CA2367128A1 - Method for the cold-starting of a fuel cell battery, and associated fuel cell battery - Google Patents
Method for the cold-starting of a fuel cell battery, and associated fuel cell battery Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2367128A1 CA2367128A1 CA002367128A CA2367128A CA2367128A1 CA 2367128 A1 CA2367128 A1 CA 2367128A1 CA 002367128 A CA002367128 A CA 002367128A CA 2367128 A CA2367128 A CA 2367128A CA 2367128 A1 CA2367128 A1 CA 2367128A1
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- heating
- heat
- stack
- cell battery
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
- H01M8/04022—Heating by combustion
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Fuel cell battery with heating and improved cold start performance. The invention also relates to a method for cold starting such a battery. The heating, e.g. a reformer, is started. The operating temperature of said heating is used in order to heat up the fuel cell stack.
Description
03.20.2001 - 1 - DE 000000740 Description Method for the cold-starting of a fuel cell battery, and associated fuel cell battery The invention relates to a method for the cold-starting of a fuel cell battery comprising PEM fuel cells which, in stacked form, form a fuel cell stack. The invention also relates to the associated fuel cell battery for carrying out the method. The cold-starting properties are in this context referred to as what is known as the cold-starting performance.
A fuel cell battery has an electrolyte for each fuel cell unit, such as for example an ion exchange membrane in the case of a PEM fuel cell, this membrane containing a sulfanated chemical compound as its principal constituent. This group of chemical compounds binds water in the membrane, in order to ensure sufficient proton conductivity. At a temperature of below 0°C, the freezing of the water stored in the membrane causes the membrane resistance to rise suddenly by 2-3 powers of 10, making a cold start more difficult.
To avoid the latter problem, at a low ambient temperature it is either possible for the battery, even when not in use, to be operated with a minimal load, so that the temperature does not drop below the freezing point, or to have a thermocouple fitted, so that as soon as the temperature falls sufficiently far for there to be a threat of the electrolyte resistance rising suddenly, the battery starts up and is heated through operation.
AMENDED SHEET
03-20-2001 - la - DE 000000740 Vdhat is referred to as short-circuit operation can also be used, in which the battery is continuously short-circuited in the heating-up phase, so that all the fuel cell power is used as short-circuit heat for heating up the electrolyte when operation starts.
AMENDED SHEET
However, short-circuit operation has the disadvantage that an extremely high electrolyte resistance must be overcome at temperatures below the freezing point of water, before the cell starts to run and in consequence be heated up.
Methods for cold-starting of a fuel cell battery in which the consumption of reaction gas is drastically increased during starting or which require very long starting times are substantially known. Specifically, it is known from the prior art to provide auxiliary devices for start-up operation for fuel cell arrangements with different types of fuel cells. In particular, it is disclosed by US 5,019,463 A that a reformer, in which the exhaust gas which is formed during the reforming process of a primary fuel is selectively preheated and introduced into the fuel cell stack via a dedicated line, is connected upstream of the fuel cell arrangement. Furthermore, it is known from JP O1-071074 A and JP O1-124962, to introduce reformer gas into the fuel cell stack or, alternatively, to use hydrogen and oxygen in the stack to heat the fuel cells directly by means of a catalytic burner. For this purpose, ,different variants for specific types of fuel cells are disclosed in JP 02-139871 A, JP 59-098471 A, JP 05-089899 A, JP 61-088460 A, JP 04-269460 A, JP O1-071075 A and JP 61-158672 A.
Working on the basis of the prior art, it is an object of the invention to provide, specifically for a fuel cell battery comprising PEM fuel cells, a heating method which allows operation even at low temperatures without a drastically increased consumption of process gas. For this purpose, it is intended to provide a fuel AMENDED SHEET
03-20-2001 - 2a - DE 000000740 cell battery with an improved cold-starting performance. The primary considerations are, above all, an increase in the efficiency of the overall installation, a reduction in the heat loss from the S overall system and a simple design of the installation.
AMENDED SHEET
According to the invention, the object is achieved by the sequence of measures described in method claim 1. A
fuel cell battery with PEM fuel cells which is suitable for carrying out the method forms the subject matter of patent claim 2. Advantageous refinements are given in the dependent claims.
The invention has the advantageous effect, for the fuel cell battery which comprises PEM fuel cells with a sulfonated membrane, that the reaction chamber is not heated to a temperature of over 100°C, and consequently the water remains bound in the membrane.
In the method according to the invention, the exhaust gases from an upstream heating are introduced directly into the stack, so that, therefore, unburnt feed gas, for example, is passed through the stack as part of the reformer exhaust gas.
In the associated fuel cell battery, there is a heating, in which at least one line is provided from the heating to the fuel cell stack, so that the heat can be dissipated into the fuel cell stack. The invention also relates to a method for cold-starting, in which the waste heat from the combustion of the primary and/or secondary fuel is utilized to heat the fuel cell stack.
The term heating refers to any heatable area in which, AMENDED SHEET
03-20-2001 - 3a - DE 000000740 also including the use of a heat exchanger, a heat-transfer medium can be heated. The heating preferably comprises a heater element, such as a catalytic burner and/or an electrical heater element. A running reformer may therefore also be a heating within the context of the invention.
According to one embodiment, the line from the heating to the fuel cell stack may be part of a circulation system, AMENDED SHEET
in which a heat-transfer medium is heated in the reformer and/or in the heating and is then passed to the fuel cell stack, where it releases the heat. This line may be interrupted while the fuel cell stack is operating. The heat-transfer medium may, in a manner which is known per se, be the exhaust gas from the reformer, i.e. reforming gas, the exhaust gas from the catalytic burner, a heated gas, such as for example CO2, secondary fuel, etc., natural gas, a methanol/water mixture, a liquid with a high specific heat capacity, such as oil, silicone oil, methanol, some other alcohol, pure water or the like, it being a condition that the heat-transfer medium should not be electrically conductive.
In one configuration, the line represents a gas connection between the reformer chamber and the reaction chambers of the fuel cell stack, so that hot heat-transfer medium is passed through the reaction chambers of the fuel cell stack and, in the process, heats them. This is possible, for example, by introducing the heated heat-transfer medium into the process-gas duct with or without "dilution" by process gas. In the process, the heated heat-transfer medium flows along the paths along which, in operation, the process gas flows, through the fuel cell stack. It is also possible for the hot exhaust gas from the reforming reaction simply to be passed into one or both process-gas ducts and/or automatically into the stack and through the reaction chambers of the latter. In this case, to save fuel, the reaction conditions in the reformer are preferably selected in such a way that, unlike for the Hz production, substantially heat is produced. The supply of oxygen or air to the reformer should therefore be temporarily increased during the AMENDED SHEET
03-20-2001 - 4a - DE 000000740 cold start, so that complete combustion takes place instead of partial oxidation.
In a further configuration, it is possible to provide a plurality of lines between the heating and the stack.
In this case, the heating may be arranged in the immediate vicinity of the stack, AMENDED SHEET
so that in extreme circumstances the lines are heat lines which consist of contact areas between the heating and the fuel cell units) of the stack. It is possible, for example, for the reformer to be placed directly adjacent to the stack, and in extreme circumstances the outer walls of the two units may even directly abut one another. In this configuration, the lines are all connections which are thermally conductive, i.e. all direct wires, tubes and/or ducts which mechanically adjoin the heating and the stack, and all other connections which are able to transfer heat.
In one configuration of the invention, the reformer is heated by means of a catalytic burner which is, for example, integrated in the reformer and/or is arranged centrally in the middle of the reformer, for example.
A PEM fuel cell battery comprises at least one stack with at least one fuel cell unit comprising PEM fuel cells. Corresponding process-gas supply and discharge ducts (known as the process-gas duct), a cooling system and associated end plates are present. The reformer and/or the heating may be integrated in the fuel cell installation or may be externally operated.
The term reaction gas refers to the gas of the reactant, i.e. for example MeOH, HZ and/or Oz, whereas the term process gas refers to the gas/liquid mixture which is introduced into the reaction chamber. The process gas comprises a plurality of components, such as for example steam, inert gas, etc., in addition to the reaction gas and may also include primary fuel.
The term primary fuel is understood as meaning AMENDED SHEET
03-20-2001 - 5a - DE 000000740 gasoline, methanol, methane, etc., i.e. fuels from which a secondary fuel, such as a hydrogen-containing gas mixture or hydrogen, is produced in a reformer.
AMENDED SHEET
According to one configuration of the invention, a catalytic burner is provided in the reformer in which the primary fuel is burnt, so that controlled combustion with low emission of pollutants is achieved.
The catalytic burner ensures uniform conversion. The heat from this combustion is then passed to the fuel cell stack, for example via a heat exchanger or by the passage of the exhaust gases through the fuel cell stack.
The invention has made it possible, for the first time, for a fuel cell battery to be cold-started without a drastically increased consumption of reaction gas, since the heat of combustion of the primary and/or secondary fuel is utilized directly and/or indirectly to heat the cold stack.
AMENDED SHEET
A fuel cell battery has an electrolyte for each fuel cell unit, such as for example an ion exchange membrane in the case of a PEM fuel cell, this membrane containing a sulfanated chemical compound as its principal constituent. This group of chemical compounds binds water in the membrane, in order to ensure sufficient proton conductivity. At a temperature of below 0°C, the freezing of the water stored in the membrane causes the membrane resistance to rise suddenly by 2-3 powers of 10, making a cold start more difficult.
To avoid the latter problem, at a low ambient temperature it is either possible for the battery, even when not in use, to be operated with a minimal load, so that the temperature does not drop below the freezing point, or to have a thermocouple fitted, so that as soon as the temperature falls sufficiently far for there to be a threat of the electrolyte resistance rising suddenly, the battery starts up and is heated through operation.
AMENDED SHEET
03-20-2001 - la - DE 000000740 Vdhat is referred to as short-circuit operation can also be used, in which the battery is continuously short-circuited in the heating-up phase, so that all the fuel cell power is used as short-circuit heat for heating up the electrolyte when operation starts.
AMENDED SHEET
However, short-circuit operation has the disadvantage that an extremely high electrolyte resistance must be overcome at temperatures below the freezing point of water, before the cell starts to run and in consequence be heated up.
Methods for cold-starting of a fuel cell battery in which the consumption of reaction gas is drastically increased during starting or which require very long starting times are substantially known. Specifically, it is known from the prior art to provide auxiliary devices for start-up operation for fuel cell arrangements with different types of fuel cells. In particular, it is disclosed by US 5,019,463 A that a reformer, in which the exhaust gas which is formed during the reforming process of a primary fuel is selectively preheated and introduced into the fuel cell stack via a dedicated line, is connected upstream of the fuel cell arrangement. Furthermore, it is known from JP O1-071074 A and JP O1-124962, to introduce reformer gas into the fuel cell stack or, alternatively, to use hydrogen and oxygen in the stack to heat the fuel cells directly by means of a catalytic burner. For this purpose, ,different variants for specific types of fuel cells are disclosed in JP 02-139871 A, JP 59-098471 A, JP 05-089899 A, JP 61-088460 A, JP 04-269460 A, JP O1-071075 A and JP 61-158672 A.
Working on the basis of the prior art, it is an object of the invention to provide, specifically for a fuel cell battery comprising PEM fuel cells, a heating method which allows operation even at low temperatures without a drastically increased consumption of process gas. For this purpose, it is intended to provide a fuel AMENDED SHEET
03-20-2001 - 2a - DE 000000740 cell battery with an improved cold-starting performance. The primary considerations are, above all, an increase in the efficiency of the overall installation, a reduction in the heat loss from the S overall system and a simple design of the installation.
AMENDED SHEET
According to the invention, the object is achieved by the sequence of measures described in method claim 1. A
fuel cell battery with PEM fuel cells which is suitable for carrying out the method forms the subject matter of patent claim 2. Advantageous refinements are given in the dependent claims.
The invention has the advantageous effect, for the fuel cell battery which comprises PEM fuel cells with a sulfonated membrane, that the reaction chamber is not heated to a temperature of over 100°C, and consequently the water remains bound in the membrane.
In the method according to the invention, the exhaust gases from an upstream heating are introduced directly into the stack, so that, therefore, unburnt feed gas, for example, is passed through the stack as part of the reformer exhaust gas.
In the associated fuel cell battery, there is a heating, in which at least one line is provided from the heating to the fuel cell stack, so that the heat can be dissipated into the fuel cell stack. The invention also relates to a method for cold-starting, in which the waste heat from the combustion of the primary and/or secondary fuel is utilized to heat the fuel cell stack.
The term heating refers to any heatable area in which, AMENDED SHEET
03-20-2001 - 3a - DE 000000740 also including the use of a heat exchanger, a heat-transfer medium can be heated. The heating preferably comprises a heater element, such as a catalytic burner and/or an electrical heater element. A running reformer may therefore also be a heating within the context of the invention.
According to one embodiment, the line from the heating to the fuel cell stack may be part of a circulation system, AMENDED SHEET
in which a heat-transfer medium is heated in the reformer and/or in the heating and is then passed to the fuel cell stack, where it releases the heat. This line may be interrupted while the fuel cell stack is operating. The heat-transfer medium may, in a manner which is known per se, be the exhaust gas from the reformer, i.e. reforming gas, the exhaust gas from the catalytic burner, a heated gas, such as for example CO2, secondary fuel, etc., natural gas, a methanol/water mixture, a liquid with a high specific heat capacity, such as oil, silicone oil, methanol, some other alcohol, pure water or the like, it being a condition that the heat-transfer medium should not be electrically conductive.
In one configuration, the line represents a gas connection between the reformer chamber and the reaction chambers of the fuel cell stack, so that hot heat-transfer medium is passed through the reaction chambers of the fuel cell stack and, in the process, heats them. This is possible, for example, by introducing the heated heat-transfer medium into the process-gas duct with or without "dilution" by process gas. In the process, the heated heat-transfer medium flows along the paths along which, in operation, the process gas flows, through the fuel cell stack. It is also possible for the hot exhaust gas from the reforming reaction simply to be passed into one or both process-gas ducts and/or automatically into the stack and through the reaction chambers of the latter. In this case, to save fuel, the reaction conditions in the reformer are preferably selected in such a way that, unlike for the Hz production, substantially heat is produced. The supply of oxygen or air to the reformer should therefore be temporarily increased during the AMENDED SHEET
03-20-2001 - 4a - DE 000000740 cold start, so that complete combustion takes place instead of partial oxidation.
In a further configuration, it is possible to provide a plurality of lines between the heating and the stack.
In this case, the heating may be arranged in the immediate vicinity of the stack, AMENDED SHEET
so that in extreme circumstances the lines are heat lines which consist of contact areas between the heating and the fuel cell units) of the stack. It is possible, for example, for the reformer to be placed directly adjacent to the stack, and in extreme circumstances the outer walls of the two units may even directly abut one another. In this configuration, the lines are all connections which are thermally conductive, i.e. all direct wires, tubes and/or ducts which mechanically adjoin the heating and the stack, and all other connections which are able to transfer heat.
In one configuration of the invention, the reformer is heated by means of a catalytic burner which is, for example, integrated in the reformer and/or is arranged centrally in the middle of the reformer, for example.
A PEM fuel cell battery comprises at least one stack with at least one fuel cell unit comprising PEM fuel cells. Corresponding process-gas supply and discharge ducts (known as the process-gas duct), a cooling system and associated end plates are present. The reformer and/or the heating may be integrated in the fuel cell installation or may be externally operated.
The term reaction gas refers to the gas of the reactant, i.e. for example MeOH, HZ and/or Oz, whereas the term process gas refers to the gas/liquid mixture which is introduced into the reaction chamber. The process gas comprises a plurality of components, such as for example steam, inert gas, etc., in addition to the reaction gas and may also include primary fuel.
The term primary fuel is understood as meaning AMENDED SHEET
03-20-2001 - 5a - DE 000000740 gasoline, methanol, methane, etc., i.e. fuels from which a secondary fuel, such as a hydrogen-containing gas mixture or hydrogen, is produced in a reformer.
AMENDED SHEET
According to one configuration of the invention, a catalytic burner is provided in the reformer in which the primary fuel is burnt, so that controlled combustion with low emission of pollutants is achieved.
The catalytic burner ensures uniform conversion. The heat from this combustion is then passed to the fuel cell stack, for example via a heat exchanger or by the passage of the exhaust gases through the fuel cell stack.
The invention has made it possible, for the first time, for a fuel cell battery to be cold-started without a drastically increased consumption of reaction gas, since the heat of combustion of the primary and/or secondary fuel is utilized directly and/or indirectly to heat the cold stack.
AMENDED SHEET
Claims (7)
1. Method for the cold-starting of a fuel cell battery comprising PEM fuel cells which, in stacked form, form a fuel cell stack, the waste heat from the combustion of a primary and/or secondary fuel being utilized directly, in the form of an exhaust gas, to heat the fuel cell stack, comprising the following measures:
- the waste heat is introduced in a controlled manner into the PEM fuel cells of the fuel cell stack, - as a result of the waste heat, water which has frozen at temperatures of below 0°C in the electrolyte of the PEM fuel cells is converted into the liquid state, and - is heated to a temperature of below 100°C, with the result that it remains bonded in the membrane.
- the waste heat is introduced in a controlled manner into the PEM fuel cells of the fuel cell stack, - as a result of the waste heat, water which has frozen at temperatures of below 0°C in the electrolyte of the PEM fuel cells is converted into the liquid state, and - is heated to a temperature of below 100°C, with the result that it remains bonded in the membrane.
2. A fuel cell battery for carrying out the method as claimed in claim 1, having a heating, at least one line being provided from the heating to the fuel cell stack, via which line heat can be dissipated in a controlled manner into the fuel stack without an interconnected heat exchanger, so that the heating of the reaction chamber of a PEM fuel cell in the fuel cell stack can be set to a temperature of below 100°C.
3. The fuel cell battery as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the heating is a reformer and/or part of a reformer system.
4. The fuel cell battery as claimed in one of -7a-claims 2 or 3, characterized in that the line is part of a circulation system which contains a heat-transfer medium, the circulation system running both through the heating and through the stack, so that the heat-transfer medium contained therein, during a cold start, is heated in the heating and cooled in the stack.
5. The fuel cell battery as claimed in claim 2 or 3, characterized in that part of the line is also part of at least one process-gas duct, so that heat-transfer medium which has been heated can be introduced into the process-gas duct through the line.
6. The fuel cell battery as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a plurality of lines are provided between the heating and the fuel cell stack.
7. The fuel cell as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heating comprises a catalytic burner.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19910387.9 | 1999-03-09 | ||
| DE19910387A DE19910387A1 (en) | 1999-03-09 | 1999-03-09 | Fuel cell battery with heating and improved cold start performance and method for cold starting a fuel cell battery |
| PCT/DE2000/000740 WO2000054355A1 (en) | 1999-03-09 | 2000-03-09 | Fuel cell battery with heating and improved cold start performance and method for cold starting a fuel cell battery |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2367128A1 true CA2367128A1 (en) | 2000-09-14 |
Family
ID=7900276
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002367128A Abandoned CA2367128A1 (en) | 1999-03-09 | 2000-03-09 | Method for the cold-starting of a fuel cell battery, and associated fuel cell battery |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20020071972A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1166380A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2002539585A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2367128A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE19910387A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2000054355A1 (en) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8163428B2 (en) | 2007-11-19 | 2012-04-24 | Enymotion Gmbh | Fuel cell system and method for operating the same |
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| DE10023036A1 (en) * | 2000-05-11 | 2001-11-22 | Siemens Ag | Process for cold starting fuel cells in a fuel cell arrangement comprises directly converting process gas in a catalytic reaction on a suitable catalyst into thermal energy, and using the thermal energy to heat the fuel cell arrangement |
| DE10028329C2 (en) * | 2000-06-05 | 2003-06-26 | Atecs Mannesmann Ag | Fuel cell system and method for switching a fuel cell system on and off |
| DE10055245A1 (en) | 2000-11-08 | 2002-08-29 | Xcellsis Gmbh | Fuel cell system and method for starting a fuel cell system |
| DE10107596B4 (en) * | 2001-02-17 | 2005-11-03 | Man Nutzfahrzeuge Ag | Low temperature fuel cell device for vehicles, in particular PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell device |
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| DE4037970A1 (en) * | 1989-12-21 | 1991-06-27 | Asea Brown Boveri | Automatic start-up of high-temp. hydrocarbon fuel cells - involves preheating of fuel and air by combustion with natural convection assistance in afterburner above stack |
| JPH04269460A (en) * | 1991-02-22 | 1992-09-25 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | Method of raising temperature in fuel cell plant |
| JPH0589899A (en) * | 1991-09-27 | 1993-04-09 | Hitachi Ltd | Internal reforming type fused carbonate fuel cell and operation thereof |
| JPH08195211A (en) * | 1995-01-18 | 1996-07-30 | Toyota Motor Corp | Fuel cell system |
| US5753383A (en) * | 1996-12-02 | 1998-05-19 | Cargnelli; Joseph | Hybrid self-contained heating and electrical power supply process incorporating a hydrogen fuel cell, a thermoelectric generator and a catalytic burner |
| DE19755815C2 (en) * | 1997-12-16 | 1999-12-09 | Dbb Fuel Cell Engines Gmbh | Process for steam reforming a hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon derivative, reformer that can be operated with it, and fuel cell operating method |
| US6127056A (en) * | 1998-10-09 | 2000-10-03 | International Fuel Cells, Llc | Start up of proton exchange membrane fuel cell |
-
1999
- 1999-03-09 DE DE19910387A patent/DE19910387A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2000
- 2000-03-09 JP JP2000604479A patent/JP2002539585A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-03-09 CA CA002367128A patent/CA2367128A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-03-09 EP EP00922429A patent/EP1166380A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-03-09 WO PCT/DE2000/000740 patent/WO2000054355A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2001
- 2001-09-10 US US09/950,427 patent/US20020071972A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8163428B2 (en) | 2007-11-19 | 2012-04-24 | Enymotion Gmbh | Fuel cell system and method for operating the same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20020071972A1 (en) | 2002-06-13 |
| JP2002539585A (en) | 2002-11-19 |
| EP1166380A1 (en) | 2002-01-02 |
| WO2000054355A1 (en) | 2000-09-14 |
| DE19910387A1 (en) | 2000-09-21 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |