supply of calories or cold, as required, which are generated within a system, referred to herein as the animal product processing system, of which the said basin is one of the constituent elements, said system being designed to operate an optimal recycling of energy flows and chemical elements, so as (i) to optimally use the energy and chemical elements generated by the implementation of the process in said system and thus (ii) drastically reduce (ii-a) the need for energy and chemical inputs and (ii-b) the production of waste which cannot be reused. Thus, in some embodiments of step d) of the process, the basin into which the liquid fraction obtained at the end of step c) is added includes a plurality of technical features contributing to the conservation of energy and organic and mineral elements, which can be used by other devices constituting a system to which the basin used in step d) belongs. Preferably, the pelvis is circular or ovoid in shape. In some embodiments, the basin is included in a closed enclosure that is substantially sealed against the exchange of liquid and gaseous fluids. The enclosure containing the basin includes a roof. This roof is preferably made, over its entire surface, of a roofing material substantially transparent to light, and is equipped with a plurality of photovoltaic cells, these photovoltaic cells preferably being solar cells. Graetzel. The presence of the roof helps to isolate the aquatic and atmospheric contents of the enclosure containing the pool from the external environment, thus allowing for the selective control of energy exchanges and the exchange of gaseous, liquid, or solid fluids between the enclosed space and the external environment, and protects CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 18 also external contaminations, for example by algae, bacteria or viruses. Preferably, the roof of the enclosure containing the pool is made, at least over part of its surface, and where appropriate over its entire surface, of a material that is at least partially transparent to daylight. It may be a glass roofing element, or a daylight-transparent polymer material, such as natural or synthetic glass, in particular polymer glass, or plexiglass. Preferably, the roofing element is made of a material with a daylight transparency of at least 50%, preferably at least 80%, and even better at least 90%, compared to the transparency of a glass screen at least 6 mm thick. Preferably, the roof is equipped with a plurality of photovoltaic cells. These photovoltaic cells, when exposed to daylight, generate electrical energy which can be used immediately and/or stored for later use, for example to power other elements or devices constituting the DC animal product processing system, which is described in detail later in this description. With the system as described herein, the storage in batteries of electrical energy that has been produced but not consumed is not preferred, due in particular to the ecological and financial cost of current electrical energy storage devices. With the system as described herein, the power of the electrical energy generating elements, especially the photovoltaic cells, will be determined to be in line with the electrical energy demand of all the other elements of said system. However, it may still happen that a small part of the electrical energy produced by the system according to this description is not used. In this case, excess electrical energy can be temporarily distributed according to a smart grid type device, which is well known in the state of the art. Preferably, photovoltaic cells are used whose presence does not substantially alter the passage of daylight through the transparent, or partially transparent, roof, and therefore does not substantially reduce exposure to light. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 19 of the day of the plant or protein-rich bacteria cultivated in the pond water. The reduction in daylight transmission caused by the presence of photovoltaic cells prevents the plant or protein-rich bacteria from being exposed to excessive amounts of light, which can cause photoinactivation and affect its survival in the pond. Preferably, we choose Graetzel photovoltaic cells, which are well known to those skilled in the art. As is known, in photovoltaic cells In the Graetzel cell, photon absorption and charge transport are separated. A Graetzel cell consists of a cathode and an anode made of conductive glass, on which is a layer of titanium dioxide (IIO2), a semiconductor. A sensitizer or dye is absorbed onto the surface of this titanium dioxide. An aqueous solution, acting as the electrolyte, is trapped between the two plates that define the photovoltaic cell. Graetzel photovoltaic cells have the advantage of transmitting at least 50% of the light, which is why these photovoltaic cells are sometimes called transparent cells. The number of photovoltaic cells arranged on the roof surface of the enclosure containing the tank can be easily determined by a person skilled in the art, based on the roof area and, where applicable, the amount of electrical energy required for the proper functioning of the animal product processing system. In some embodiments of the system, photovoltaic cells are arranged over the entire roof surface. As previously mentioned, the absorption of some daylight through the interposition of these particles between the light source and the plant or protein-rich bacteria cultivated in the pond does not cause any harm. On the contrary, in many situations, more moderate exposure of the plant or bacteria to sunlight is beneficial to its growth; for example, it is favorable to the growth of certain cyanobacteria or microalgae such as spirulina. In some embodiments, the basin is equipped with a device for mixing the water and recovering the plant or protein-rich bacteria, for example spirulina. In particular, in embodiments where the basin is circular, or where appropriate ovoid in shape, the water mixing device may be a device CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 rotating device comprising a vertical shaft defining an axis of rotation, which is preferably located in the center of the basin, said device comprising at least one arm, perpendicular to the axis of rotation and fixed on the vertical shaft, the movement of the arm being actuated by the rotation of the shaft, said arm being preferably fixed on the shaft at a height corresponding to the level of the water/air interface of the water contained in said basin. In this way, the rotating arm, through its submerged surface, creates turbulence that mixes the water in the pond, potentially contributing to its oxygenation. Furthermore, the portion of the rotating arm's surface at the water/air interface allows for the regular collection of some of the plant or protein-rich bacteria growing in the pond, such as spirulina, by scraping the surface of the water. In some embodiments, the collecting arms are curved so that the harvested vegetation, due to the water current generated by the rotation of the arms, flows from the periphery of the arm towards the central axis where the central shaft is located. Furthermore, the central shaft preferably includes a screw (Archimedes screw), towards the pitch of which the vegetation moving from the periphery towards the axis of the device is directed. Thus, after moving horizontally, the harvested vegetation travels vertically along the central shaft and is then collected at the outlet of the screw. In certain embodiments of the system as described herein, particularly in embodiments where a very large diameter basin, for example, one with a diameter exceeding 100 meters, is used, the mixing and recovery device comprises a plurality of arms fixed to the central shaft. The horizontal axis of a given arm forms a predetermined angle with the horizontal axis of the preceding or following arm. The plurality of arms collectively covers the entire length of the central shaft, i.e., 360 degrees. By way of illustration, for an embodiment of the mixing device in which 10 horizontal arms are fixed to the central shaft, a given arm is preferably oriented at an angle of 36 degrees to both the preceding and following arms. In some embodiments, the water depth in the basin is low, on the order of 20 cm to 50 cm, which means that the exposure to daylight of the protein-rich plant is sufficient to allow its growth. In other designs of the pool, the water depth exceeds 50 cm. For example, it can reach a depth of 3 meters. In these designs CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 21 of implementation, the conditions for good growth of the plant or protein-rich bacteria are not met, due to insufficient exposure of this plant or bacteria to daylight, in the deep part of the basin. In some embodiments of the mixing device, the rotation of the latter is ensured by a motor coupled to the central shaft. In other embodiments of the mixing device, in particular in embodiments in which the mixing device is sized to equip a large diameter basin, for example a basin with a diameter of 100 meters or more, a means of rotation in the form of a plurality of motors equipping the end of a plurality of arms constituting the mixing device, therefore located at the periphery of the basin, will be preferred. In some embodiments, the pond may have a water depth that is incompatible with the growth of the plant or protein-rich bacteria throughout its entire depth, for example, because excessive depth does not allow sufficient exposure of the plant or protein-rich bacteria to daylight. In these pond embodiments, the insufficient access of the plant or bacteria to daylight is compensated for by the presence, on the walls of the submerged part of the pond and/or on the walls of the rotating arm(s), of multiple light sources, such as LEDs, capable of providing sufficient light energy to the plant or protein-rich bacteria for its growth. In these embodiments, the mixing and recovery device can be equipped with a plurality of arms perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tree on which they are fixed, including a first mixing and recovery arm, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, fixed on the tree at a height located at the level of the water/air interface, and at least one other arm perpendicular to the axis of rotation fixed on the tree at a height such that said arm or arms are totally immersed in the water of the basin and are each equipped with a plurality of electroluminescent sources capable of emitting light at at least one wavelength promoting the growth of the plant or protein-rich bacteria, for example in the near ultraviolet. According to other embodiments, the basin into which the liquid fraction is added in step d) of the process is temperature-controlled. According to these other embodiments, the basin is equipped with a temperature control device for heating or cooling. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 22 Cooling of the pool water. The device is regulated by a control system allowing the water temperature in the pool to be maintained at the chosen setpoint temperature. In general, in a system according to this description, the water contained in the basin constitutes a mass providing thermal inertia, which mass of thermal inertia can help to counterbalance the production of heat by other modules of the system, when present, such as a bioclimatic greenhouse, or a plurality of bioclimatic greenhouses. For heating the pool water, the thermoregulation system preferably includes a heat exchanger connected to the hot water outlet pipe of an evaporative desalination unit. Heat can also be supplied to the pool by the heat generated by the bioclimatic greenhouse(s) forming part of the system as described herein. Evaporative desalination units are well known in the prior art. This type of unit is, for example, described in the certificate of addition to patent no. 95,887 filed on November 8, 1968, in the name of the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and issued on October 4, 1971. For cooling the pool water in summer, the thermoregulation system includes a geothermal type heat exchanger system. In some embodiments, the bottom of the basin is equipped with a metal plate which will carry out a significant heat exchange with the water in the basin, in order to cool the water in the basin. This plate is normally used to remove cold, and therefore to provide heat (typically heating to 45°C). This allows you to start again with a cooled heat transfer fluid. If the temperature of the pool tends to rise too much, it is useful to have the option of reversing the system and using the bottom plate to remove heat from the pool by transferring it into the subsoil. The geothermal heat exchanger system, preferably of a known type, comprises a pipe, or a plurality of pipes, in which a heat transfer fluid, for example water, circulates, the pipe(s) being located at a chosen depth below the ground surface, which liquid is cooled before being reintroduced. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 23 in the heat exchanger itself, for the purpose of cooling the basin water in a controlled manner. According to yet other embodiments, the basin can be supplied with water, for example to compensate for a loss in volume due to evaporation. According to these other embodiments, the basin can be equipped with a controllable water supply device, said water supply device being in fluidic communication with a fresh water outlet pipe of a water desalination device by evaporation-concentration. The evaporation-concentration desalination system has the advantage of binding calcium and other insoluble salts to the polymer membranes within it. Thus, the desalinated water that feeds the pond is essentially free, or completely free, of calcium salts or other insoluble salts, which are undesirable because they would precipitate in an alkaline environment and affect the growth of plants or protein-rich bacteria, particularly microalgae or cyanobacteria, such as spirulina. According to other embodiments, the tank enclosure can be supplied with carbon dioxide in the form of carbonate and nitrogen in the form of ammonia, which are introduced into the atmosphere of the enclosure. The carbon dioxide and nitrogen introduced into the atmosphere of the enclosure can consist of gases produced during steps c1) and c2) of digestion of the material obtained in step c) by the combination of insect larvae and the mycelium of an edible wood-decaying fungus. According to other advantageous embodiments, calories from the bioclimatic greenhouse(s) constituting the system, when present, are supplied to the desalination device by evaporation-concentration. System as described herein This description also relates to a system for processing animal products comprising a plurality of processing units, which system is designed to be substantially self-sufficient, that is, a system which, once started up, requires little or no external input of energy and materials. Implementation of the system according to this description, if carried out optimally, can even lead to a negative carbon balance. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 24 According to this design, the implementation of the animal product processing system described herein is environmentally friendly and compatible with sustainable development principles. Furthermore, due to the reduced external energy and material inputs required for its operation, the animal product processing system described herein can be installed in resource-constrained environments, particularly those with limited water resources. Also, because of the potential for optimal reuse of the various materials produced, the processing system generates a reduced amount of waste that cannot be recovered. Finally, the processing system described herein provides a variety of organic and mineral materials useful for human and animal consumption. This description relates to a system for the treatment of animal products, said system comprising: - a reactor for the chemical and thermal treatment of said animal products. - an extruder equipped with a controlled heating system, which may be in fluidic communication with said reactor, the outlet of the extruder being equipped with a liquid/solid separator, - an enclosed chamber comprising a basin surmounted by a roof made of a material substantially transparent to light, said basin being able to be filled with water and intended for the cultivation of a plant or bacterium, in particular a protein-rich plant or bacterium such as protein-rich microalgae or protein-rich cyanobacteria, - a water desalination system by evaporation-concentration comprising (i) a brine supply pipe, a non-desalinated water discharge pipe and a desalinated water outlet pipe, it being specified that: - optionally, said reactor is in fluidic communication with the extruder, - said basin being equipped with a controllable water supply device, said water supply device being in fluidic communication with a Saltwater outlet pipe from the desalination system. The reactor for the chemical and thermal treatment of animal products comprises a treatment chamber and at least one means for supplying said reactor CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 with an ammonia-based buffer and a means for heating animal products in said reactor. In some embodiments, said reactor is an extruder comprising a means for feeding animal products and a means for feeding an ammonia-based buffer. 5 The heating means may be of any known type. In some embodiments, said reactor is equipped with a heat exchange heating device, such as, for example, a plate heat exchanger of a known type, through which a hot fluid circulates. In some embodiments, the hot fluid circulating in the heat exchanger is hot water from a water desalination device by evaporation-concentration. The liquid/solid separator is equipped with a solids outlet tube and a liquid outlet tube respectively. In some embodiments, the liquid outlet pipe is in fluidic communication with the basin within the closed enclosure. Thus, the liquid fraction 15 exiting the reactor, for example the extruder, is used to feed the basin within the closed enclosure. In some embodiments, the pool within the enclosed area is equipped with a thermoregulation device for heating and cooling the pool, which is detailed elsewhere in this description. 20 In some embodiments, the desalination system includes a brine outlet pipe and a desalinated water outlet pipe. In some embodiments, the desalinated water outlet pipe is in fluidic communication with the basin included in said enclosed space, for the purpose of supplying said basin with salt water. 25 In certain embodiments of the system, it also includes a bioclimatic greenhouse. The bioclimatic greenhouse may, in general, be of a type known in the prior art, except for the technical characteristic(s) specified below, which make said bioclimatic greenhouse suitable for integration as an element of the system according to this description. In certain embodiments, said system further comprises a bioclimatic greenhouse device including: - an enclosed structure comprising a floor and a roof, the floor being located below CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 26 from ground level, - said roof being substantially transparent to light, on the surface of which are arranged a plurality of photovoltaic cells, preferably cells of Graetzel, - said enclosure being equipped with a device for dehumidifying the internal atmosphere of the enclosure, - said enclosure being thermoregulated, - a suitable substrate for the cultivation of plants being placed on the surface of said floor, said substrate being, at least in part, made up of the solid fraction of the product of the treatment of animal waste in, successively, the reactor and then the extruder device. A general diagram of a processing system according to the present description is shown in Figure 1. On the diagram in Figure 1 are shown three cartridges, respectively on the left, in the middle and on the right part of the figure. The cartouche on the left 1 relates to the animal breeding farm unit 10 and shows the various animal products which are generated by the practice of breeding, coming from the breeding farm, either directly or after processing by a processing unit 11, such as manure 12, animal offal 13, poultry feathers 14 and wastewater 15. The central cartouche 2 schematically represents the three main processing units, respectively: - the chemical and thermal processing unit 21 of the starting animal products, which unit may, in certain embodiments of the system, include a processing unit for the products, previously chemically and thermally treated, by digestion by a combination of Hermetia illucens larvae and at least one edible wood-decaying fungus, - the closed enclosure in which is placed a basin 22 suitable for allowing the growth of a plant or a protein-rich bacterium, - the bioclimatic greenhouse 23. The right-hand box 3 schematically represents the different material flows generated by the implementation of the animal product processing system. These different materials can be used for human consumption, for animal feed, particularly for feeding the livestock that constitutes the CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 27 system, and for other aspects of animal husbandry practice, for example to constitute animal bedding. The left-hand panel 1 depicts the various aspects related to the animal rearing unit. The upper left section shows the livestock farm unit 10. The operation of the livestock farm unit generates waste produced by the animals, primarily products consisting of their manure 12, combined with the mixture of materials composing their bedding. The livestock farm unit also generates carbon dioxide, which can be captured and reintroduced (i) into the enclosure containing the basin 22 adapted for the cultivation of a protein-rich plant or bacterium and/or (ii) into the bioclimatic greenhouse unit 23, where the carbon dioxide can be absorbed by the plants cultivated in the greenhouse and thus contribute to their growth. On the lower part of the left-hand cartouche 1 is depicted the processing and production unit 11 for animal products, which are primarily intended for human consumption. The operation of the processing unit 11 generates a variety of animal products that are not used for human consumption, which include (i) offal 13, (ii) wastewater 15 generated by the various stages of processing dead animals in the processing unit, and (iii) where applicable, when the farm animals are poultry, in particular poultry such as geese, turkeys, ducks, hens and chickens, guinea fowl, capons, quail, pheasants, and pigeons, also the feathers 14 of these animals. It is recalled that the central box 2 schematically represents (i) the chemical and thermal treatment unit 21, (ii) the closed enclosure including the basin 22 suitable for the cultivation of a plant or a protein-rich bacterium, and (iii) the bioclimatic greenhouse 23. On the left side of the central box 2, it is shown that the chemical and thermal treatment unit 21 is fed respectively by (i) solid waste 12 generated by the operation of the livestock farm unit, (ii) solids consisting of offal 13 from the operation of the processing unit, (iii) where applicable, solids consisting of feathers 14 from livestock, and (iv) liquids consisting mainly of wastewater 15 generated by the operation of the processing unit 11. As described elsewhere in this description, these solid and liquid materials are thermally and chemically treated in steps a) and b) of the process according to this description. Where applicable, the material that has been chemically treated and CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 28 thermally is then subjected to a step bl) of digestion by a combination of insect larvae and edible wood-decaying fungal mycelium. As described above, the material obtained at the end of step h) of the process, where applicable at the end of the digestion step bl), is generated in the form of a material comprising a solid fraction 24 and a liquid fraction 25, which are separated in step d) of the process. The solid fraction 24 is used to provide nutrients, useful for plant growth, to the bioclimatic greenhouse unit 23, shown at the top right of the central cartouche 2 in Figure 1. The liquid fraction 25, which is an alkaline liquid comprising mineral and organic elements, is used to supply nutrients, useful for the growth of the plant or protein-rich bacterium, for example a plant or bacterium of the genus Arthrospira such as spirulina, to the closed enclosure unit comprising the basin 22 in which the plant or protein-rich bacterium grows. Furthermore, the larvae resulting from the multiplication of insect larvae during the implementation of step b 1) of the process, within the chemical and thermal treatment unit 21, can be used as a source of protein for the purpose of manufacturing food compositions intended for (i) human consumption and/or (ii) animal feed, and preferably for feeding livestock within the livestock farm unit of the system according to this description. The right-hand box 3 of Figure 1 schematically represents the different products that are generated by each of the units (i) of chemical and thermal treatment, (ii) the bioclimatic greenhouse and (iii) the closed enclosure unit comprising the basin in which the plant or protein-rich bacteria grows. As shown in the central box 2 of Figure 1, the bioclimatic greenhouse 23 is used for growing food crops, vegetables and/or fruits 31, primarily for human consumption. Where applicable, certain parts of the plants not used for human consumption may be used (i) to feed animals on a livestock farm, or (ii) to provide bedding material for animals 32. As can also be seen in the diagram in Figure 1, the operation of the basin unit 22 generates a plant or bacterial mass consisting of the protein-rich plant or bacterium 33 that has been collected, for example in real time as it is collected CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 29 of its growth, which plant or protein-rich bacterium can be used as a constituent for human food 31 or animal feed 31, for example, to feed animals reared in the livestock farm unit 10 of the system as described herein. Furthermore, the water contained in the basin 22, which has been filtered and purified by the plant or protein-rich bacterium, can then be supplied (i) to the livestock farm unit 10 and/or (ii) to the processing unit 11, as it is useful for the proper functioning of each of these units of the system as described herein. As can also be seen in the diagram in Figure 1, the chemical and thermal treatment unit 21 can generate a lipid-rich fraction 34. As can also be seen in the diagram in Figure 1, the chemical and thermal treatment unit 21 can generate a solid fraction whose transformation can be continued by insect larvae 35, the resulting transformed material being subsequently used in particular to feed animals within the livestock farm 10 (see right-hand box 3). As also shown in the diagram in Figure 1, unsalted water 38, in particular pure water, can be taken from basin 22 for the purpose of supplying the transformation unit 11. Furthermore, insects 36 derived from insect larvae can be used as a protein source, for example in an aquaculture unit 37. In certain embodiments of the system, said basin 22: - is a covered basin, preferably over its entire upper surface, by a light-transparent covering element equipped with a plurality of photovoltaic cells, said photovoltaic cells preferably being solar cells Graetzel, and/or - is equipped with a water mixing and spirulina recovery device, and/or - being powered by light energy, (i) on the one hand, by natural light transmitted through the cover element and (ii) on the other hand, by light emitted by a plurality of electroluminescent sources arranged on the walls of the basin and/or on the walls of the water mixing and spirulina recovery device, and/or - is equipped with a heat exchanger device for heating and/or cooling the water, said device being regulated by a control system for maintaining the temperature of the water contained in said basin at the set temperature. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 In certain embodiments of said system, the enclosure thermoregulation device includes a heat exchanger in fluidic communication with the water desalination system. In certain embodiments, said system further comprises an agroforestry arrangement including: - an area planted with shade-generating trees arranged in rows spaced appropriately to accommodate a tunnel greenhouse, or a plurality of tunnel greenhouses, between two rows of said trees, - a tunnel greenhouse, or a plurality of tunnel greenhouses, arranged between two rows of trees, and - a tree irrigation system, and where appropriate a plant irrigation system for plants that may be cultivated in the tunnel greenhouse(s), said irrigation system being in fluidic communication with the desalinated water outlet of the evaporation-condensation water desalination system. 15 This description also relates to a process for the decontamination of animal products of pathogens, comprising the following steps: a) chemical treatment by contacting the collected waste with an ammonia-based buffer at a pH of at least 8, and b) thermal treatment of the material obtained in step a), by heating said material in a humid environment 20 to a temperature of at least 70 C. More specific implementation characteristics of steps a) and b) are detailed elsewhere in this description, in relation to the description of steps a) and b) of the process for the treatment of animal products. Pathogens encompass pathogenic microorganisms, such as the 25 pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic viruses. Pathogens also include unconventional transmissible agents (UTAs), such as viroids and pathogenic prion proteins. In some embodiments, the process for decontaminating animal products of pathogens further includes a step (c) of contacting the material obtained at the end of step (b), where applicable, with the solid fraction of the material obtained at the end of step (c) when said material comprises a solid fraction and a CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 31 liquid fraction, with insect larvae, preferably insect larvae of the species Herrnetia illucens. More specific implementation characteristics of step c) are detailed elsewhere in this description, in relation to the description of step c2) of the process for the treatment of animal products. Example: Decontamination effect of process pathogens As illustrated in the Example, the process for treating animal products according to the present description, due to the combination of (i) the basic pH provided by the ammonia-based buffer during the chemical treatment step and (ii) the temperature applied during the heat treatment step, allows the obtaining of organic matter which can subsequently be used, in particular in agriculture, for example as fertilizers or as nutritional material, which organic matter is free from pathogens, and in particular is free from pathogens known to resist many heat and chemical treatments, such as pathogenic prion proteins. As a reminder, it is the extraordinary resistance of pathogenic prion proteins (notably responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy, also known as mad cow disease, transmissible to humans and thus responsible for the variant of the disease) that Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) led hospital units to modify their autoclaving sterilization practices, moving from a temperature of 121°C, as before, to 134°C for 18 minutes. It is this resistance of pathogenic prion proteins that explains why previous treatments of animal meal, which destroyed all other pathogens, were ineffective in preventing the transmission of the pathogenic prion proteins responsible for the so-called mad cow disease crises. The ability of the animal product treatment process according to this description to decontaminate said animal products of pathogens, in particular due to the implementation of steps a) and b) of this process, and in some cases also due to the implementation of step c2) by contact with insect larvae of the species Hermetia illucens, was tested in the conventional model used for prion decontamination studies, namely by the use of strain 263K in hamsters. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 32 The principle of this test was to compare a representative sample of animal products contaminated with a pathogenic prion protein. As a representative sample of animal products contaminated with a pathogenic prion protein, a homogenate of brain from a prion-infected hamster at the terminal stage of the disease was used. This homogenate was used to contaminate a piece of meat, in a weight ratio of 10% by weight of hamster brain homogenate and 90% by weight of meat not initially contaminated, relative to the total weight of the resulting animal product. The weight ratio 10%:90% has ÚtÚ was used for the purpose of not significantly altering the physicochemical properties of the meat matrix while delivering a maximum quantity of infectious agent and, in the particular case with this prion strain 263K, the infectious titer has ÚtÚ greater than Ó 109 LD50/g of hamster brain, i.e. quantities of infectious agent contained in 1 gram of infected hamster brain ÚtÚ capable of killing more than one billion animals with a probability Ú 50% (definition of the lethal dose 50%). This meat matrix contaminated by strain 263K was carefully homogenized to generate a series of samples of identical volume and weight. The samples were then subjected or not to different decontamination treatments in order to compare the decontamination capacity of the different treatments applied and thus judge their relative effectiveness between them and in relation to serious dilutions of untreated infectious samples (to determine the reduction of the infectious titer of the starting sample). The final test consisted of inoculating the samples resulting from the different treatments applied intracerebrically to determine this famous 50% lethal dose and to define the most effective decontamination treatments. The positive controls consisted of: 1) Autoclaving at 134°C for 18 minutes according to WHO recommendations, which resulted in a 2.5 log reduction in the infectious titer, i.e., a reduction by a factor of approximately 300, which is less than what is classically described due to the protective effect of the meat matrix; 2) A longer treatment at a lower temperature (60 min at 115°C), which is easier to achieve on an industrial scale and will alter the organoleptic qualities less. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 33 of the treated products, which results in a 2-log reduction in infectious titer, i.e., a reduction by a factor of 100. The treatments of the animal product samples consisted of: 1) A combination of a lower temperature (60 min at 115°C) with a controlled addition of ammonia-based buffer to raise the pH (here the composition used was: 6% ammonia 30% v/v, ammonium citrate 25 mM, sodium citrate 250 mM; this buffer was mixed with the meat in a ratio of 1 part to 5 parts meat, i.e., in practice, 2 ml of buffer per 10 g of meat before heat treatment), which resulted in a 5-log reduction in the infectious titer, a factor 1000 times greater than heat treatment alone and 300 times greater than that recommended by the WHO. 2) A combination of the previous treatment with biotransformation by Hermetia illucens which allows more than 8 log reduction of infectious titer, more than 300,000 times more than the WHO reference treatment with no residual infectivity detected despite the massive infectious doses used to contaminate the treated samples. Such experimentation, which required more than 12 months of animal monitoring, demonstrated the superiority of the process for the treatment of animal products according to this description, compared to conventional decontamination processes. List of documents cited Baba et al. 2017. Traditional methods of carcass disposal: a review. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research. 2017;5(1):21-27. Baba et al. 2018. Economics of Fermentation of Poultry Farm Waste. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Bolan et al. 2010. Uses and management of poultry litter. World's Poultry Science Journal, Volume 66, Issue 4, December 2010, pp. 673 698 DOI:http s ://doi.org/10.1017/S 0043933910000656 Brandelli et al. 2015. Microbial enzymes for bioconversion of poultry waste into added-value products. Food Research International 73 (2015) 3-12 CA03202014 2023- 6- 12 WO2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 34 Pereira et al. 2019. Ammonia and greenhouse gas omissions following the application of clinoptilolite on the litter of a breeding hen house. About Sei Pollut Res Int. 2019 Mar;26(8):8352-8357. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04429-2. CA03202014 2023- 6- 12

Claims (10)

WO 2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 Claims 1. A process for the treatment of animal products, in particular products from poultry farming, comprising the following steps: a) chemical treatment by contacting the collected waste with an ammonia-based buffer at a pH of at least 8; b) thermal treatment of the material obtained in step a) by heating said material in a moist environment to a temperature of at least 70°C; c) separation of organic and mineral matter in the presence of water from the material obtained in step b), followed by separate collection of (i) the liquid fraction comprising the mineral matter and (ii) the solid fraction comprising the organic matter; and d) addition of the liquid fraction obtained in step c(ii), comprising the mineral matter, to a tank (22) filled with water maintained in a controlled manner at a set temperature ranging from 20°C to 42°C, preferably from 28°C to 35°C, in which a protein-rich plant or bacterium, in particular microalgae or 15 cyanobacteria, dc preprincn dc spirulinc. 2. Method according to claim 1, the basin (22) put in place in step d): - is contained in an enclosure substantially sealed to the liquid and gaseous fluids of the external environment, said enclosure having a roof at least partially transparent to daylight, said roof being equipped with a plurality of 20 photovoltaic cells, preferably Graetzel photovoltaic cells, and/or - is equipped with a device for mixing the water and recovering the plant or protein-rich bacteria, - is supplied with light energy, and/or - is equipped with a device for thermoregulating the water contained in the basin. 25 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the thermoregulation device, for heating the water contained in the basin, is in fluidic communication with a hot water outlet pipe from an evaporation-concentration desalination unit. 4. A method according to claim 2 or 3, the heat exchanger device for water cooling, comprising a geothermal heat exchanger. CA 03202014 2023-6-12 WO 2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 36 5. Method according to claims 1 to 4, said basin (22) being equipped with a controllable water supply device, said water supply device being in fluidic communication with a salt water outlet pipe of a water desalination device by evaporation-concentration. 6. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, step c) being followed by a step c1) of bringing the liquid fraction of the material obtained in step c) into contact with a woody substrate colonized by an edible wood-decaying fungus and a step c2) of bringing the solid fraction obtained in step c) (i) into contact with at least one edible wood-decaying fungus, and then, if necessary, (ii) with insect larvae, preferably larvae of insects of the species Hermetia illucens. 7. System for the treatment of animal products, said system comprising: - a reactor (21) for the chemical and thermal treatment of said animal products, - an extruder device equipped with a controlled heating system, which may be in fluidic communication with said reactor, the outlet of the extruder device being equipped with a liquid/solid separator, - an enclosed chamber comprising a basin (22) surmounted by a roof made of a material substantially transparent to light, said basin being able to be filled with water and intended for the cultivation of a plant or bacteria, in particular a protein-rich plant or bacteria such as protein-rich cyanobacteria or protein-rich microalgae, - a water desalination system by evaporation-concentration comprising (i) a brine supply pipe, a non-desalinated water discharge pipe and a desalinated water outlet pipe, it being specified that: - Optionally, said reactor (21) is in fluidic communication with the extruder device, - said basin (22) being equipped with a controllable water supply device, said water supply device being in fluidic communication with a salt water outlet pipe from the desalination system. 8. System according to claim 7, comprising plus a bioclimatic greenhouse device (23) comprising: CA 03202014 2023-6-12 WO 2022/128982 PCT/EP2021/085595 37 - an enclosed structure comprising a floor and a roof, the floor being situated below ground level, - said roof being substantially transparent to light, on the wall of which are arranged a plurality of photovoltaic cells, preferably Gractz cells, - said structure being equipped with a device for dehumidifying the internal atmosphere of the structure, - said structure being temperature-controlled, - a suitable substrate for plant cultivation being arranged on the surface of said floor, said substrate being, at least in part, composed of the solid fraction of the waste treatment product animals in, successively, the reactor and then the extruder device. 9. System according to claim 8, the enclosure thermoregulation device of the bioclimatic greenhouse device (23) comprising a heat exchanger in fluidic communication with the water desalination system. 10. A system according to any one of claims 7 to 9, further comprising an agroforestry arrangement including: - a planted area of shade-generating trees arranged in rows spaced appropriately to accommodate a tunnel greenhouse, or a plurality of tunnel greenhouses, between two rows of said trees; - a tunnel greenhouse, or a plurality of tunnel greenhouses, arranged between two rows of trees; and - a tree irrigation system, and optionally an irrigation system for plants capable of being cultivated in the tunnel greenhouse(s), said irrigation system being in fluidic communication with the desalinated water outlet of the evaporative-condensation desalination system. CA 03202014 2023-6-12