CA2406193C - Non-aqueous electrolytic solution and lithium secondary battery - Google Patents
Non-aqueous electrolytic solution and lithium secondary battery Download PDFInfo
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- CA2406193C CA2406193C CA2406193A CA2406193A CA2406193C CA 2406193 C CA2406193 C CA 2406193C CA 2406193 A CA2406193 A CA 2406193A CA 2406193 A CA2406193 A CA 2406193A CA 2406193 C CA2406193 C CA 2406193C
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/164—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solvent
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0031—Chlorinated solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
- H01M2300/0042—Four or more solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/168—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by additives
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
A non-aqueous electrolytic solution favorably employable for a lithium secondary battery employs a nonaqueous solvent composed of a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, and shows a reduction potential of less than 1 volt, with reference to lithium, or contains chlorine atom-containing organic compounds in an amount of 10 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
Description
NON-AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTION AND
LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolytic solution and a lithium secondary battery employing the non-aqueous electrolytic solution. In particular, the invention relates to a lithium secondary battery having improved electric capacity and cycle char-acteristics, and a non-aqueous electrolytic solution and non-aqueous solvent which are advantageously employable for preparing the lithium secondary battery.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
At present, potable small electronic devices such as personal computers, cellular phones, and video recorders equipped with camera are widely used, and a small sized secondary battery having light weight and high electric capacity is desired to provide an electric source for driving such small electronic devices. From the view-points of small size, light weight, and high electric capacity, a lithium secondary battery is paid attention.
The lithium secondary battery employs a positive active electrode material comprising a complex oxide such as lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, or lithium man-ganate, a negative active electrode material comprising a carbonaceous material into which lithium ions are able to intercalate and from which lithium ions are able to re-lease, and a non-aqueous electrolytic solution of a lith-ium salt in a non-aqueous solvent comprising a cyclic carbonate and a linear carbonate. The lithium secondary battery is now studied for improving its characteristics.
Among the carbonaceous materials into which lithium ions are able to intercalate and from which lithium ions are able to release, graphite is considered to be the most preferred negative active electrode material of a lithium secondary battery because of its large electric capacity and advantageous flat electric potential curve, and therefore is employed widely in the art.
There is a problem, however, in that the graphite electrode shows exfoliation on its surface when it is employed in a lithium secondary battery in combination with a non-aqueous solvent for the electrolytic solution which comprises a cyclic carbonate such as ethylene car-bonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), or butylene car-bonate (BC). Simultaneously, the cyclic carbonate is decomposed on the surface of the graphite electrode. The exfoliation of the graphite electrode and decomposition of the cyclic carbonate of the non-aqueous solvent cause decrease of battery characteristics such as electric capacity, cycle characteristics, and storage stability.
Particularly, the decrease is apparently observed when the graphite electrode is employed in an electrolytic solution containing propylene carbonate. It is sometimes noted that propylene carbonate decomposes on the surface of the graphite negative electrode when it is subjected to initial charging procedure and that further discharg-ing-charging procedures cannot be done.
For obviating decomposition of an electrolytic solu-tion on the surface of the graphite negative electrode material and exfoliation of the graphite, it has been proposed addition of additive material classified into various compounds. For instance, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 140, No. 6, L 101 (1993) describes that addition of a crown-ether compound (12-crown-4) to an electrolytic solution comprising propylene carbonate and ethylene car-bonate obviates decomposition of the electrolytic solu-tion. In this case, however, it is required to use a relatively large amount of an expensive crown-ether com-pound for effectively obviating the decomposition. Fur-ther, the addition of crown-ether still cannot impart to the battery well satisfactory electric characteristics.
United States Patent No. 5,626,981 describes an electrolytic solution comprising a lithium salt and a mixture of at least two aprotic organic solvents of which the first solvent has a high dielectric constant and the second solvent has low viscosity and further contains a soluble compound of the same type as at least one of the solvents and contains at least one unsaturated bond and which can be reduced at the anode at a potential of more than 1 volt with respect to lithium to form a passivation layer. This patent describes that the additive compound is reduced on the anode when the battery is charged, to form a passivation layer on the graphite surface and obviate reduction of other solvent components.
According to the study of the inventors, however, the methods described above cannot give satisfactorily high Coulomb efficiency (i.e., charge-discharge efficien-cy) at the initial stage. Further, the electric capacity gradually decreases after the charge-discharge cycle is repeated. Thus, the known improvement methods fail to impart satisfactory cycle characteristics and storage stability to the lithium secondary battery.
Further, 1997 Joint International Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, Inc. and International Society of Electrochemistry, Abstracts, P. 153 (1997) describes that a voltamograph obtained in a battery cell comprising a graphite electrode (working electrode)/Li (counter electrode)/Li (reference electrode) and an electrolytic solution of 1M LiPF6 in a solvent of PC/EC/DMC (DMC:
dimethyl carbonate) of 1/1/3 by a volume ratio shows a reduction peak at 1 volt, and that the passivation film is formed on the negative electrode at that voltage so as to keep other solvent components from reducing.
Furthermore, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 140, No. 9, L 161 (1995) describes that addition of chloroethylene carbonate to an electrolytic solution is effective to keep propylene carbonate (PC) from decomposing on the graphite electrode surface. It is assumed that a decom-posed product of chloroethylene carbonate forms a passi-vation film on the graphite surface. However, the inhib-ition of decomposition of the electrolytic solution is not satisfactorily high.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
According to the above-described improvement meth-ods, it has become possible to use a cyclic carbonate (which is an excellent non-aqueous solvent) and a carbo-naceous electrode having high crystallinity such as a graphite electrode in combination. Nevertheless, the use of the above-mentioned solvent component is still not able to provide a lithium secondary battery showing well satisfactory battery characteristics.
The present inventors have focused their studies on the use of a non-aqueous solvent mixture of a cyclic car-bonate (which shows excellent characteristics as a non-aqueous solvent for an electrolytic solution) and par-ticularly on the effect of vinylene carbonate (VC) for keeping the electrolytic solution from decomposing on the graphite electrode surface.
As a result, it has been discovered that a vinylene carbonate product prepared by a conventional synthetic process does not provide satisfactory battery character-istics, and further the resulting battery does not have reliable battery characteristics. It is further discov-ered that the vinylene carbonate product prepared by conventional synthetic processes contains a not small amount of chlorine atom-containing organic compounds which are produced in the process for the preparation of vinylene carbonate as by-products. The by-produced chlo-rive atom-containing organic compounds are incorporated into a non-aqueous solvent of an electrolytic solution when the vinylene carbonate product is mixed with other non-aqueous solvent components. The chlorine atom-con-taining organic compounds in the non-aqueous solvent of an electrolytic solution bring about increase of reduc-tion potential of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution and cause lowering of the battery characteristics and reliability of the battery.
The present invention resides in a non-aqueous elec-trolytic solution which comprises a non-aqueous solvent comprising a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, and an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent, and which shows a reduction poten-tial of less than 1 volt (or a reduction potential higher by less than 1 volt), with reference to lithium.
The invention further resides in a non-aqueous elec-trolytic solution which comprises a non-aqueous solvent comprising a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, and an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent, and which contains one or more chlo-rine atom-containing organic compounds in an amount of 10 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
The invention furthermore resides in a non-aqueous solvent comprising a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, which contains one or more chlo-rine atom-containing organic compounds in an amount of 10 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
The invention furthermore resides in a lithium sec-ondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a graph-ite negative-electrode having a lattice spacing of 0.34 nm or less in terms of d002, and a non-aqueous electrolyt-ic solution which comprises a non-aqueous solvent com-prising a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, and an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent, and which shows a reduction poten-tial of less than 1 volt, with reference to lithium.
The invention furthermore resides in a lithium sec-ondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a graph-ite negative-electrode having a lattice spacing of 0.34 nm or less in terms of d002, and a non-aqueous electrolyt-ic solution which comprises a non-aqueous solvent com-prising a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, and an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent, and which contains one or more chlo-rine atom-containing organic compounds in an amount of 10 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
The characteristic features of the invention reside specifically in the characteristics and composition of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution or the non-aqueous solvent for the electrolytic solution. Preferred are as follows:
(1) The reduction potential of the electrolytic solution is 0.9 volt or less, preferably 0.8 volt or less, more preferably in the range of 0.7 volt to 0.8 volt, with reference to lithium.
(2) The amount of chlorine atom-containing organic compounds is in an amount of 10 ppm or less, preferably 5 ppm or less, more preferably 2.5 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
(3) The chlorine atom-containing organic compounds are incorporated into the electrolytic solution as con-taminants of the vinylene carbonate.
(4) The contaminants are contained in the vinylene carbonate in an amount of not more than 100 ppm, in terms of chlorine atom content.
The mechanism of lowering of reduction potential of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution of the invention by the decrease of the chlorine atom-containing compounds as well as the mechanism of its function to improve battery characteristics of the lithium secondary battery are not clearly understood. It is assumed, however, as follows:
LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolytic solution and a lithium secondary battery employing the non-aqueous electrolytic solution. In particular, the invention relates to a lithium secondary battery having improved electric capacity and cycle char-acteristics, and a non-aqueous electrolytic solution and non-aqueous solvent which are advantageously employable for preparing the lithium secondary battery.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
At present, potable small electronic devices such as personal computers, cellular phones, and video recorders equipped with camera are widely used, and a small sized secondary battery having light weight and high electric capacity is desired to provide an electric source for driving such small electronic devices. From the view-points of small size, light weight, and high electric capacity, a lithium secondary battery is paid attention.
The lithium secondary battery employs a positive active electrode material comprising a complex oxide such as lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, or lithium man-ganate, a negative active electrode material comprising a carbonaceous material into which lithium ions are able to intercalate and from which lithium ions are able to re-lease, and a non-aqueous electrolytic solution of a lith-ium salt in a non-aqueous solvent comprising a cyclic carbonate and a linear carbonate. The lithium secondary battery is now studied for improving its characteristics.
Among the carbonaceous materials into which lithium ions are able to intercalate and from which lithium ions are able to release, graphite is considered to be the most preferred negative active electrode material of a lithium secondary battery because of its large electric capacity and advantageous flat electric potential curve, and therefore is employed widely in the art.
There is a problem, however, in that the graphite electrode shows exfoliation on its surface when it is employed in a lithium secondary battery in combination with a non-aqueous solvent for the electrolytic solution which comprises a cyclic carbonate such as ethylene car-bonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), or butylene car-bonate (BC). Simultaneously, the cyclic carbonate is decomposed on the surface of the graphite electrode. The exfoliation of the graphite electrode and decomposition of the cyclic carbonate of the non-aqueous solvent cause decrease of battery characteristics such as electric capacity, cycle characteristics, and storage stability.
Particularly, the decrease is apparently observed when the graphite electrode is employed in an electrolytic solution containing propylene carbonate. It is sometimes noted that propylene carbonate decomposes on the surface of the graphite negative electrode when it is subjected to initial charging procedure and that further discharg-ing-charging procedures cannot be done.
For obviating decomposition of an electrolytic solu-tion on the surface of the graphite negative electrode material and exfoliation of the graphite, it has been proposed addition of additive material classified into various compounds. For instance, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 140, No. 6, L 101 (1993) describes that addition of a crown-ether compound (12-crown-4) to an electrolytic solution comprising propylene carbonate and ethylene car-bonate obviates decomposition of the electrolytic solu-tion. In this case, however, it is required to use a relatively large amount of an expensive crown-ether com-pound for effectively obviating the decomposition. Fur-ther, the addition of crown-ether still cannot impart to the battery well satisfactory electric characteristics.
United States Patent No. 5,626,981 describes an electrolytic solution comprising a lithium salt and a mixture of at least two aprotic organic solvents of which the first solvent has a high dielectric constant and the second solvent has low viscosity and further contains a soluble compound of the same type as at least one of the solvents and contains at least one unsaturated bond and which can be reduced at the anode at a potential of more than 1 volt with respect to lithium to form a passivation layer. This patent describes that the additive compound is reduced on the anode when the battery is charged, to form a passivation layer on the graphite surface and obviate reduction of other solvent components.
According to the study of the inventors, however, the methods described above cannot give satisfactorily high Coulomb efficiency (i.e., charge-discharge efficien-cy) at the initial stage. Further, the electric capacity gradually decreases after the charge-discharge cycle is repeated. Thus, the known improvement methods fail to impart satisfactory cycle characteristics and storage stability to the lithium secondary battery.
Further, 1997 Joint International Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, Inc. and International Society of Electrochemistry, Abstracts, P. 153 (1997) describes that a voltamograph obtained in a battery cell comprising a graphite electrode (working electrode)/Li (counter electrode)/Li (reference electrode) and an electrolytic solution of 1M LiPF6 in a solvent of PC/EC/DMC (DMC:
dimethyl carbonate) of 1/1/3 by a volume ratio shows a reduction peak at 1 volt, and that the passivation film is formed on the negative electrode at that voltage so as to keep other solvent components from reducing.
Furthermore, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 140, No. 9, L 161 (1995) describes that addition of chloroethylene carbonate to an electrolytic solution is effective to keep propylene carbonate (PC) from decomposing on the graphite electrode surface. It is assumed that a decom-posed product of chloroethylene carbonate forms a passi-vation film on the graphite surface. However, the inhib-ition of decomposition of the electrolytic solution is not satisfactorily high.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
According to the above-described improvement meth-ods, it has become possible to use a cyclic carbonate (which is an excellent non-aqueous solvent) and a carbo-naceous electrode having high crystallinity such as a graphite electrode in combination. Nevertheless, the use of the above-mentioned solvent component is still not able to provide a lithium secondary battery showing well satisfactory battery characteristics.
The present inventors have focused their studies on the use of a non-aqueous solvent mixture of a cyclic car-bonate (which shows excellent characteristics as a non-aqueous solvent for an electrolytic solution) and par-ticularly on the effect of vinylene carbonate (VC) for keeping the electrolytic solution from decomposing on the graphite electrode surface.
As a result, it has been discovered that a vinylene carbonate product prepared by a conventional synthetic process does not provide satisfactory battery character-istics, and further the resulting battery does not have reliable battery characteristics. It is further discov-ered that the vinylene carbonate product prepared by conventional synthetic processes contains a not small amount of chlorine atom-containing organic compounds which are produced in the process for the preparation of vinylene carbonate as by-products. The by-produced chlo-rive atom-containing organic compounds are incorporated into a non-aqueous solvent of an electrolytic solution when the vinylene carbonate product is mixed with other non-aqueous solvent components. The chlorine atom-con-taining organic compounds in the non-aqueous solvent of an electrolytic solution bring about increase of reduc-tion potential of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution and cause lowering of the battery characteristics and reliability of the battery.
The present invention resides in a non-aqueous elec-trolytic solution which comprises a non-aqueous solvent comprising a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, and an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent, and which shows a reduction poten-tial of less than 1 volt (or a reduction potential higher by less than 1 volt), with reference to lithium.
The invention further resides in a non-aqueous elec-trolytic solution which comprises a non-aqueous solvent comprising a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, and an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent, and which contains one or more chlo-rine atom-containing organic compounds in an amount of 10 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
The invention furthermore resides in a non-aqueous solvent comprising a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, which contains one or more chlo-rine atom-containing organic compounds in an amount of 10 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
The invention furthermore resides in a lithium sec-ondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a graph-ite negative-electrode having a lattice spacing of 0.34 nm or less in terms of d002, and a non-aqueous electrolyt-ic solution which comprises a non-aqueous solvent com-prising a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, and an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent, and which shows a reduction poten-tial of less than 1 volt, with reference to lithium.
The invention furthermore resides in a lithium sec-ondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a graph-ite negative-electrode having a lattice spacing of 0.34 nm or less in terms of d002, and a non-aqueous electrolyt-ic solution which comprises a non-aqueous solvent com-prising a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and vinylene carbonate, and an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent, and which contains one or more chlo-rine atom-containing organic compounds in an amount of 10 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
The characteristic features of the invention reside specifically in the characteristics and composition of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution or the non-aqueous solvent for the electrolytic solution. Preferred are as follows:
(1) The reduction potential of the electrolytic solution is 0.9 volt or less, preferably 0.8 volt or less, more preferably in the range of 0.7 volt to 0.8 volt, with reference to lithium.
(2) The amount of chlorine atom-containing organic compounds is in an amount of 10 ppm or less, preferably 5 ppm or less, more preferably 2.5 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
(3) The chlorine atom-containing organic compounds are incorporated into the electrolytic solution as con-taminants of the vinylene carbonate.
(4) The contaminants are contained in the vinylene carbonate in an amount of not more than 100 ppm, in terms of chlorine atom content.
The mechanism of lowering of reduction potential of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution of the invention by the decrease of the chlorine atom-containing compounds as well as the mechanism of its function to improve battery characteristics of the lithium secondary battery are not clearly understood. It is assumed, however, as follows:
Vinylene carbonate (VC) products prepared by the conventionally employed synthetic methods contain at least 3,000 ppm of the below-mentioned chlorine atom-con-taining organic compounds:
CI
C 1\ CH-CH CH-CH2 ~ H-C\CH- \ 2 0 0 \0 \ / O
/o % \C/ C/
~~ ~~ II II
Cl ~ H-C\ CH-CH2 OH
0\C /O
When the vinylene carbonate product containing such a large amount of the plural chlorine atom-containing or-ganic compounds is incorporated into a non-aqueous sol-vent of the electrolytic solution in an ordinary addition amount of 1 to 10 wt.%, the chlorine atom-containing organic compounds are also incorporated into the non-aqueous solvent in an amount of approx. 30 to 300-ppm.
The chlorine atom-containing organic compounds show a reduction potential higher than vinylene carbonate and other components of the electrolytic solution, and there-fore they decompose on the graphite negative electrode surface prior to the reduction of vinylene carbonate and other components, so as to form a film coverage which can keep the electrolytic solution from decompositions of vinylene carbonate and other components.
CI
C 1\ CH-CH CH-CH2 ~ H-C\CH- \ 2 0 0 \0 \ / O
/o % \C/ C/
~~ ~~ II II
Cl ~ H-C\ CH-CH2 OH
0\C /O
When the vinylene carbonate product containing such a large amount of the plural chlorine atom-containing or-ganic compounds is incorporated into a non-aqueous sol-vent of the electrolytic solution in an ordinary addition amount of 1 to 10 wt.%, the chlorine atom-containing organic compounds are also incorporated into the non-aqueous solvent in an amount of approx. 30 to 300-ppm.
The chlorine atom-containing organic compounds show a reduction potential higher than vinylene carbonate and other components of the electrolytic solution, and there-fore they decompose on the graphite negative electrode surface prior to the reduction of vinylene carbonate and other components, so as to form a film coverage which can keep the electrolytic solution from decompositions of vinylene carbonate and other components.
However, since thus formed film coverage on the graphite electrode surface contains chlorine therein and becomes thick, the film cannot satisfactorily keep the electrolytic solution from decomposition. In other words, the chlorine atom-containing organic compounds attached to vinylene carbonate disturb the battery char-acteristics-improving function of vinylene carbonate.
In consideration of the above-described discovery, the inventors have developed a process for preparing vinylene carbonate of high purity, namely, containing a markedly less amount of the chlorine atom-containing or-ganic compound as well as a purification process.
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 1263 (1953) and other publi-cations teach that vinylene carbonate is prepared by the first step of synthesizing monochloroethylene carbonate by chlorination of ethylene carbonate (EC), and the sec-ond step of removing hydrogen chloride from the synthe-sized monochloroethylene carbonate in a ether solvent having a low boiling temperature utilizing an amine com-pound. According to the new process developed by the inventors, if the solvent employed in the second step is replaced with an ester solvent having a high boiling temperature and the vinylene carbonate product is puri-fied by distillation or crystallization, a high purity vinylene carbonate product containing little amount of chlorine atom-containing organic compounds can be pre-pared.
An electrolytic solution employing thus prepared vinylene carbonate of high purity is effective to provide a lithium secondary battery showing markedly improved electric capacity, cycle characteristics and storage stability.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Example 1.
Fig. 2 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Comparison Example 1.
Fig. 3 illustrates cycle characteristics of lithium secondary batteries of Example 1, Comparison Example 2, and Comparison Example 3.
Fig. 4 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Example 2.
Fig. 5 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Comparison Example 4.
Fig. 6 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Comparison Example 6.
Fig. 7 illustrates cycle characteristics of lithium secondary batteries of Example 2, Comparison Example 4, Comparison Example 5, and Comparison Example 6.
Fig. 8 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Example 3.
Fig. 9 illustrates results of reduction potential measurements of various vinylene carbonate-containing electrolytic solutions.
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
The non-aqueous electrolytic solution of the inven-tion preferably contains vinylene carbonate (VC) in an amount of 0.01 to 10 wt.%, more preferably 0.1 to 5 wt.%.
If an extremely less amount of vinylene carbonate is incorporated, no decomposition of the electrolytic solu-tion on the graphite electrode takes place. If vinylene carbonate is incorporated in an excessively large amount, the battery characteristics lower. The chlorine atom-containing organic compound is preferably contained in an amount of 100 ppm or less, more preferably 50 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
The cyclic carbonate can be ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), or butylene carbonate (BC).
In consideration of the above-described discovery, the inventors have developed a process for preparing vinylene carbonate of high purity, namely, containing a markedly less amount of the chlorine atom-containing or-ganic compound as well as a purification process.
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 1263 (1953) and other publi-cations teach that vinylene carbonate is prepared by the first step of synthesizing monochloroethylene carbonate by chlorination of ethylene carbonate (EC), and the sec-ond step of removing hydrogen chloride from the synthe-sized monochloroethylene carbonate in a ether solvent having a low boiling temperature utilizing an amine com-pound. According to the new process developed by the inventors, if the solvent employed in the second step is replaced with an ester solvent having a high boiling temperature and the vinylene carbonate product is puri-fied by distillation or crystallization, a high purity vinylene carbonate product containing little amount of chlorine atom-containing organic compounds can be pre-pared.
An electrolytic solution employing thus prepared vinylene carbonate of high purity is effective to provide a lithium secondary battery showing markedly improved electric capacity, cycle characteristics and storage stability.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Example 1.
Fig. 2 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Comparison Example 1.
Fig. 3 illustrates cycle characteristics of lithium secondary batteries of Example 1, Comparison Example 2, and Comparison Example 3.
Fig. 4 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Example 2.
Fig. 5 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Comparison Example 4.
Fig. 6 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Comparison Example 6.
Fig. 7 illustrates cycle characteristics of lithium secondary batteries of Example 2, Comparison Example 4, Comparison Example 5, and Comparison Example 6.
Fig. 8 illustrates charge-discharge characteristics of a lithium secondary battery of Example 3.
Fig. 9 illustrates results of reduction potential measurements of various vinylene carbonate-containing electrolytic solutions.
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
The non-aqueous electrolytic solution of the inven-tion preferably contains vinylene carbonate (VC) in an amount of 0.01 to 10 wt.%, more preferably 0.1 to 5 wt.%.
If an extremely less amount of vinylene carbonate is incorporated, no decomposition of the electrolytic solu-tion on the graphite electrode takes place. If vinylene carbonate is incorporated in an excessively large amount, the battery characteristics lower. The chlorine atom-containing organic compound is preferably contained in an amount of 100 ppm or less, more preferably 50 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
The cyclic carbonate can be ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), or butylene carbonate (BC).
The cyclic carbonate can be employed singly or in combi-nation. The linear carbonate can be dimethyl carbonate (DMC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), or methyl butyl carbonate (MBC). The linear carbonate can be also em-ployed singly or in combination. The cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate can be preferably employed in a volume ratio of 2:8 to 6:4.
Examples of the electrolytes employed for preparing the non-aqueous electrolytic solution include LiPF6, LiBF4, LiC104, LiN (SO2CF3) 2, LiN (SO2C2F5) 2, and LiC (SO2CF3) 3 .
The electrolytes can be employed singly or in combina-tion. Generally, the electrolyte can be incorporated into the non-aqueous solvent in such an amount to give an electrolytic solution of 0.1 M to 3 M, preferably 0.5 M
to 1.5 M.
The non-aqueous electrolytic solution of the inven-tion is generally prepared by dissolving the electrolyte in a mixture of a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and a high purity vinylene carbonate.
The non-aqueous electrolytic solution of the inven-tion is preferably employed as a constitutional component of a lithium secondary battery. Materials other than the electrolytic solution are known, and the known materials can be employed without limitation.
For instance, the positive electrode active material can be a complex metal oxide comprising one metal element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, manganese, chromium, vanadium and iron and lithium.
Examples of the complex metal oxides include LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, and LiNiO2.
The positive electrode can be prepared by kneading a mixture of the above-mentioned positive electrode active material, an electro-conductive agent such as acetylene black or carbon black, a binder such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and an N-methylpyrrolidone solvent to produce a positive electrode composition, coating the positive electrode composition on a metal plate such as aluminum foil or stainless sheet, drying the coated composition at 50 to 250 C, and molding the dry film under pressure.
The negative electrode preferably comprises a natu-ral or artificial graphite having a lattice spacing (or lattice distance, in terms of d002) of 0.34 nm or less.
The negative electrode can be prepared by kneading a mixture of the above-mentioned graphite, a binder such as PVDF, PTFE or ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and an N-methylpyrrolidone solvent to produce a negative electrode composition, coating the negative electrode composition on a metal plate such as aluminum foil or stainless sheet, drying the coated composition at 50 to 250 C, and molding the dry film under pressure.
There are no specific limitations with respect to the structure of the lithium secondary battery of the invention. For instance, the lithium secondary battery can be a battery of coin type comprising a positive elec-trode, a negative electrode, plural separators, and the electrolytic solution, or a cylindrical, prismatic or laminate battery.
EXAMPLES
[Vinylene Carbonate]
Three vinylene carbonates employed in the following Examples 1 to 3 and Comparison Examples 1 to 6 were pur-chased or prepared in the manners described below.
(1) Aldrich Vinylene Carbonate Vinylene carbonate available from Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., on the market was purchased. This was named "Aldrich vinylene carbonate".
Examples of the electrolytes employed for preparing the non-aqueous electrolytic solution include LiPF6, LiBF4, LiC104, LiN (SO2CF3) 2, LiN (SO2C2F5) 2, and LiC (SO2CF3) 3 .
The electrolytes can be employed singly or in combina-tion. Generally, the electrolyte can be incorporated into the non-aqueous solvent in such an amount to give an electrolytic solution of 0.1 M to 3 M, preferably 0.5 M
to 1.5 M.
The non-aqueous electrolytic solution of the inven-tion is generally prepared by dissolving the electrolyte in a mixture of a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate and a high purity vinylene carbonate.
The non-aqueous electrolytic solution of the inven-tion is preferably employed as a constitutional component of a lithium secondary battery. Materials other than the electrolytic solution are known, and the known materials can be employed without limitation.
For instance, the positive electrode active material can be a complex metal oxide comprising one metal element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, manganese, chromium, vanadium and iron and lithium.
Examples of the complex metal oxides include LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, and LiNiO2.
The positive electrode can be prepared by kneading a mixture of the above-mentioned positive electrode active material, an electro-conductive agent such as acetylene black or carbon black, a binder such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and an N-methylpyrrolidone solvent to produce a positive electrode composition, coating the positive electrode composition on a metal plate such as aluminum foil or stainless sheet, drying the coated composition at 50 to 250 C, and molding the dry film under pressure.
The negative electrode preferably comprises a natu-ral or artificial graphite having a lattice spacing (or lattice distance, in terms of d002) of 0.34 nm or less.
The negative electrode can be prepared by kneading a mixture of the above-mentioned graphite, a binder such as PVDF, PTFE or ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and an N-methylpyrrolidone solvent to produce a negative electrode composition, coating the negative electrode composition on a metal plate such as aluminum foil or stainless sheet, drying the coated composition at 50 to 250 C, and molding the dry film under pressure.
There are no specific limitations with respect to the structure of the lithium secondary battery of the invention. For instance, the lithium secondary battery can be a battery of coin type comprising a positive elec-trode, a negative electrode, plural separators, and the electrolytic solution, or a cylindrical, prismatic or laminate battery.
EXAMPLES
[Vinylene Carbonate]
Three vinylene carbonates employed in the following Examples 1 to 3 and Comparison Examples 1 to 6 were pur-chased or prepared in the manners described below.
(1) Aldrich Vinylene Carbonate Vinylene carbonate available from Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., on the market was purchased. This was named "Aldrich vinylene carbonate".
(2) Synthesis of Vinylene Carbonate by conventional method The synthesis was carried out in the manner de-scribed in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 1263(1953) and J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 77, 3789 (1955). The details are as follows.
Gaseous chlorine was blown into ethylene carbonate (600 g) which was previously purified by distillation.
In the course of blowing, ultraviolet light was applied to the ethylene carbonate at 65 C for 24 hours for per-forming a reaction. After the reaction was complete, monochloroethylene carbonate (560 g) was isolated by dis-tillation. The isolated monochloroethylene carbonate (493 g) was dissolved in dry diethyl ether (500 mL).
Triethylamine (440 g) was dropwise added to the resulting solution under ref lux for 6 hours. The solution was further refluxed under stirring for 14 hours. The pro-duced solid triethylamine hydrochloride was filtered off and washed with a mixture of ether and n-hexane. The solvent and excessive amine were first distilled off.
The distillation was further carried out at 30 mmHg to collect a vinylene carbonate distillate (290 g). The vinylene carbonate distillate was then subjected to frac-tional distillation at 30 mmHg to obtain 104 g of vinyl-ene carbonate (b.p.: 73 C). The obtained vinylene carbon-ate was named "Conventional vinylene carbonate".
(3) Synthesis of High Purity Vinylene Carbonate Monochloroethylene carbonate was prepared in the same manner as in (2) above. The prepared monochloro-ethylene carbonate (494 g) was dissolved in dibutyl car-bonate (500 mL), and placed in a reaction vessel (2-liter volume). To the reaction vessel was dropwise added tri-ethylamine (440 g) at 50 C for 6 hours, for performing a reaction. The mixture was stirred further for 14 hours.
The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and triethylamine hydrochloride was filtered off and washed sufficiently with dibutyl carbonate. The filtrate (2,100 g) was placed at 30 mmHg to distill excessive triethyl-amine off, and then to collect 390 g of a vinylene car-bonate distillate. The vinylene carbonate distillate was treated with silica gel and then subjected to fractional distillation at 30 mmHg to obtain 195 g of vinylene car-bonate (b.p.: 73 C) containing an extremely small amount of contaminant. The obtained vinylene carbonate was named "High purity vinylene carbonate".
[Gas Chromatographic Mass Analysis of Vinylene Carbonate]
According to each of the gas chromatographic analy-ses for Aldrich vinylene carbonate and Conventional vinylene carbonate, a small amount of various contami-nants was detected. Gas chromatographic mass analysis indicated that the contaminants contained the aforemen-tioned three chlorine-containing organic compounds which were considered to be produced in the course of synthesis of vinylene carbonate. In contrast, High purity vinylene carbonate contained almost no contaminants. Chlorine-containing compounds such as the aforementioned three chlorine-containing compounds were not detected.
[Chlorine Content of Vinylene Carbonate]
Vinylene carbonate was burnt in oxyhydrogen flame, and the produced gas was absorbed by water. The gas-containing water was analyzed by ion chromatography to examine the chloride ion content. The result is set forth in Table 1. It was found that Aldrich vinylene carbonate and Conventional vinylene carbonate had a high chlorine content such as 3,200 ppm and 3,550 ppm, respec-tively. In contrast, High purity vinylene carbonate had a less chlorine content such as 29 ppm Table 1 Vinylene Carbonate Sample Chlorine content Aldrich vinylene carbonate 3,200 ppm Conventional vinylene carbonate 3,550 ppm High purity vinylene carbonate 29 ppm [Example 1]
1) Preparation of electrolytic solution High purity vinylene carbonate was added to a mix-ture (1:2, volume ratio) of propylene carbonate (PC) and dimethylene carbonate (DMC) in an amount of 2 weight %, to prepare a non-aqueous solvent. LiPF6 was dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent to give a 1M concentration.
Thus, an electrolytic solution was prepared.
2) Preparation of lithium secondary battery and mea-surement of battery characteristics LiCoO2 (positive electrode active material, 80 wt.%), acetylene black (electro-conductive material, 10 wt.%), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (binder, 10 wt.%) were mixed. The resulting mixture was diluted with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Thus produced positive electrode composi-tion was coated on aluminum foil, dried, and molded under pressure, to give a positive electrode.
Natural graphite (d002=0.3354, 90 wt. %) and poly-(vinylidene fluoride) (binder, 10 wt.%) were mixed. The mixture was then diluted with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
Thus produced negative electrode composition was coated on copper foil, dried, and molded under pressure, to give a negative electrode.
It was adjusted that the positive electrode and negative electrode had almost the same electric capacity.
The positive and negative electrodes, a micro-porous polypropylene film separator, and the electrolytic solu-tion were combined to give a coin-type battery (diameter:
Chem. Soc., 77, 3789 (1955). The details are as follows.
Gaseous chlorine was blown into ethylene carbonate (600 g) which was previously purified by distillation.
In the course of blowing, ultraviolet light was applied to the ethylene carbonate at 65 C for 24 hours for per-forming a reaction. After the reaction was complete, monochloroethylene carbonate (560 g) was isolated by dis-tillation. The isolated monochloroethylene carbonate (493 g) was dissolved in dry diethyl ether (500 mL).
Triethylamine (440 g) was dropwise added to the resulting solution under ref lux for 6 hours. The solution was further refluxed under stirring for 14 hours. The pro-duced solid triethylamine hydrochloride was filtered off and washed with a mixture of ether and n-hexane. The solvent and excessive amine were first distilled off.
The distillation was further carried out at 30 mmHg to collect a vinylene carbonate distillate (290 g). The vinylene carbonate distillate was then subjected to frac-tional distillation at 30 mmHg to obtain 104 g of vinyl-ene carbonate (b.p.: 73 C). The obtained vinylene carbon-ate was named "Conventional vinylene carbonate".
(3) Synthesis of High Purity Vinylene Carbonate Monochloroethylene carbonate was prepared in the same manner as in (2) above. The prepared monochloro-ethylene carbonate (494 g) was dissolved in dibutyl car-bonate (500 mL), and placed in a reaction vessel (2-liter volume). To the reaction vessel was dropwise added tri-ethylamine (440 g) at 50 C for 6 hours, for performing a reaction. The mixture was stirred further for 14 hours.
The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and triethylamine hydrochloride was filtered off and washed sufficiently with dibutyl carbonate. The filtrate (2,100 g) was placed at 30 mmHg to distill excessive triethyl-amine off, and then to collect 390 g of a vinylene car-bonate distillate. The vinylene carbonate distillate was treated with silica gel and then subjected to fractional distillation at 30 mmHg to obtain 195 g of vinylene car-bonate (b.p.: 73 C) containing an extremely small amount of contaminant. The obtained vinylene carbonate was named "High purity vinylene carbonate".
[Gas Chromatographic Mass Analysis of Vinylene Carbonate]
According to each of the gas chromatographic analy-ses for Aldrich vinylene carbonate and Conventional vinylene carbonate, a small amount of various contami-nants was detected. Gas chromatographic mass analysis indicated that the contaminants contained the aforemen-tioned three chlorine-containing organic compounds which were considered to be produced in the course of synthesis of vinylene carbonate. In contrast, High purity vinylene carbonate contained almost no contaminants. Chlorine-containing compounds such as the aforementioned three chlorine-containing compounds were not detected.
[Chlorine Content of Vinylene Carbonate]
Vinylene carbonate was burnt in oxyhydrogen flame, and the produced gas was absorbed by water. The gas-containing water was analyzed by ion chromatography to examine the chloride ion content. The result is set forth in Table 1. It was found that Aldrich vinylene carbonate and Conventional vinylene carbonate had a high chlorine content such as 3,200 ppm and 3,550 ppm, respec-tively. In contrast, High purity vinylene carbonate had a less chlorine content such as 29 ppm Table 1 Vinylene Carbonate Sample Chlorine content Aldrich vinylene carbonate 3,200 ppm Conventional vinylene carbonate 3,550 ppm High purity vinylene carbonate 29 ppm [Example 1]
1) Preparation of electrolytic solution High purity vinylene carbonate was added to a mix-ture (1:2, volume ratio) of propylene carbonate (PC) and dimethylene carbonate (DMC) in an amount of 2 weight %, to prepare a non-aqueous solvent. LiPF6 was dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent to give a 1M concentration.
Thus, an electrolytic solution was prepared.
2) Preparation of lithium secondary battery and mea-surement of battery characteristics LiCoO2 (positive electrode active material, 80 wt.%), acetylene black (electro-conductive material, 10 wt.%), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (binder, 10 wt.%) were mixed. The resulting mixture was diluted with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Thus produced positive electrode composi-tion was coated on aluminum foil, dried, and molded under pressure, to give a positive electrode.
Natural graphite (d002=0.3354, 90 wt. %) and poly-(vinylidene fluoride) (binder, 10 wt.%) were mixed. The mixture was then diluted with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
Thus produced negative electrode composition was coated on copper foil, dried, and molded under pressure, to give a negative electrode.
It was adjusted that the positive electrode and negative electrode had almost the same electric capacity.
The positive and negative electrodes, a micro-porous polypropylene film separator, and the electrolytic solu-tion were combined to give a coin-type battery (diameter:
20 ntn, thickness : 3.2 mm) .
The coin-type battery was charged for 5 hours at room temperature (25 C) with a constant electric current (0.8 mA) to reach 4.2 V and then the charging was contin-ued under a constant voltage of 4.2 V. Subsequently, the battery was discharged to give a constant electric cur-rent (0.8 mA). The discharge was continued to give a terminal voltage of 2.7 V.
In Fig. 1, the initial charge-discharge characteris-.10. tics are graphically shown. The axis of ordinates is for battery voltage (V), and.the axis of abscissas is for capacity (mA h/g carbon). Further, the charge-discharge process was repeated to examine variation of discharge capacity after the cyclic use.
[Comparison Example 1]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for not employing vinylene carbonate.
The ' prepared. secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure. In the initial stage, pro-pylene carbonate decomposed, and the battery could not be so charged as to reach the predetermined voltage. There-fore, discharge could not be done. After these charge-discharge procedures, the battery was disassembled.
Exfoliation of the graphite negative electrode was ob-served.
[Comparison Example 2]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for employing Aldrich vinylene carbonate in place of High purity vinylene carbonate..
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure. The initial charge-discharge characteristics are graphically shown in Fig. 2.
The coin-type battery was charged for 5 hours at room temperature (25 C) with a constant electric current (0.8 mA) to reach 4.2 V and then the charging was contin-ued under a constant voltage of 4.2 V. Subsequently, the battery was discharged to give a constant electric cur-rent (0.8 mA). The discharge was continued to give a terminal voltage of 2.7 V.
In Fig. 1, the initial charge-discharge characteris-.10. tics are graphically shown. The axis of ordinates is for battery voltage (V), and.the axis of abscissas is for capacity (mA h/g carbon). Further, the charge-discharge process was repeated to examine variation of discharge capacity after the cyclic use.
[Comparison Example 1]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for not employing vinylene carbonate.
The ' prepared. secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure. In the initial stage, pro-pylene carbonate decomposed, and the battery could not be so charged as to reach the predetermined voltage. There-fore, discharge could not be done. After these charge-discharge procedures, the battery was disassembled.
Exfoliation of the graphite negative electrode was ob-served.
[Comparison Example 2]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for employing Aldrich vinylene carbonate in place of High purity vinylene carbonate..
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure. The initial charge-discharge characteristics are graphically shown in Fig. 2.
[Comparison Example 3]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for employing Conventional vinyl-ene carbonate in place of High purity vinylene carbonate.
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure.
The initial Coulomb efficiency of the secondary battery of each of Example 1, and Comparison Examples 1 to 3 is set forth in Table 2. It was confirmed that the use of High purity vinylene carbonate gives good Coulomb efficiency.
Table 2 (Non-aqueous solvent: PC/DMC=1/2(volume ratio) + VC) Vinylene Carbonate Coulomb Efficiency Example 1 High purity vinylene carbonate 78%
(2 wt.%) 25, Com.Ex. 1 None Could not be measured Com.Ex. 2 Aldrich vinylene carbonate 73%
(2 wt.%) Com.Ex. 3 Conventional vinylene carbonate 74%
(2 wt . %) In Fig. 3, the cycle characteristics of each of the secondary batteries of Example 1, Comparison Example 2, and Comparison Example 3 are graphically shown. The axis of ordinates is for discharge capacity (mAh), and the axis of abscissas is for number of cycles.
As is seen from the graph of Fig. 3, the secondary battery (Example 1) using High purity vinylene carbonate is superior to the secondary battery (Comparison Example 2) using Aldrich vinylene carbonate and the secondary battery (Comparison Example 3) using Conventional vinyl-=ene carbonate, in the cycle characteristics.
[Example 2]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for employing a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (EC:DMC=1:1, volume ratio) in place of the solvent mixture of propyl-ene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (PC:DMC=1:2, volume ratio).
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure. The initial charge-discharge characteristics are graphically shown in Fig. 4.
[Comparison Example 4]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except for using no vinylene carbonate.
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure. The initial charge-discharge characteristics are graphically shown in Fig. 5.
[Comparison Example 5]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except for employing Aldrich vinylene carbonate in place of High purity vinylene carbonate.
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure.
[Comparison Example 6]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except for employing Conventional vinyl-ene carbonate in place of High purity vinylene carbonate.
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure. The initial charge-discharge characteristics are graphically shown in Fig. 6.
[Example 31 A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for employing a solvent mixture of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (PC:EC:DMC=1:1:2, volume ratio) in place of the solvent mixture of propylene carbonate and dimethyl car-bonate (PC:DMC=1:2, volume ratio).
The initial Coulomb efficiency of the secondary battery of each of Examples 2 and 3, and Comparison Exam-ples 4 to 6 is set forth in Table 3. It was confirmed that the use of High purity vinylene carbonate gives good Coulomb efficiency.
Table 3 (Non-aqueous solvent: PC/DMC=1/1(volume ratio) + VC) Vinylene Carbonate Coulomb Efficiency Example 2 High purity vinylene carbonate 79%
(2 wt.%) Com.Ex. 4 None 72%
Com.Ex. 5 Aldrich vinylene carbonate 75%
(2 wt.%) Com.Ex. 6 Conventional vinylene carbonate 74%
(2 wt. %) Example 3 High purity vinylene carbonate* 80%
(2 wt.%) Remarks: The non-aqueous solvent is PC/EC/DMC=1/1/2 (volume ratio) + VC.
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for employing Conventional vinyl-ene carbonate in place of High purity vinylene carbonate.
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure.
The initial Coulomb efficiency of the secondary battery of each of Example 1, and Comparison Examples 1 to 3 is set forth in Table 2. It was confirmed that the use of High purity vinylene carbonate gives good Coulomb efficiency.
Table 2 (Non-aqueous solvent: PC/DMC=1/2(volume ratio) + VC) Vinylene Carbonate Coulomb Efficiency Example 1 High purity vinylene carbonate 78%
(2 wt.%) 25, Com.Ex. 1 None Could not be measured Com.Ex. 2 Aldrich vinylene carbonate 73%
(2 wt.%) Com.Ex. 3 Conventional vinylene carbonate 74%
(2 wt . %) In Fig. 3, the cycle characteristics of each of the secondary batteries of Example 1, Comparison Example 2, and Comparison Example 3 are graphically shown. The axis of ordinates is for discharge capacity (mAh), and the axis of abscissas is for number of cycles.
As is seen from the graph of Fig. 3, the secondary battery (Example 1) using High purity vinylene carbonate is superior to the secondary battery (Comparison Example 2) using Aldrich vinylene carbonate and the secondary battery (Comparison Example 3) using Conventional vinyl-=ene carbonate, in the cycle characteristics.
[Example 2]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for employing a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (EC:DMC=1:1, volume ratio) in place of the solvent mixture of propyl-ene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (PC:DMC=1:2, volume ratio).
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure. The initial charge-discharge characteristics are graphically shown in Fig. 4.
[Comparison Example 4]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except for using no vinylene carbonate.
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure. The initial charge-discharge characteristics are graphically shown in Fig. 5.
[Comparison Example 5]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except for employing Aldrich vinylene carbonate in place of High purity vinylene carbonate.
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure.
[Comparison Example 6]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except for employing Conventional vinyl-ene carbonate in place of High purity vinylene carbonate.
The prepared secondary battery was subjected to the charge-discharge procedure. The initial charge-discharge characteristics are graphically shown in Fig. 6.
[Example 31 A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for employing a solvent mixture of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (PC:EC:DMC=1:1:2, volume ratio) in place of the solvent mixture of propylene carbonate and dimethyl car-bonate (PC:DMC=1:2, volume ratio).
The initial Coulomb efficiency of the secondary battery of each of Examples 2 and 3, and Comparison Exam-ples 4 to 6 is set forth in Table 3. It was confirmed that the use of High purity vinylene carbonate gives good Coulomb efficiency.
Table 3 (Non-aqueous solvent: PC/DMC=1/1(volume ratio) + VC) Vinylene Carbonate Coulomb Efficiency Example 2 High purity vinylene carbonate 79%
(2 wt.%) Com.Ex. 4 None 72%
Com.Ex. 5 Aldrich vinylene carbonate 75%
(2 wt.%) Com.Ex. 6 Conventional vinylene carbonate 74%
(2 wt. %) Example 3 High purity vinylene carbonate* 80%
(2 wt.%) Remarks: The non-aqueous solvent is PC/EC/DMC=1/1/2 (volume ratio) + VC.
In Fig. 7, the cycle characteristics of each of the secondary batteries of Example 2, Comparison Example 4, Comparison Example 5, and. Comparison Example 6 are graph-ically shown. The axis of ordinates is for discharge capacity (mAh), and the axis of abscissas is for number of cycles.
As is seen from the graph of Fig. 7, the secondary battery (Example 2) using High purity vinylene carbonate is superior to the secondary battery (Comparison Example 4) using no vinylene carbonate, the secondary battery (Comparison Example 5) using Aldrich vinylene carbonate and the secondary battery (Comparison Example 6) using Conventional vinylene carbonate, in the cycle character-istics.
In Fig. 8, the cycle characteristics of the second-ary battery of Example 3 (non-aqueous solvent is re-placed) are graphically shown. The axis of ordinates is for discharge capacity (mAh), and the axis of abscissas is for number of cycles. It was confirmed that the sec-ondary battery of Example 3 has good cycle characteris-tics.
[Examples 4 to 6]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for employing a solvent mixture set forth in Table 4.
The initial Coulomb efficiency of the secondary battery is set forth in Table 4. It was confirmed that the secondary battery has good cycle characteristics similar to those of the secondary battery of Example 1.
As is seen from the graph of Fig. 7, the secondary battery (Example 2) using High purity vinylene carbonate is superior to the secondary battery (Comparison Example 4) using no vinylene carbonate, the secondary battery (Comparison Example 5) using Aldrich vinylene carbonate and the secondary battery (Comparison Example 6) using Conventional vinylene carbonate, in the cycle character-istics.
In Fig. 8, the cycle characteristics of the second-ary battery of Example 3 (non-aqueous solvent is re-placed) are graphically shown. The axis of ordinates is for discharge capacity (mAh), and the axis of abscissas is for number of cycles. It was confirmed that the sec-ondary battery of Example 3 has good cycle characteris-tics.
[Examples 4 to 6]
A secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for employing a solvent mixture set forth in Table 4.
The initial Coulomb efficiency of the secondary battery is set forth in Table 4. It was confirmed that the secondary battery has good cycle characteristics similar to those of the secondary battery of Example 1.
Table 4 (Non-aqueous solvent: Base solvent mixture + VC 2wt.%) Base solvent mixture Coulomb Efficiency Example 4 PC/EC/MEC = 5/30/65 810 Example 5 PC/EC/DEC = 5/30/65 80%
Example 6 PC/EC/DEC/DMC = 5/30/30/35 81%
[Measurement of Reduction Potential]
The reduction potential was measured by the proce-dure described in 1997 Join International Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, Inc. and International Society of Electrochemistry, Abstracts, p. 153 (1997).
To 10 mg of natural graphite powder was mixed with 10 wt.% of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (binder). To the mixture was further added N-methylpyrrolidone, so as to prepare a slurry. The slurry was coated on a stainless steel sheet (surface area: 2 cm2) for manufacturing a working electrode. Then, a triode cell composed of the working electrode, a lithium metal counter electrode and a lithium metal reference electrode.
Separately, a non-aqueous solvent mixture of propyl-ene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate (PC:EC:DMC=1:1:3, volume ratio) was prepared. Into the non-aqueous solvent was placed LiPF6 (1M), to give a base electrolytic solution. Using the base electrolytic solu-tion, the following five electrolytic solutions were prepared.
(a) Base electrolytic solution (b) 5 wt.% of High purity vinylene carbonate was added to the base electrolytic solution (c) 5 wt.% of monochloroethylene carbonate was added to the base electrolytic solution (d) 5 wt.% of High purity vinylene carbonate and 0.05 wt.% of monochloroethylene carbonate were added to the base electrolytic solution (e) 5 wt.% of High purity vinylene carbonate and 0.25 wt.% of monochloroethylene carbonate were added to the base electrolytic solution In the triode cell was placed the electrolytic solu-tion, and the reduction potential was measured at room temperature and at a potential scanning rate of 0.1 mV/sec. The results are illustrated in Fig. 9. The graph of Fig. 9 indicates that the peak of reduction potential of High purity vinylene carbonate is less than 1 V, specifically less than 0.9 V, more specifically less than 0.8 V, most specifically in the range of 0.7 V to 0.8 V.
INDUSTRIAL UTILITY
The electrolytic solution of a lithium secondary battery of the invention utilizes a non-aqueous solvent containing vinylene carbonate of high purity, shows a reduction potential of less than 1 volt (reference is lithium), can be used in combination with graphite as an negative electrode material, and gives a large electric capacity as is understood from its high coulomb efficien-cy. Further, the lithium secondary of the invention shows good cycle characteristics.
Example 6 PC/EC/DEC/DMC = 5/30/30/35 81%
[Measurement of Reduction Potential]
The reduction potential was measured by the proce-dure described in 1997 Join International Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, Inc. and International Society of Electrochemistry, Abstracts, p. 153 (1997).
To 10 mg of natural graphite powder was mixed with 10 wt.% of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (binder). To the mixture was further added N-methylpyrrolidone, so as to prepare a slurry. The slurry was coated on a stainless steel sheet (surface area: 2 cm2) for manufacturing a working electrode. Then, a triode cell composed of the working electrode, a lithium metal counter electrode and a lithium metal reference electrode.
Separately, a non-aqueous solvent mixture of propyl-ene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate (PC:EC:DMC=1:1:3, volume ratio) was prepared. Into the non-aqueous solvent was placed LiPF6 (1M), to give a base electrolytic solution. Using the base electrolytic solu-tion, the following five electrolytic solutions were prepared.
(a) Base electrolytic solution (b) 5 wt.% of High purity vinylene carbonate was added to the base electrolytic solution (c) 5 wt.% of monochloroethylene carbonate was added to the base electrolytic solution (d) 5 wt.% of High purity vinylene carbonate and 0.05 wt.% of monochloroethylene carbonate were added to the base electrolytic solution (e) 5 wt.% of High purity vinylene carbonate and 0.25 wt.% of monochloroethylene carbonate were added to the base electrolytic solution In the triode cell was placed the electrolytic solu-tion, and the reduction potential was measured at room temperature and at a potential scanning rate of 0.1 mV/sec. The results are illustrated in Fig. 9. The graph of Fig. 9 indicates that the peak of reduction potential of High purity vinylene carbonate is less than 1 V, specifically less than 0.9 V, more specifically less than 0.8 V, most specifically in the range of 0.7 V to 0.8 V.
INDUSTRIAL UTILITY
The electrolytic solution of a lithium secondary battery of the invention utilizes a non-aqueous solvent containing vinylene carbonate of high purity, shows a reduction potential of less than 1 volt (reference is lithium), can be used in combination with graphite as an negative electrode material, and gives a large electric capacity as is understood from its high coulomb efficien-cy. Further, the lithium secondary of the invention shows good cycle characteristics.
Claims (9)
1. A non-aqueous electrolytic solution which comprises a non-aqueous solvent comprising (i) a cyclic carbonate selected from at least one of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, (ii) at least one linear carbonate, (iii) vinylene carbonate, and (iv) an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent, and which contains one or more chlorine atom-containing organic compounds in an amount of 10 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
2. The non-aqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, which contains one or more chlorine atom-containing organic compounds in an amount of 5 ppm or less, in terms of chlorine atom content.
3. A non-aqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, which shows a reduction potential of less than 1 volt, with reference to lithium.
4. The non-aqueous electrolytic solution according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the vinylene carbonate is contained in a weight of 0.1 to 5 % based on the non-aqueous solvent.
5. The non-aqueous electrolytic solution according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the vinylene carbonate is contained in a weight of 0.1 to 2 % based on the non-aqueous solvent.
6. The non-aqueous electrolytic solution according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the cyclic carbonate and the linear carbonate are contained at a volume ratio of 2:8 to 6:4.
7. The non-aqueous electrolytic solution according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the linear carbonate is at least one member selected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate.
8. The non-aqueous electrolytic solution according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the electrolyte is at least one member selected from the group consisting of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiClO4, LiN (SO2CF3) 2, LiN (SO2C2F5) 2 and LiC (SO2CF3) 3 and is contained in at a concentration of 0.1 to 3 M.
9. A lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a graphite negative-electrode having a lattice spacing of 0.34 nm or less in terms of d002, and the non-aqueous electrolytic solution as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP2000115111 | 2000-04-17 | ||
| JP2000-115111 | 2000-04-17 | ||
| PCT/JP2001/003270 WO2001080345A1 (en) | 2000-04-17 | 2001-04-17 | Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery |
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| CA2406193A1 CA2406193A1 (en) | 2002-10-16 |
| CA2406193C true CA2406193C (en) | 2010-12-07 |
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| CA2406193A Expired - Lifetime CA2406193C (en) | 2000-04-17 | 2001-04-17 | Non-aqueous electrolytic solution and lithium secondary battery |
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| US (1) | US6656642B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1280220B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP5212241B2 (en) |
| KR (2) | KR100753384B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1218425C (en) |
| AU (1) | AU4692901A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2406193C (en) |
| HU (1) | HUP0300401A3 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW486838B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2001080345A1 (en) |
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| US20040013946A1 (en) | 2002-07-15 | 2004-01-22 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Non-aqueous electrolytic solution and lithium battery |
| JP4760379B2 (en) * | 2004-01-16 | 2011-08-31 | 日立化成工業株式会社 | Negative electrode for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery |
| WO2005114773A1 (en) * | 2004-04-20 | 2005-12-01 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Nonaqueous electrolyte solution and lithium secondary battery using same |
| KR100583672B1 (en) * | 2004-06-07 | 2006-05-26 | 한국전기연구원 | Manufacturing method of high power pole plate for lithium secondary battery |
| US20070077496A1 (en) * | 2005-10-05 | 2007-04-05 | Medtronic, Inc. | Lithium-ion battery |
| CN105633345B (en) | 2007-04-05 | 2020-01-17 | 三菱化学株式会社 | Nonaqueous electrolyte solution for secondary battery and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the same |
| KR100860790B1 (en) * | 2007-05-07 | 2008-09-30 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | Hydrogen ion conductive branched chlorine-based polymer electrolyte membrane and its manufacturing method |
| JP2012054156A (en) * | 2010-09-02 | 2012-03-15 | Sony Corp | Electrolyte for secondary battery, secondary battery, electric tool, electric vehicle, and power storage system |
| CN104011916B (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2016-06-01 | 株式会社村田制作所 | Electrode active material, electrode and secondary cell |
| CN107591557B (en) * | 2016-07-08 | 2019-05-21 | 深圳新宙邦科技股份有限公司 | A kind of non-aqueous electrolyte for lithium ion cell and the lithium ion battery using the electrolyte |
| CN110383563B (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2022-09-16 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | Nonaqueous electrolyte and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| CN109326824B (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2020-04-21 | 深圳新宙邦科技股份有限公司 | Lithium-ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium-ion battery |
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| JPS5981869A (en) * | 1982-11-01 | 1984-05-11 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | Manufacture of lithium battery |
| JP3017756B2 (en) * | 1989-05-16 | 2000-03-13 | 株式会社東芝 | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| FR2719161B1 (en) * | 1994-04-22 | 1996-08-02 | Accumulateurs Fixes | Electrochemical rechargeable lithium battery with carbon anode. |
| JPH08222268A (en) * | 1995-02-10 | 1996-08-30 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Electrolyte for lithium secondary battery |
| US5712059A (en) * | 1995-09-26 | 1998-01-27 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Carbonaceous electrode and compatible electrolyte solvent |
| JP3814963B2 (en) * | 1997-08-07 | 2006-08-30 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Fuel injection valve |
| JP3632389B2 (en) * | 1997-08-22 | 2005-03-23 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Lithium secondary battery |
| JPH11185810A (en) * | 1997-12-16 | 1999-07-09 | Tonen Corp | Electrolyte for lithium battery and method for producing the same |
| JPH11283667A (en) * | 1998-03-30 | 1999-10-15 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Lithium ion battery |
| JP3368832B2 (en) * | 1998-07-10 | 2003-01-20 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Method for producing vinylene carbonate |
| JP3410027B2 (en) * | 1998-07-31 | 2003-05-26 | 日本電池株式会社 | Non-aqueous electrolyte battery |
| US6413678B1 (en) * | 1999-03-03 | 2002-07-02 | Ube Industries, Inc. | Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery using the same |
| JP3438636B2 (en) * | 1998-08-27 | 2003-08-18 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery using the same |
| JP2000100421A (en) * | 1998-09-28 | 2000-04-07 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| JP3911870B2 (en) * | 1998-09-29 | 2007-05-09 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Electrolyte for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery using the same |
| JP3921836B2 (en) * | 1998-09-29 | 2007-05-30 | 新神戸電機株式会社 | Organic electrolyte secondary battery |
| FR2787243B1 (en) * | 1998-12-10 | 2003-10-03 | Cit Alcatel | LITHIUM RECHARGEABLE ELECTROCHEMICAL GENERATOR FOR USE AT LOW TEMPERATURE |
| JP2000188128A (en) * | 1998-12-24 | 2000-07-04 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| JP4568920B2 (en) * | 1999-01-18 | 2010-10-27 | 三菱化学株式会社 | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and non-aqueous electrolyte used therefor |
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| JP3823683B2 (en) * | 1999-05-24 | 2006-09-20 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Nonaqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery using the same |
| US6174629B1 (en) * | 1999-09-10 | 2001-01-16 | Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. | Dicarbonate additives for nonaqueous electrolyte rechargeable cells |
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- 2001-04-17 CN CN018113354A patent/CN1218425C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| CA2406193A1 (en) | 2002-10-16 |
| HUP0300401A2 (en) | 2003-06-28 |
| EP1280220B1 (en) | 2016-09-28 |
| JP2009187958A (en) | 2009-08-20 |
| HK1056439A1 (en) | 2004-02-13 |
| JP5212241B2 (en) | 2013-06-19 |
| CN1437777A (en) | 2003-08-20 |
| EP1280220A1 (en) | 2003-01-29 |
| US20010044051A1 (en) | 2001-11-22 |
| KR100753384B1 (en) | 2007-08-30 |
| AU4692901A (en) | 2001-10-30 |
| KR100818949B1 (en) | 2008-04-04 |
| KR20060053019A (en) | 2006-05-19 |
| EP1280220A4 (en) | 2006-10-25 |
| US6656642B2 (en) | 2003-12-02 |
| WO2001080345A1 (en) | 2001-10-25 |
| TW486838B (en) | 2002-05-11 |
| HUP0300401A3 (en) | 2010-01-28 |
| KR20030007526A (en) | 2003-01-23 |
| CN1218425C (en) | 2005-09-07 |
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