CA2221001C - Flow-through photo-chemical reactor - Google Patents
Flow-through photo-chemical reactor Download PDFInfo
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- CA2221001C CA2221001C CA002221001A CA2221001A CA2221001C CA 2221001 C CA2221001 C CA 2221001C CA 002221001 A CA002221001 A CA 002221001A CA 2221001 A CA2221001 A CA 2221001A CA 2221001 C CA2221001 C CA 2221001C
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- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J19/2405—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside provoking a turbulent flow of the reactants, such as in cyclones, or having a high Reynolds-number
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01F25/40—Static mixers
- B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
- B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
- B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
- B01F25/4316—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor the baffles being flat pieces of material, e.g. intermeshing, fixed to the wall or fixed on a central rod
- B01F25/43161—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor the baffles being flat pieces of material, e.g. intermeshing, fixed to the wall or fixed on a central rod composed of consecutive sections of flat pieces of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/40—Static mixers
- B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
- B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
- B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
- B01F25/43197—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor characterised by the mounting of the baffles or obstructions
- B01F25/431971—Mounted on the wall
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
- B01J19/123—Ultraviolet light
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F2025/91—Direction of flow or arrangement of feed and discharge openings
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- B01J2219/00162—Controlling or regulating processes controlling the pressure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00761—Details of the reactor
- B01J2219/00763—Baffles
- B01J2219/00765—Baffles attached to the reactor wall
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0877—Liquid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
- C02F2201/328—Having flow diverters (baffles)
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Abstract
A flow-through photochemical reactor (1) includes a reactor body (4), that circumscribes a longitudinally extending channel having a generally annular cross section. This channel accommodates fluids passing between an inner wall (3) of the reactor body, and an outer wall of a photon transmitting tube (5) that is housed internally thereof. In addition, he reactor (1) includes mechanically static, fluid dynamic elements (2) for passively inducing substantial turbulent flow within a fluid as it passes through the channel. This arrangement substantially increases the uniformity of the fluid's exposure to photons radiating from a source within the tube, into the fluid as it is conducted through the channel.
Description
flow-throuavh Photo-Chema.cal Reactor TECHNICAL FIELD:
The present invention relates to photo-chemical reactors, and especially to flow-through chemical reactors that are particularly useful in facilitating photo-chemical reactions for ~~optically densely fluid substrates.
BACKGROUND OF ART:
US Patent 3,998,477 - dated December 21, 1976, discloses a device for non-rigid connection of two rigid cylindrical pipes, which comprise the a combined use o flexible double lipped gaskets and toroid flexible gaskets surrounding a bulb-shaped zone formed in one of the pipes. The device is particularly useful for fastening fragile tubes containing light emitters to metal reactors used for photochemical processes.
US Patent 4,002,918 - dated January 11, 1977, discloses an apparatus for the irradiation of fluids in which the fluid is conducted along the walls of a container having walls which are permeable for the radiation to which the fluid is exposes. Radiation sources are arranged around the container and an active rotor is disposed within the container. The rotor consists of a body having axial bores and pins movably disposed in the bores and adapted to engage with their front ends the container walls thereby to wipe any deposits from the container walls during rotation of the rotor.
US Patent 4,317,041 - dated February 23, 1982, discloses various embodiments of photo-reactors in which there are at least two radiation chambers with a window arranged therebetween. UV radiation is introduced into one of the chambers at a side opposite the window so that it passes through that chamber, through the window and into the other chamber. The fluid medium to be purified is passed through the chambers and subjected to the radiation while in the chambers. The flow of the medium is through the chambers in series in some embodiments and in parallel in others. An embodiment a.s disclosed herein a recirculation line is established around the reactor with the recirculation being continuous or intermittent.
When intermittent the purified fluid medium also is drawn off intermittently, between the periods of recirculation.
In some embodiments, the amount of radiation traversing all the cambers is monitored.. If the monitored amount drops below a given amount, the apparatus is shut down.
Alteratively, the rate of flow of the medium is adjusted, based on that monitored amount, with the rate of low increasing or decreasing, respectively, in response to increases or decreases in that amount.
US Patent 4,476,105 - dated October 9, 1984, relates to a process for producing gaseous hydrogen and oxygen from water. The process is conducted in a photolytic reactor which contains a water-suspension of a photoactive material containing a hydrogen-liberating catalyst, The reactor also includes a column for receiving gaseous hydrogen and oxygen evolved from the liquid phase. To avoid oxygen-inactivation of the catalyst, the reactor is evacuated continuously by an external pump which circulates the evolved gases through means for selectively recovering hydrogen therefrom. The pump also cools the reactor by evaporating water from the liquid phase. Preferably, product recovery is effected by selectively diffusing the hydrogen through a heated semipermeable membrane, while maintaining across the , membrane a magnetic field gradient which biases the oxygen away from the heated membrane. This promotes separation , minimizes the back-reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, and protects the membrane.
US Patent 5,126,111 - dated June 30, 1992, discloses a method of removing, reducing or detoxifying organic pollutants from a fluid, water or air, by contacting the fluid with a photoreactive metal semiconductor material ~ in the presence of ultraviolet light of a wavelength to activate the photoreactive material. This is improved by simultaneously contact the photoreactive material with a substance that accepts electrons and thus inhibits hole-electron recombination. Such substance will be such as to readily accept electrons either from the conduction band or from superoxide ions, and to rapidly dissociate into harmless products.
Still other photoreactors are described in US
Patents 3,5676,921; 3,769,517; 3,924,246; 4,296,066;
The present invention relates to photo-chemical reactors, and especially to flow-through chemical reactors that are particularly useful in facilitating photo-chemical reactions for ~~optically densely fluid substrates.
BACKGROUND OF ART:
US Patent 3,998,477 - dated December 21, 1976, discloses a device for non-rigid connection of two rigid cylindrical pipes, which comprise the a combined use o flexible double lipped gaskets and toroid flexible gaskets surrounding a bulb-shaped zone formed in one of the pipes. The device is particularly useful for fastening fragile tubes containing light emitters to metal reactors used for photochemical processes.
US Patent 4,002,918 - dated January 11, 1977, discloses an apparatus for the irradiation of fluids in which the fluid is conducted along the walls of a container having walls which are permeable for the radiation to which the fluid is exposes. Radiation sources are arranged around the container and an active rotor is disposed within the container. The rotor consists of a body having axial bores and pins movably disposed in the bores and adapted to engage with their front ends the container walls thereby to wipe any deposits from the container walls during rotation of the rotor.
US Patent 4,317,041 - dated February 23, 1982, discloses various embodiments of photo-reactors in which there are at least two radiation chambers with a window arranged therebetween. UV radiation is introduced into one of the chambers at a side opposite the window so that it passes through that chamber, through the window and into the other chamber. The fluid medium to be purified is passed through the chambers and subjected to the radiation while in the chambers. The flow of the medium is through the chambers in series in some embodiments and in parallel in others. An embodiment a.s disclosed herein a recirculation line is established around the reactor with the recirculation being continuous or intermittent.
When intermittent the purified fluid medium also is drawn off intermittently, between the periods of recirculation.
In some embodiments, the amount of radiation traversing all the cambers is monitored.. If the monitored amount drops below a given amount, the apparatus is shut down.
Alteratively, the rate of flow of the medium is adjusted, based on that monitored amount, with the rate of low increasing or decreasing, respectively, in response to increases or decreases in that amount.
US Patent 4,476,105 - dated October 9, 1984, relates to a process for producing gaseous hydrogen and oxygen from water. The process is conducted in a photolytic reactor which contains a water-suspension of a photoactive material containing a hydrogen-liberating catalyst, The reactor also includes a column for receiving gaseous hydrogen and oxygen evolved from the liquid phase. To avoid oxygen-inactivation of the catalyst, the reactor is evacuated continuously by an external pump which circulates the evolved gases through means for selectively recovering hydrogen therefrom. The pump also cools the reactor by evaporating water from the liquid phase. Preferably, product recovery is effected by selectively diffusing the hydrogen through a heated semipermeable membrane, while maintaining across the , membrane a magnetic field gradient which biases the oxygen away from the heated membrane. This promotes separation , minimizes the back-reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, and protects the membrane.
US Patent 5,126,111 - dated June 30, 1992, discloses a method of removing, reducing or detoxifying organic pollutants from a fluid, water or air, by contacting the fluid with a photoreactive metal semiconductor material ~ in the presence of ultraviolet light of a wavelength to activate the photoreactive material. This is improved by simultaneously contact the photoreactive material with a substance that accepts electrons and thus inhibits hole-electron recombination. Such substance will be such as to readily accept electrons either from the conduction band or from superoxide ions, and to rapidly dissociate into harmless products.
Still other photoreactors are described in US
Patents 3,5676,921; 3,769,517; 3,924,246; 4,296,066;
4,381,978; 4,488,935; 4,454,835; 4,544,470; 4,774,026;
4,863,608; 4,868,127; 4,957,773; 5,045,288; 5,094,815;
and 5,749,377.
DISChOSURE OF INVENTION:
In the context of the present invention, "static mixing" and means therefore relate generally to mechanically passive mixing devices, whose mixing function is driven by fluid passage past stationary, fluid redirecting elements.
Broadly speaking, the present invention relates to a flow-through photochemical reactor comprising a fluid conducting channel. More particularly, the reactor includes a photon-transparent wall for admitting photons into the channel. The reactor further includes internally housed, static fluid-dynamic-effector means for passively inducing substantial transverse (ie radial) mixing flow within a fluid during that its longitudinal transit through the channel. This substantially increases the uniformity of the fluid's exposure to photons radiating, through the wall and into the channel.
The forgoing embraces within its broad scope, embodiments in which a photon transparent tubular reactor, (with the mechanically static, fluid-dynamic effector elements are disposed internally thereof), with the light sources arranged externally oi_ the channel, as for example, a.n a radial array around the tubes exterior.
To make most efficient advantage of the photons emitted from a light source, however, it is preferred that the light source be located within the channel so that photons that radiate outwardly therefrom are made directly available for reaction in the surrounding fluid flow.
In accordance therefore with a more specific aspect of the present invention, there is provided a flow-through photochemical reactor which includes a reactor body, circumscribing a longitudinally extending channel having a generally annular cross-section. The channel accommodates the passage of fluids between an inner wall of the reactor body, and an outer wall of a photon transmitting tube. The tube is housed internally of the reactor, and is preferably arranged in co-axial alignment (ie longitudinally centred, concentric relation) relative to the inner wall of the reactor.
This preferred reactor according to the present invention, (as well as the others that are more generically described hereinbefore), include an arrangement of mechanically static, fluid dynamic elements. These "operate" by passively inducing or effecting a substantial turbulent flow within the fluid as it passes through the annular (in the case of the preferred embodiment) channel, and this action substantially increases the uniformity of the fluid's exposure to photons radiating, from a source within that tube, into the fluid as it is conducted through the channel. Note too that mechanically-static elements, which can be advantageously used employed in the present invention, would include those which can be manufactured from "transparent" materials.
Static effector elements suitable i-or use in the present invention are known in the mixing arts - where they are referred to as static mixers. Not all such will be entirely suitable for use.in .every embodiment of the present invention. Exemplary forms of such mixers are disclosed in a variety of US patents, and elsewhere too, and while not everyone is best or even equally suited to the present application, they each disrupt streamline flow and to that extent are potentially relevant to the present combination. Note, however, that the benefit of the present ecstatic effector~~ (that is as employed in the context of the combinations according to the present invention as contemplated herein), is directly tied to the efficacy with which it circulates flow to (and away) from the surfaces) through which the photons are transmitted. The most efficacious flow pattern is on in which photon-exposed fluid is displaced or replaced by fluid that is either unexposed or less exposed than the fluid that it displaces or replaces in proximity to the photon-transmitting surface(s). Given the economic (and hence industrial) advantages that attend in-line, longitudinal flow processes, the efficacy of a given static effector in especially preferred embodiments of the present invention is directly related to the degree to which a particular effector directs and redirects transverse (ie relative to the overall longitudinal flow of the fluid) flow toward the photon-transmitting surf ace ( s ) of the reactor .
By way of example, there is disclosed in US Patent 3,051,453, a baffle system which divides a main stream containing substances to be blended into a number of branches or portions of streams much in the manner of a family tree, displacing one partial stream with respect to adjacent partial streams while changing the cross-sectional shape thereof, and combining the partial streams in groups corresponding to the original dividing factor.
US Patent 3,620,506, discloses a fluid mixing apparatus which includes a plurality of stationary mixing WO 96!35508 PCT/CA96/00301 units, formed of--planar members, disposed in series longitudinally of a passage for sequentially and repeatedly dividing and recombining fluid flows during the travel thereof through the passage, with the fluid flows being directed along different serpentine paths after each division thereof.
US Patent 3,652,061, relates to a static element mixing tube that employs opposed angularly disposed baffles of alternating had, which provided mixing action by re-positioning of the stream. Mixing action at flow rates below turbulent level are generally independent of throughput.
US Patent 3,733,057, deals with an in-line spiral mixer that is characterized by successive left and right hand spaced spiral vanes disposed within a cylindrical tube. Each of the vanes comprises at least two separate parts with a central opening therebetween. The leading edge of each part is tapered from the out=er to inner ends in the direction of fluid flow to minimize accumulation of material on the edge, which provides a self-cleaning action.
US Patent 4,034,965, concerns an apparatus for mixing or distributing a material or materials having no moving parts in which one or more elements are fitted into a conduit. Substantial radial displacement of material flowing in the conduit is achieved over a short distance with a minimum pressure drop. Each element initially imparts a rotational vector to the material steam and then transforms the rotational vector to a lateral or radial vector.
US Patent 4,179,222, relates to a device for generating special turbulence patterns in fluids flowing in pipes, such as for mixing, promoting chemical reactions, or accelerating the transfer of heat to or from the fluid through the pipe wall. Two or more sets of flow dividers are mounted in the pipe, each set including a first and second flow divider wit septum WO 96!35508 PCT/CA96/00301 7 _ panel elements that overlap longitudinally of the pipe.
The first flow divider septum elements mutually diverge downstream in a deflected longitudinal plane in longitudinally overlapping relationship with septum elements of the second flow divider mutually diverging upstream in a differing longitudinal plane so as t divert the fluid in such manner that the flow regions adjoining the pipe wall are caused to exchange positions with flow regions in the vicinity of the pipe axis, By reversing the relative incline angles of the septum elements of corresponding flow dividers of successive sets alternately when a succession of two or more sets are installed in direct series, the desired effects are augmented.
US Patent 4,314,974, relates to a liquid-liquid solvent extraction system, but discloses a static mixer -See for example, Figure 2 thereof.
US Patent 4,497,753, discloses a packing structure, for mixing or for exchange processes, in which there is at least two zig-zag layers which of which has a number of parallel rows of substantially rectangular deflecting surfaces with alternating gaps in the inclined flanks.
Bridges connect he rows of deflecting surfaces and are disposed in the troughs and at the apices of the corrugated layer.
US Patent 4,498,786, pertains to a method and a device for mixing at least two individual steams having different variables. In order to provide a low-los effective mixing within a short flow section, at least one eddy impulse is producing the cross section of flow of at least one individual stream. This impulse spreads out downstream transverse to the direction of flow, to form a discrete eddy system whose components transverse to the main direction of flow overlap into the other flow cross section of the other individual stream. This eddy impulse can be produced either by at least one curved surface or by at least one edge of a surface or of a _ g _ body, but preferably, is produced by two burble (flow break-away) edges of a delta-shaped insert element which extend at an acute angle to each other.
US Patent 4,747,697, relates to a motionless fluid mixer for mixing two or more kinds of fluids, and has an elongated tubular casing into which a mixing element and a spacer are arranged in combination. The mixing element is provided with a helically twisted blade member.
These above exemplified static mixing devices, however, all presuppose applications in which the fluid conducting channel is a simple (and usually cylindrical) pipe structure. These would be suitable, without alteration, to such applications, but are not be so readily fitted to, or efficacious in, applications such as the preferred embodiment of the present invention that was introduced hereinabove, in which the light source resides in a tube laying concentrically within the "pipe". Nevertheless, they are exemplary of the state of the static mixing arts, and in the hands of persons skilled in the static mixing art, when taken in light of the teachings herein contained, provide sufficient basis for effecting at least some measure of the benefit associated with the present inventiori.
Other static mixing elements, however, lend themselves more readily to use in the combination according to the preferred practice under the present invention. By way of example, these include various of the elements as disclosed in US Patents: 3,337,194; 4,072,296;
4,093,188; 4,352,378; and 4,600,544.
Above-listed US Patent 3,337,194 - dated August 22, 1967 discloses an in-line blender for particulate materials, comprising in combination an elongated chamber having provided therein a plurality of baffle means each b so adapted as to partially traverse said chamber thereby obstruction the path flow of solids at one or more points within said chamber.
Above-listed US Patent 4,072,296 - dated February -7, 1978, relates to a motionless mixer including a number of baffles attached to a cental rod which is slidably mountable within a hollow cylindrical conduit, A cross-member is attached across the interior of the conduit and is configured to mate with a slot formed int he downstream end of the central rod, to prevent longitudinal motion or rotation of the mixer within the conduit.
Above-listed US Patent 4,093,188 - dated June 6, 1978, concerns the blending of two or more viscous fluids with a static mixer which comprises two or more banks of stationary baffles arranged around an axis parallel to the overall direction of flow of the fluids to be mixed.
The baffles in each bank of the element are inclined at an angle to the overall flow axis and at an angle to the baffles of adjacent banks so that fluid streams are guided through windows or apertures formed by abutting baffles along the interface between adjacent banks.
Above-listed US Patent 4,352,378 - dated October 5, 1982, in which a ribbed construction, assembled from sheet metal bands for improved heat transfer, is built into the pipes of heat exchangers, to improve the heat exchange efficiency.
Above-listed US Patent 4,600,544 - dated July 15, 1986, relates to a packing unit having a set of deflectors within a cage for deflecting which of two fluids moving through the unit. The deflectors are arranged so that in any image of the unit formed by parallel rays projected onto a plane, regardless of how the unit is oriented with respect to the plane, at least half of the area enclosed by the perimeter of the image will be a shaded area, no more than 350 of the shaded area being produced by surfaces of the deflectors V
oriented at more than 60 degrees to the rays.
Moreover, in at least the case exemplified by the currently preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is some preliminary suggestion that the efficacy with which turbulene flow is induced may actually be inherently impro~red somewhat in an annular channel, as has been suggested may be the case in relation to certain embod~.meriLs of the present invent a. on which employ the staCic fluid flow mixing appa.xatus of US 4,929,088 -d.ated May 29, X990, and 4,981,368 - Smith, ;dated January 1, 1992). 'fhe apparatus disclosed and illustrated in US
4,929,088 - Smith, (dated March 29, 1990), as useful as a component of the present invention. Similarly, the method described in US 4,981,368 - Smith (dated January 1, 1991), is also useful in relation to the practice of the present invention.
In accordance with the present invention, therefore, here is provided a particularly preferred embodiment, in which a central elongated photo-source is deployed within the static mixer conduit, in a central region of otherwise reduced mixing. Such a region, fpr example, tends to exist between diametrically-opposed, radially-convergent, cross-stream mixing flows within that conduit. In any ease, this centrally-located body occupies a zone in which there would otherwise be a reduced cross-flow. The presence of this central photo-source results in the fluid flowing past it tending to be more eftici.ent~.y mired - in that there is less of a tendency for an unmz.xed "channel" of longitudinal fluid flow to establish itself within the centre of the conduit. Morc to the point, however, the exposure ro the substrate of an optically dense fluid substrate is f.aczJ.~.tated by ensuring that the substrate uniformly passes into the region around the photosource, in which a photo~chemically active dose of photon energy penetrates.
Tn an especially preferred embod~.ment according to the present invent:i,on, there is provided a static mixer conduit in which tabs are each arranged with respective, (preferably leading, upstream) edges adjacent the conduit wall, and respective, (preferably trailing, downstream) opposed edges that are spaced radially inwardly from the conduit wall. These tabs are operable as fluid foils ~ which, with fluid flowing through the mixer, have greater fluid pressures manifest against their upstream faces and reduced fluid pressures against their downstream faces.
This pressure difference in the fluid adjacent, respectively, the mutually opposed faces of each of the tabs then causes the longitudinal flow over and past each tab to be redirected, thereby resulting in the addition of a radial cross-flow component to the longitudinal flow of fluid through the conduit.
The present invention further includes an improved method, in which the static mixing is performed over a longitudinal extent of a mixing volume having an annular cross-section. More specifically, the method of the present invention relates to cross-stream mixing in a fluid flow, in which tabs mentioned herein, redirect a longitudinal fluid flow from an outer, fluid containment boundary surface, across an intervening space having an annular cross-section towards an inner boundary surface.
Preferably, the tabs are ramped and arranged in the fluid flow between the respective boundary surfaces, to cause the fluid to flow over the edges of each such tab to deflect the generally longitudinal fluid flow inwardly from the fluid containment boundary surface, across the intervening space (having the aforesaid annular cross-section), towards an inner boundary surface. The inner boundary surface defines a volume which but for the presence of that surface, would permit passage of a central longitudinal flow of non-uniform fluid mixing.
In a particularlypreferred form the fluid flow over the edges of each tab results in the flow being deflected inward and up the inclined surface of the tab to generate a pair of tip vortices in the fluid flow past each tab.
The vortices of each such pair have mutually opposed rotations, about an axis of rotation oriented generally along the longitudinal "stream-wise" fluid flow 7. 2 -.
direction, along the ~:znnular sl~~,~ce b4,twc",:e~n the t:wo boundary surfaces.
In accordance with another aspect c:=f !.:.he invention there i:~ provided a means fr~r phot.oW~c_rm:i..<~a1.1~- treating a fluid substrate in a photoreact:or :irzc iuclirng : <~~ s?:..a.tis mixer flow d:irect:ing tabs, and an inclined sv.zrface ea.,h of the flow d:irecting tabs. The static mixer has a x-eactor body with a lcmgitud:i.nal.ly extending chanrue 1 lnav:i,ng an annul..ar cross sect ion f or mixing a volume of: t~he~ z l ui<a s~..rbstrat~e . The f low-redirecting tabs have leading, upstream edf~es and trailing, downstream opposed edges, and are camped and arz°anged in the longitudinally extending chanr~e ~ wi tl~ tlo2~i: leading, upstream edges adjacent the channel wall. arid thei.x f zaili.ng, dawnstream opposed edges spaced radially inwardly from the channel wall to permit a longitudinal f laid f low betweerx ari auter f luid-containment boundary surface and an inner ~::>aundax~y surface.
The flow-redirecting tabs alsc:~: (i) provide radial cross-stream mixing in the longitudinal fluid flow; (iiredirect the longitudinal fluid flow from the outer flusd-containment boundary surface across an intervenirxg arxn~.~lar space having an annular cross section and towards the innex.~ boundary surface;
(iii) cause the fluid substrate to flow over the edges of each tab to deflect the longitudinal f:l.uic~ flow inwardly from the fluid-containment boundary surface, acrc:~ss the intervening annular space, and towards the inner bau:ndary surface. The iraclined surface def:Lects fluid substrate cover the edges of each flow-redirecting tabs inwardly and upwardly along the inclined surface thereby generat:i.ng a pair o:f tip vortices in the longitudinal fluid flow past each flow-redirecting tab, each vortex of each pair of tip vortices being mutually opposed ir.. rotation about an axis of x:oi:at.iorx og~ier~ted along the longitudinal fluid flow and along the io.tex-vening annular space between the outer fluid-containment boundary surface and the inner boundary surface.
- :: 2 In accordance with araathez: ~aspe<_~t::. c~f t~~lue invE:ntion there is provided a method for photc:c:hemicall~- treating a fluid s~zbstrate in a phc~toreacl~U2.' by: st_atac~~ ro~.x:irug a volume of the f:Luid substrate in a l.ongitud:~.nally extcrzd:~rzg channel of the plzotoreactor, where t.lrze ~lorzgit.uc:~inally c-da~-~r~.c~ing c:harznel has an annular cross section wherEa r<vdial cxvos:-st:r:eam mixing in a longitudinal fluid flow res:ult:v.s f:c.~c>m flaw-~-edirectinc~ tabs h<~ving leading, upstream edges adjacent to the wall of the channel and trailing, downstrF~arn edge's. ;pa~:.wd radial7.y inwardly from the wall of the channel.; redirecting the longitudinal fluid flow from an outer fluid-c~ont.a:irzrne~mt b<aundary :>urface across an intervening space hav ing an arzrzu Laz- cz-oss section towards an inner boundary surface L>y the flow-redirecting tabs, and deflecting the longitud~..nal. fluid flc3w over the edges of each of the flow-redirecting tabs inwardly and Upwardly along an inclined surface of each of the flow-redirecting tabs thereby generating a pair of t:.ip vortices ~.n the longitudinal fluid flow past each of t:he flow-redirect.ir-zg tabs, each vortex of. each pair of tip vortices ~.'eing opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented a7.orzg the lonc~it~._Ldinal fluid flow and along the annular space between the f lui.d-~~ontainment. boundary surface and the inner boundar~e ~~ux:face. T?ie flow-redirecting tabs are tamped and ax°ranged in the langit;zdinal fluid flow between the fluid-containment bourzdax~y surLace and the inner boundary surface; causing the fluid substrate to flow over the edges of each flow-redirecting tab to de-~fl~:act the longitudinal fluid flow inwardly from the fluid-containment boundary surface, across the intervening annular space, arid towards the inner boundary surface.
In accordance with another aspect. of t:he invention there ins provided a flow-through photochemical reactor for photochemically treating a flLiici t: he rein. The reactor irzcludes: A) a fluid conducting channel; B;i an inner boundary swrface substantially central l~~ l.oc~ated ;~a~ thin the channel and including means for transmitting photon: into the channel; and C? static fluid-dynamic-effectcar° rneazrs ~FC:~s:i.t.ioned in the czannel for deflecting t1 a flc.~w of a f11_w_cd through the channel, thereby substantially increasing the vni.forruity of the fluid's e:Kpasure t.o r_he plrotons bei.r~g tiwan:~mit.t~rd into t:he channel.
The effer_tor means include a pl°~a.rality c_~f nc~tionless, romped tabs having inclined surfaces arid t:ra:il_irug downstream edges directed inwardly into the chanrue:l toward a-:ln a inner boundary surface to permit a longitudinal fluid flow in a space between the downstre<~m edges and the ~nr~er bounciarT~~ surf<~ce, the tabs providing cross-stream mixing in the longitudinal fluid flow by deflecting the fluid over tYne edges of t~~;ci~ of the tabs inwardly and upwardly along tine irzcl:i.nec~ sExrface toward the inner boundary surface thereby generating ;~ pair of tip vortices in the longitudinal f luic~ f:l.aw pa;>t each tar>, each vortex of each pair of tip voxta.ces being rnutual.ly opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented along the longitudinal fluid flow and aloz~.g the space between t:he edges and the inner boundary surface.
In accordance with another aspect r~.f ~:he irzventi.on there i~~ provided a method for photochemicall.y tr,reating a fluid by flowing the fluid through a flow-through p~letochemical reactor.
The reactor includes: A) a fluid canduct~ing channel; B) an inner boundary surface substantially centrally located within the channel and including means for emittirag photons into the channel; and C) static fluid-dynanuic-effecG;ar means positioned in the channel for deflecting the flow of a fluid through the channel, thereby substant.iall~~ ~i.nc:reasing the uniformity of the f~.uid's exposure to the photons being emitted into the channel.
TI'ie effector means include a plurality of ncaotionless, romped tabs having inclined surfaces arnd trailing downstream edges directed inwardly into the channel toward t:he inner boundary surface to permit a longitudinal fluid flow in a space between - l ;:? c; _.
t;:ze downstream edges and the i.nrne:r bc.>unc:lax°~r .~urfacve, the tabs providing cross-stream mixing irz the longitudinal fluid flow by de=_flecting the fluid cwe~~~ t:he edgr~~ of E._acEn c..af t::he tabs inwardly and upwardly alone the inc~l ir.Ge~-~ s,m: f are toward. the inner boundary surface therebja generGit i~-~c; =~a pair of t: ip vc.~rtices in the longitudunal z:luic:~ f1c>w Y~a::~t each tab, each vortex of each pair of tip vo~~tic.es beir~_q mutually opposed in rotation about an axis of rc~tr~t ion oz:ier,t:e~i along t:hE-longitudinal fluid flow and aar.:~~-cg t 1e s,~acc.> between t:he edges and the inner boundary surf ace .
In alternative embodiments of tl.~e aN;p~~c~ts of the invention the flow directing tabs are transparent.
In other alternative embodiments of tl~ne aspects of the invention, the inner boundaxy sr~rfac:e i:~ tk2e outer wall of a photon transmitting tube. The photon transmitting tube can be housed internally of the reactox; and arranged in coaxial a7_ignment. relative to the outer fluid-containment boundary surf ace of the reactor .
BRIEF DESCRPITION OF DRAWINGS:
Figure 1 is an elevated, longi.tudir~al cross section through a static mi~:er according to the combination of the present invention;
Figure 2 is an elevated, transverse c~:oss-section taken through line 2-2 of the mixer depicted in FIG. 1;
Figure 3 is a reproduction of the view illustrated in FIG.
2, but further inclL~ding representative fluid stream lines, to illustrate radial cross-flow patterns;
Figure 4 is a cut-away per:~pective -vir«w illustrating vortex flow downstream of a single, r~:presentative tab;
and, Figure 5 is a photo reactor according to the present invention, including the features ill~~strated in the preceding Figures.
- :~. 2 c.~l _ BEST MODES) FOR CARRYINt= OUT THE IN'JENTTON AND INDUSTRIAL
APPLICABILITY:
Referring now to Figures ;1 ; .._ arm: , there i~~ i1 lustrated an embodiment according to thf-= present: ir~~;~erition, in which a static mixer 1, includes a ~;eLv.NS c~f ta~:v._a that are secured to the side walls 3 c->f a corzduit ~i . A cerit:r~al 1>hotu source (eg a light source] 5 ins arranged in c.oaxid:l_i°~.' aligned relation, centrally within the ~.ntera_or of c~ondu:i.~ 4, where it occupies a region of inef f icient mi:King .
In the illust.r~.ted f~mbodimer~.t, ~..~uat region forms between diametrically-opposed, r<~di.ally-convergent, c~ro5s-stream mixing f lows ( see Figure . 3 , in part icular-) within conduit 4.
Static mixer 1 comprises conduit 4, in which tabs 2 - are each arranged with respective, (leading, upstream) edges 6 adjacent the conduit wall, and respective, (trailing, downstream) opposed edges 7 that are spaced radially inwardly from the conduit wall 3. Tabs 2 operate as fluid foils which, with fluid flowing through the mixer, have greater fluid pressures manifest against their upstream faces 8 (see Figure 1) and reduced fluid pressures against their downstream faces 9(see Figure 1).
This pressure difference in the fluid adjacent, respectively, the mutually opposed faces of each of the tabs then causes the longitudinal flow over and past each tab to be redirected (as is illustrated by the various flow streamlines that are shown a.n the various figures), thereby resulting in the addition of a radial cross-flow component to the longitudinal flow of fluid through the conduit 4.
With phototube 5 occupying the zone of relatively poor mixing as described above, the fluid itself is precluded from forming eddies in that zone, in which the fluid would not be as thoroughly admixed with the balance of the fluid flow. In this relationship, the photochemical efficacy of the treatment can, a.n that hands of a person spilled in the art and in light of the teachings herein contained, can be efficaciously managed.
Moreover, in operation, the photochemical reactor according to the present invention is performed over a longitudinal extent of a mixing volume having an annular cross-section, located between the photon source 5 and side walls 3 of conduit 4. More specifically, there is cross-stream mixing in the longitudinal fluid flow through the present apparatus, in which tabs 2 redirect a longitudinal fluid flow from the outer, fluid containment boundary surface of side walls 3, across an intervening space having an annular cross-section towards the inner boundary surface defining the outermost extent of photon source 5. Preferably, tabs 2 are ramped and arranged in the fluid flow between the respective boundary surfaces of side walls 3 and central photon source 5, to cause the fluid to flow over the edges of each tab 2 to deflect the generally longitudinal fluid flow radially inwardly from the fluid containment boundary surface of side wall 3, across the intervening space (having the aforesaid annular cross-section), towards an inner boundary surface defined by the outermost surface of central body 5. The inner boundary surface of photon source 5, circumscribes a volume which but for the presence of that surface, would permit passage of a central longitudinal flow of substantial, relatively non-uniform mixing.
In Figure 5, there is illustrated a longitudinal cross-section along the length of a photoreactor according to the present invention, that is particularly suited to the photochemical treatment of brewery beer wort. As described above, the photo reactor comprises a static mixer 1, that includes a series of tabs 2 that are secured to the side walls 3 of a conduit 4. A central photo source (eg a light source) 5 is arranged in co-axially aligned relation, centrally within the interior of conduit 4, where it occupies a region of inefficient mixing. The preferred static mixer 1 comprises conduit 4, a.n which tabs 2 are each arranged with respective, (leading, upstream) edges 6 adjacent the conduit wall, and respective, (trailing, downstream) opposed edges 7 that are spaced radially inwardly from the conduit wall 3. Tabs 2 operate as fluid foils which, with fluid flowing through the mixer, have greater fluid pressures manifest against their upstream faces 8 (see Figure 1) and reduced fluid pressures against their downstream faces 9(see Figure 1). This pressure difference in the fluid adjacent, respectively, the mutually opposed faces of each ofthe tabs then causes the longitudinal flow over and past each tab to be redirected (as is illustrated by the various flow streamlines that are - i5 shown in the various figures}, thereby resu~,ti.ng in the addst~.on of a radial cross-flow compoxaent to the longitudinal flow of fluid through the conduit 4. Still in r~elatiorl to figure 5, photorube 5 occup~.es the zone of relatively poor mixing as described above, the fluid itself is precluded from forming eddies in that zone, in which the fluid would not be as thoroughly admixed with the balance of the fluid flow. Tn this relationship, the phata~:hemical effa.caGy of the treatment can, in that hands of a person skilled in the art and in light o,f, the teachings herein contained, can be efficaciously managed.
Zn a particular7.y preferred form the fluid flow over the edges of each tab results in the flow being deflected 1.5 inward and up tl'2~ 111C1111ed surface of the tab to generate a pair of tip vortices in the fluid flow past each tab.
The rrortices of each such pair have mutually opposed xotaLions, about an axis of rotation oriented getxexaxXy along the longitudinal °~stream-wise" fluid flow direction, along the annular space between the two boundary surfaces.
The present invention is paxticularly useful. in faci.~,i,tating the photochemical treatment contemplated in copending United States patent.applicatidn serial number 08/208,908 filed 03/11/94, now U.S. Patent No. 5,582,857.
4,863,608; 4,868,127; 4,957,773; 5,045,288; 5,094,815;
and 5,749,377.
DISChOSURE OF INVENTION:
In the context of the present invention, "static mixing" and means therefore relate generally to mechanically passive mixing devices, whose mixing function is driven by fluid passage past stationary, fluid redirecting elements.
Broadly speaking, the present invention relates to a flow-through photochemical reactor comprising a fluid conducting channel. More particularly, the reactor includes a photon-transparent wall for admitting photons into the channel. The reactor further includes internally housed, static fluid-dynamic-effector means for passively inducing substantial transverse (ie radial) mixing flow within a fluid during that its longitudinal transit through the channel. This substantially increases the uniformity of the fluid's exposure to photons radiating, through the wall and into the channel.
The forgoing embraces within its broad scope, embodiments in which a photon transparent tubular reactor, (with the mechanically static, fluid-dynamic effector elements are disposed internally thereof), with the light sources arranged externally oi_ the channel, as for example, a.n a radial array around the tubes exterior.
To make most efficient advantage of the photons emitted from a light source, however, it is preferred that the light source be located within the channel so that photons that radiate outwardly therefrom are made directly available for reaction in the surrounding fluid flow.
In accordance therefore with a more specific aspect of the present invention, there is provided a flow-through photochemical reactor which includes a reactor body, circumscribing a longitudinally extending channel having a generally annular cross-section. The channel accommodates the passage of fluids between an inner wall of the reactor body, and an outer wall of a photon transmitting tube. The tube is housed internally of the reactor, and is preferably arranged in co-axial alignment (ie longitudinally centred, concentric relation) relative to the inner wall of the reactor.
This preferred reactor according to the present invention, (as well as the others that are more generically described hereinbefore), include an arrangement of mechanically static, fluid dynamic elements. These "operate" by passively inducing or effecting a substantial turbulent flow within the fluid as it passes through the annular (in the case of the preferred embodiment) channel, and this action substantially increases the uniformity of the fluid's exposure to photons radiating, from a source within that tube, into the fluid as it is conducted through the channel. Note too that mechanically-static elements, which can be advantageously used employed in the present invention, would include those which can be manufactured from "transparent" materials.
Static effector elements suitable i-or use in the present invention are known in the mixing arts - where they are referred to as static mixers. Not all such will be entirely suitable for use.in .every embodiment of the present invention. Exemplary forms of such mixers are disclosed in a variety of US patents, and elsewhere too, and while not everyone is best or even equally suited to the present application, they each disrupt streamline flow and to that extent are potentially relevant to the present combination. Note, however, that the benefit of the present ecstatic effector~~ (that is as employed in the context of the combinations according to the present invention as contemplated herein), is directly tied to the efficacy with which it circulates flow to (and away) from the surfaces) through which the photons are transmitted. The most efficacious flow pattern is on in which photon-exposed fluid is displaced or replaced by fluid that is either unexposed or less exposed than the fluid that it displaces or replaces in proximity to the photon-transmitting surface(s). Given the economic (and hence industrial) advantages that attend in-line, longitudinal flow processes, the efficacy of a given static effector in especially preferred embodiments of the present invention is directly related to the degree to which a particular effector directs and redirects transverse (ie relative to the overall longitudinal flow of the fluid) flow toward the photon-transmitting surf ace ( s ) of the reactor .
By way of example, there is disclosed in US Patent 3,051,453, a baffle system which divides a main stream containing substances to be blended into a number of branches or portions of streams much in the manner of a family tree, displacing one partial stream with respect to adjacent partial streams while changing the cross-sectional shape thereof, and combining the partial streams in groups corresponding to the original dividing factor.
US Patent 3,620,506, discloses a fluid mixing apparatus which includes a plurality of stationary mixing WO 96!35508 PCT/CA96/00301 units, formed of--planar members, disposed in series longitudinally of a passage for sequentially and repeatedly dividing and recombining fluid flows during the travel thereof through the passage, with the fluid flows being directed along different serpentine paths after each division thereof.
US Patent 3,652,061, relates to a static element mixing tube that employs opposed angularly disposed baffles of alternating had, which provided mixing action by re-positioning of the stream. Mixing action at flow rates below turbulent level are generally independent of throughput.
US Patent 3,733,057, deals with an in-line spiral mixer that is characterized by successive left and right hand spaced spiral vanes disposed within a cylindrical tube. Each of the vanes comprises at least two separate parts with a central opening therebetween. The leading edge of each part is tapered from the out=er to inner ends in the direction of fluid flow to minimize accumulation of material on the edge, which provides a self-cleaning action.
US Patent 4,034,965, concerns an apparatus for mixing or distributing a material or materials having no moving parts in which one or more elements are fitted into a conduit. Substantial radial displacement of material flowing in the conduit is achieved over a short distance with a minimum pressure drop. Each element initially imparts a rotational vector to the material steam and then transforms the rotational vector to a lateral or radial vector.
US Patent 4,179,222, relates to a device for generating special turbulence patterns in fluids flowing in pipes, such as for mixing, promoting chemical reactions, or accelerating the transfer of heat to or from the fluid through the pipe wall. Two or more sets of flow dividers are mounted in the pipe, each set including a first and second flow divider wit septum WO 96!35508 PCT/CA96/00301 7 _ panel elements that overlap longitudinally of the pipe.
The first flow divider septum elements mutually diverge downstream in a deflected longitudinal plane in longitudinally overlapping relationship with septum elements of the second flow divider mutually diverging upstream in a differing longitudinal plane so as t divert the fluid in such manner that the flow regions adjoining the pipe wall are caused to exchange positions with flow regions in the vicinity of the pipe axis, By reversing the relative incline angles of the septum elements of corresponding flow dividers of successive sets alternately when a succession of two or more sets are installed in direct series, the desired effects are augmented.
US Patent 4,314,974, relates to a liquid-liquid solvent extraction system, but discloses a static mixer -See for example, Figure 2 thereof.
US Patent 4,497,753, discloses a packing structure, for mixing or for exchange processes, in which there is at least two zig-zag layers which of which has a number of parallel rows of substantially rectangular deflecting surfaces with alternating gaps in the inclined flanks.
Bridges connect he rows of deflecting surfaces and are disposed in the troughs and at the apices of the corrugated layer.
US Patent 4,498,786, pertains to a method and a device for mixing at least two individual steams having different variables. In order to provide a low-los effective mixing within a short flow section, at least one eddy impulse is producing the cross section of flow of at least one individual stream. This impulse spreads out downstream transverse to the direction of flow, to form a discrete eddy system whose components transverse to the main direction of flow overlap into the other flow cross section of the other individual stream. This eddy impulse can be produced either by at least one curved surface or by at least one edge of a surface or of a _ g _ body, but preferably, is produced by two burble (flow break-away) edges of a delta-shaped insert element which extend at an acute angle to each other.
US Patent 4,747,697, relates to a motionless fluid mixer for mixing two or more kinds of fluids, and has an elongated tubular casing into which a mixing element and a spacer are arranged in combination. The mixing element is provided with a helically twisted blade member.
These above exemplified static mixing devices, however, all presuppose applications in which the fluid conducting channel is a simple (and usually cylindrical) pipe structure. These would be suitable, without alteration, to such applications, but are not be so readily fitted to, or efficacious in, applications such as the preferred embodiment of the present invention that was introduced hereinabove, in which the light source resides in a tube laying concentrically within the "pipe". Nevertheless, they are exemplary of the state of the static mixing arts, and in the hands of persons skilled in the static mixing art, when taken in light of the teachings herein contained, provide sufficient basis for effecting at least some measure of the benefit associated with the present inventiori.
Other static mixing elements, however, lend themselves more readily to use in the combination according to the preferred practice under the present invention. By way of example, these include various of the elements as disclosed in US Patents: 3,337,194; 4,072,296;
4,093,188; 4,352,378; and 4,600,544.
Above-listed US Patent 3,337,194 - dated August 22, 1967 discloses an in-line blender for particulate materials, comprising in combination an elongated chamber having provided therein a plurality of baffle means each b so adapted as to partially traverse said chamber thereby obstruction the path flow of solids at one or more points within said chamber.
Above-listed US Patent 4,072,296 - dated February -7, 1978, relates to a motionless mixer including a number of baffles attached to a cental rod which is slidably mountable within a hollow cylindrical conduit, A cross-member is attached across the interior of the conduit and is configured to mate with a slot formed int he downstream end of the central rod, to prevent longitudinal motion or rotation of the mixer within the conduit.
Above-listed US Patent 4,093,188 - dated June 6, 1978, concerns the blending of two or more viscous fluids with a static mixer which comprises two or more banks of stationary baffles arranged around an axis parallel to the overall direction of flow of the fluids to be mixed.
The baffles in each bank of the element are inclined at an angle to the overall flow axis and at an angle to the baffles of adjacent banks so that fluid streams are guided through windows or apertures formed by abutting baffles along the interface between adjacent banks.
Above-listed US Patent 4,352,378 - dated October 5, 1982, in which a ribbed construction, assembled from sheet metal bands for improved heat transfer, is built into the pipes of heat exchangers, to improve the heat exchange efficiency.
Above-listed US Patent 4,600,544 - dated July 15, 1986, relates to a packing unit having a set of deflectors within a cage for deflecting which of two fluids moving through the unit. The deflectors are arranged so that in any image of the unit formed by parallel rays projected onto a plane, regardless of how the unit is oriented with respect to the plane, at least half of the area enclosed by the perimeter of the image will be a shaded area, no more than 350 of the shaded area being produced by surfaces of the deflectors V
oriented at more than 60 degrees to the rays.
Moreover, in at least the case exemplified by the currently preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is some preliminary suggestion that the efficacy with which turbulene flow is induced may actually be inherently impro~red somewhat in an annular channel, as has been suggested may be the case in relation to certain embod~.meriLs of the present invent a. on which employ the staCic fluid flow mixing appa.xatus of US 4,929,088 -d.ated May 29, X990, and 4,981,368 - Smith, ;dated January 1, 1992). 'fhe apparatus disclosed and illustrated in US
4,929,088 - Smith, (dated March 29, 1990), as useful as a component of the present invention. Similarly, the method described in US 4,981,368 - Smith (dated January 1, 1991), is also useful in relation to the practice of the present invention.
In accordance with the present invention, therefore, here is provided a particularly preferred embodiment, in which a central elongated photo-source is deployed within the static mixer conduit, in a central region of otherwise reduced mixing. Such a region, fpr example, tends to exist between diametrically-opposed, radially-convergent, cross-stream mixing flows within that conduit. In any ease, this centrally-located body occupies a zone in which there would otherwise be a reduced cross-flow. The presence of this central photo-source results in the fluid flowing past it tending to be more eftici.ent~.y mired - in that there is less of a tendency for an unmz.xed "channel" of longitudinal fluid flow to establish itself within the centre of the conduit. Morc to the point, however, the exposure ro the substrate of an optically dense fluid substrate is f.aczJ.~.tated by ensuring that the substrate uniformly passes into the region around the photosource, in which a photo~chemically active dose of photon energy penetrates.
Tn an especially preferred embod~.ment according to the present invent:i,on, there is provided a static mixer conduit in which tabs are each arranged with respective, (preferably leading, upstream) edges adjacent the conduit wall, and respective, (preferably trailing, downstream) opposed edges that are spaced radially inwardly from the conduit wall. These tabs are operable as fluid foils ~ which, with fluid flowing through the mixer, have greater fluid pressures manifest against their upstream faces and reduced fluid pressures against their downstream faces.
This pressure difference in the fluid adjacent, respectively, the mutually opposed faces of each of the tabs then causes the longitudinal flow over and past each tab to be redirected, thereby resulting in the addition of a radial cross-flow component to the longitudinal flow of fluid through the conduit.
The present invention further includes an improved method, in which the static mixing is performed over a longitudinal extent of a mixing volume having an annular cross-section. More specifically, the method of the present invention relates to cross-stream mixing in a fluid flow, in which tabs mentioned herein, redirect a longitudinal fluid flow from an outer, fluid containment boundary surface, across an intervening space having an annular cross-section towards an inner boundary surface.
Preferably, the tabs are ramped and arranged in the fluid flow between the respective boundary surfaces, to cause the fluid to flow over the edges of each such tab to deflect the generally longitudinal fluid flow inwardly from the fluid containment boundary surface, across the intervening space (having the aforesaid annular cross-section), towards an inner boundary surface. The inner boundary surface defines a volume which but for the presence of that surface, would permit passage of a central longitudinal flow of non-uniform fluid mixing.
In a particularlypreferred form the fluid flow over the edges of each tab results in the flow being deflected inward and up the inclined surface of the tab to generate a pair of tip vortices in the fluid flow past each tab.
The vortices of each such pair have mutually opposed rotations, about an axis of rotation oriented generally along the longitudinal "stream-wise" fluid flow 7. 2 -.
direction, along the ~:znnular sl~~,~ce b4,twc",:e~n the t:wo boundary surfaces.
In accordance with another aspect c:=f !.:.he invention there i:~ provided a means fr~r phot.oW~c_rm:i..<~a1.1~- treating a fluid substrate in a photoreact:or :irzc iuclirng : <~~ s?:..a.tis mixer flow d:irect:ing tabs, and an inclined sv.zrface ea.,h of the flow d:irecting tabs. The static mixer has a x-eactor body with a lcmgitud:i.nal.ly extending chanrue 1 lnav:i,ng an annul..ar cross sect ion f or mixing a volume of: t~he~ z l ui<a s~..rbstrat~e . The f low-redirecting tabs have leading, upstream edf~es and trailing, downstream opposed edges, and are camped and arz°anged in the longitudinally extending chanr~e ~ wi tl~ tlo2~i: leading, upstream edges adjacent the channel wall. arid thei.x f zaili.ng, dawnstream opposed edges spaced radially inwardly from the channel wall to permit a longitudinal f laid f low betweerx ari auter f luid-containment boundary surface and an inner ~::>aundax~y surface.
The flow-redirecting tabs alsc:~: (i) provide radial cross-stream mixing in the longitudinal fluid flow; (iiredirect the longitudinal fluid flow from the outer flusd-containment boundary surface across an intervenirxg arxn~.~lar space having an annular cross section and towards the innex.~ boundary surface;
(iii) cause the fluid substrate to flow over the edges of each tab to deflect the longitudinal f:l.uic~ flow inwardly from the fluid-containment boundary surface, acrc:~ss the intervening annular space, and towards the inner bau:ndary surface. The iraclined surface def:Lects fluid substrate cover the edges of each flow-redirecting tabs inwardly and upwardly along the inclined surface thereby generat:i.ng a pair o:f tip vortices in the longitudinal fluid flow past each flow-redirecting tab, each vortex of each pair of tip vortices being mutually opposed ir.. rotation about an axis of x:oi:at.iorx og~ier~ted along the longitudinal fluid flow and along the io.tex-vening annular space between the outer fluid-containment boundary surface and the inner boundary surface.
- :: 2 In accordance with araathez: ~aspe<_~t::. c~f t~~lue invE:ntion there is provided a method for photc:c:hemicall~- treating a fluid s~zbstrate in a phc~toreacl~U2.' by: st_atac~~ ro~.x:irug a volume of the f:Luid substrate in a l.ongitud:~.nally extcrzd:~rzg channel of the plzotoreactor, where t.lrze ~lorzgit.uc:~inally c-da~-~r~.c~ing c:harznel has an annular cross section wherEa r<vdial cxvos:-st:r:eam mixing in a longitudinal fluid flow res:ult:v.s f:c.~c>m flaw-~-edirectinc~ tabs h<~ving leading, upstream edges adjacent to the wall of the channel and trailing, downstrF~arn edge's. ;pa~:.wd radial7.y inwardly from the wall of the channel.; redirecting the longitudinal fluid flow from an outer fluid-c~ont.a:irzrne~mt b<aundary :>urface across an intervening space hav ing an arzrzu Laz- cz-oss section towards an inner boundary surface L>y the flow-redirecting tabs, and deflecting the longitud~..nal. fluid flc3w over the edges of each of the flow-redirecting tabs inwardly and Upwardly along an inclined surface of each of the flow-redirecting tabs thereby generating a pair of t:.ip vortices ~.n the longitudinal fluid flow past each of t:he flow-redirect.ir-zg tabs, each vortex of. each pair of tip vortices ~.'eing opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented a7.orzg the lonc~it~._Ldinal fluid flow and along the annular space between the f lui.d-~~ontainment. boundary surface and the inner boundar~e ~~ux:face. T?ie flow-redirecting tabs are tamped and ax°ranged in the langit;zdinal fluid flow between the fluid-containment bourzdax~y surLace and the inner boundary surface; causing the fluid substrate to flow over the edges of each flow-redirecting tab to de-~fl~:act the longitudinal fluid flow inwardly from the fluid-containment boundary surface, across the intervening annular space, arid towards the inner boundary surface.
In accordance with another aspect. of t:he invention there ins provided a flow-through photochemical reactor for photochemically treating a flLiici t: he rein. The reactor irzcludes: A) a fluid conducting channel; B;i an inner boundary swrface substantially central l~~ l.oc~ated ;~a~ thin the channel and including means for transmitting photon: into the channel; and C? static fluid-dynamic-effectcar° rneazrs ~FC:~s:i.t.ioned in the czannel for deflecting t1 a flc.~w of a f11_w_cd through the channel, thereby substantially increasing the vni.forruity of the fluid's e:Kpasure t.o r_he plrotons bei.r~g tiwan:~mit.t~rd into t:he channel.
The effer_tor means include a pl°~a.rality c_~f nc~tionless, romped tabs having inclined surfaces arid t:ra:il_irug downstream edges directed inwardly into the chanrue:l toward a-:ln a inner boundary surface to permit a longitudinal fluid flow in a space between the downstre<~m edges and the ~nr~er bounciarT~~ surf<~ce, the tabs providing cross-stream mixing in the longitudinal fluid flow by deflecting the fluid over tYne edges of t~~;ci~ of the tabs inwardly and upwardly along tine irzcl:i.nec~ sExrface toward the inner boundary surface thereby generating ;~ pair of tip vortices in the longitudinal f luic~ f:l.aw pa;>t each tar>, each vortex of each pair of tip voxta.ces being rnutual.ly opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented along the longitudinal fluid flow and aloz~.g the space between t:he edges and the inner boundary surface.
In accordance with another aspect r~.f ~:he irzventi.on there i~~ provided a method for photochemicall.y tr,reating a fluid by flowing the fluid through a flow-through p~letochemical reactor.
The reactor includes: A) a fluid canduct~ing channel; B) an inner boundary surface substantially centrally located within the channel and including means for emittirag photons into the channel; and C) static fluid-dynanuic-effecG;ar means positioned in the channel for deflecting the flow of a fluid through the channel, thereby substant.iall~~ ~i.nc:reasing the uniformity of the f~.uid's exposure to the photons being emitted into the channel.
TI'ie effector means include a plurality of ncaotionless, romped tabs having inclined surfaces arnd trailing downstream edges directed inwardly into the channel toward t:he inner boundary surface to permit a longitudinal fluid flow in a space between - l ;:? c; _.
t;:ze downstream edges and the i.nrne:r bc.>unc:lax°~r .~urfacve, the tabs providing cross-stream mixing irz the longitudinal fluid flow by de=_flecting the fluid cwe~~~ t:he edgr~~ of E._acEn c..af t::he tabs inwardly and upwardly alone the inc~l ir.Ge~-~ s,m: f are toward. the inner boundary surface therebja generGit i~-~c; =~a pair of t: ip vc.~rtices in the longitudunal z:luic:~ f1c>w Y~a::~t each tab, each vortex of each pair of tip vo~~tic.es beir~_q mutually opposed in rotation about an axis of rc~tr~t ion oz:ier,t:e~i along t:hE-longitudinal fluid flow and aar.:~~-cg t 1e s,~acc.> between t:he edges and the inner boundary surf ace .
In alternative embodiments of tl.~e aN;p~~c~ts of the invention the flow directing tabs are transparent.
In other alternative embodiments of tl~ne aspects of the invention, the inner boundaxy sr~rfac:e i:~ tk2e outer wall of a photon transmitting tube. The photon transmitting tube can be housed internally of the reactox; and arranged in coaxial a7_ignment. relative to the outer fluid-containment boundary surf ace of the reactor .
BRIEF DESCRPITION OF DRAWINGS:
Figure 1 is an elevated, longi.tudir~al cross section through a static mi~:er according to the combination of the present invention;
Figure 2 is an elevated, transverse c~:oss-section taken through line 2-2 of the mixer depicted in FIG. 1;
Figure 3 is a reproduction of the view illustrated in FIG.
2, but further inclL~ding representative fluid stream lines, to illustrate radial cross-flow patterns;
Figure 4 is a cut-away per:~pective -vir«w illustrating vortex flow downstream of a single, r~:presentative tab;
and, Figure 5 is a photo reactor according to the present invention, including the features ill~~strated in the preceding Figures.
- :~. 2 c.~l _ BEST MODES) FOR CARRYINt= OUT THE IN'JENTTON AND INDUSTRIAL
APPLICABILITY:
Referring now to Figures ;1 ; .._ arm: , there i~~ i1 lustrated an embodiment according to thf-= present: ir~~;~erition, in which a static mixer 1, includes a ~;eLv.NS c~f ta~:v._a that are secured to the side walls 3 c->f a corzduit ~i . A cerit:r~al 1>hotu source (eg a light source] 5 ins arranged in c.oaxid:l_i°~.' aligned relation, centrally within the ~.ntera_or of c~ondu:i.~ 4, where it occupies a region of inef f icient mi:King .
In the illust.r~.ted f~mbodimer~.t, ~..~uat region forms between diametrically-opposed, r<~di.ally-convergent, c~ro5s-stream mixing f lows ( see Figure . 3 , in part icular-) within conduit 4.
Static mixer 1 comprises conduit 4, in which tabs 2 - are each arranged with respective, (leading, upstream) edges 6 adjacent the conduit wall, and respective, (trailing, downstream) opposed edges 7 that are spaced radially inwardly from the conduit wall 3. Tabs 2 operate as fluid foils which, with fluid flowing through the mixer, have greater fluid pressures manifest against their upstream faces 8 (see Figure 1) and reduced fluid pressures against their downstream faces 9(see Figure 1).
This pressure difference in the fluid adjacent, respectively, the mutually opposed faces of each of the tabs then causes the longitudinal flow over and past each tab to be redirected (as is illustrated by the various flow streamlines that are shown a.n the various figures), thereby resulting in the addition of a radial cross-flow component to the longitudinal flow of fluid through the conduit 4.
With phototube 5 occupying the zone of relatively poor mixing as described above, the fluid itself is precluded from forming eddies in that zone, in which the fluid would not be as thoroughly admixed with the balance of the fluid flow. In this relationship, the photochemical efficacy of the treatment can, a.n that hands of a person spilled in the art and in light of the teachings herein contained, can be efficaciously managed.
Moreover, in operation, the photochemical reactor according to the present invention is performed over a longitudinal extent of a mixing volume having an annular cross-section, located between the photon source 5 and side walls 3 of conduit 4. More specifically, there is cross-stream mixing in the longitudinal fluid flow through the present apparatus, in which tabs 2 redirect a longitudinal fluid flow from the outer, fluid containment boundary surface of side walls 3, across an intervening space having an annular cross-section towards the inner boundary surface defining the outermost extent of photon source 5. Preferably, tabs 2 are ramped and arranged in the fluid flow between the respective boundary surfaces of side walls 3 and central photon source 5, to cause the fluid to flow over the edges of each tab 2 to deflect the generally longitudinal fluid flow radially inwardly from the fluid containment boundary surface of side wall 3, across the intervening space (having the aforesaid annular cross-section), towards an inner boundary surface defined by the outermost surface of central body 5. The inner boundary surface of photon source 5, circumscribes a volume which but for the presence of that surface, would permit passage of a central longitudinal flow of substantial, relatively non-uniform mixing.
In Figure 5, there is illustrated a longitudinal cross-section along the length of a photoreactor according to the present invention, that is particularly suited to the photochemical treatment of brewery beer wort. As described above, the photo reactor comprises a static mixer 1, that includes a series of tabs 2 that are secured to the side walls 3 of a conduit 4. A central photo source (eg a light source) 5 is arranged in co-axially aligned relation, centrally within the interior of conduit 4, where it occupies a region of inefficient mixing. The preferred static mixer 1 comprises conduit 4, a.n which tabs 2 are each arranged with respective, (leading, upstream) edges 6 adjacent the conduit wall, and respective, (trailing, downstream) opposed edges 7 that are spaced radially inwardly from the conduit wall 3. Tabs 2 operate as fluid foils which, with fluid flowing through the mixer, have greater fluid pressures manifest against their upstream faces 8 (see Figure 1) and reduced fluid pressures against their downstream faces 9(see Figure 1). This pressure difference in the fluid adjacent, respectively, the mutually opposed faces of each ofthe tabs then causes the longitudinal flow over and past each tab to be redirected (as is illustrated by the various flow streamlines that are - i5 shown in the various figures}, thereby resu~,ti.ng in the addst~.on of a radial cross-flow compoxaent to the longitudinal flow of fluid through the conduit 4. Still in r~elatiorl to figure 5, photorube 5 occup~.es the zone of relatively poor mixing as described above, the fluid itself is precluded from forming eddies in that zone, in which the fluid would not be as thoroughly admixed with the balance of the fluid flow. Tn this relationship, the phata~:hemical effa.caGy of the treatment can, in that hands of a person skilled in the art and in light o,f, the teachings herein contained, can be efficaciously managed.
Zn a particular7.y preferred form the fluid flow over the edges of each tab results in the flow being deflected 1.5 inward and up tl'2~ 111C1111ed surface of the tab to generate a pair of tip vortices in the fluid flow past each tab.
The rrortices of each such pair have mutually opposed xotaLions, about an axis of rotation oriented getxexaxXy along the longitudinal °~stream-wise" fluid flow direction, along the annular space between the two boundary surfaces.
The present invention is paxticularly useful. in faci.~,i,tating the photochemical treatment contemplated in copending United States patent.applicatidn serial number 08/208,908 filed 03/11/94, now U.S. Patent No. 5,582,857.
Claims (11)
1. A means for pharmaceutically treating a fluid substrate in a photoreactor comprising:
a static mixer, said static mixer having a reactor body with a longitudinally extending channel for mixing a volume of said fluid substrate, said longitudinally extending channel having an annular cross section;
flow-redirecting tabs having leading, upstream edges and trailing, downstream opposed edges, said flow-redirecting tabs being ramped and arranged in said longitudinally extending channel with their leading, upstream edges adjacent the channel wall and their trailing, downstream opposed edges spaced radially inwardly from the channel wall to permit a longitudinal fluid flow between an outer fluid-containment boundary surface and an inner boundary surface, wherein said flow-redirecting tabs:
(i) provide radial cross-stream mixing in said longitudinal fluid flow;
(ii) redirect said longitudinal fluid flow from said outer fluid-containment boundary surface across an intervening annular space having an annular cross section and towards said inner boundary surface;
(iii) cause said fluid substrate to flow over said edges of each said tabs to deflect said longitudinal fluid flow inwardly from said fluid-containment boundary surface, across said intervening annular space, and towards said inner boundary surface; and an inclined surface on each of said flow-redirecting tabs, said inclined surface deflecting said fluid substrate over said edges of each said flow-redirecting tabs inwardly and upwardly along said inclined surface thereby generating a pair of trip vortices in said longitudinal fluid flow past each flow-redirecting tab, each vortex of each said pair of tip vortices being mutually opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented along said longitudinal fluid flow and along said intervening annular space between said outer fluid-containment boundary surface and said inner boundary surface.
a static mixer, said static mixer having a reactor body with a longitudinally extending channel for mixing a volume of said fluid substrate, said longitudinally extending channel having an annular cross section;
flow-redirecting tabs having leading, upstream edges and trailing, downstream opposed edges, said flow-redirecting tabs being ramped and arranged in said longitudinally extending channel with their leading, upstream edges adjacent the channel wall and their trailing, downstream opposed edges spaced radially inwardly from the channel wall to permit a longitudinal fluid flow between an outer fluid-containment boundary surface and an inner boundary surface, wherein said flow-redirecting tabs:
(i) provide radial cross-stream mixing in said longitudinal fluid flow;
(ii) redirect said longitudinal fluid flow from said outer fluid-containment boundary surface across an intervening annular space having an annular cross section and towards said inner boundary surface;
(iii) cause said fluid substrate to flow over said edges of each said tabs to deflect said longitudinal fluid flow inwardly from said fluid-containment boundary surface, across said intervening annular space, and towards said inner boundary surface; and an inclined surface on each of said flow-redirecting tabs, said inclined surface deflecting said fluid substrate over said edges of each said flow-redirecting tabs inwardly and upwardly along said inclined surface thereby generating a pair of trip vortices in said longitudinal fluid flow past each flow-redirecting tab, each vortex of each said pair of tip vortices being mutually opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented along said longitudinal fluid flow and along said intervening annular space between said outer fluid-containment boundary surface and said inner boundary surface.
2. The means according to claim 1, wherein said flow-redirecting tabs are transparent.
3. The means according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said inner boundary surface is the outer wall of a photon transmitting tube housed internally of the reactor and arranged in coaxial alignment relative to the outer fluid-containment boundary surface of the reactor.
4. A method for photochemically treating a fluid substrate in a photoreactor comprising:
static mixing a volume of said fluid substrate in a longitudinally extending channel of said photoreactor, said longitudinally extending channel having an annular cross section wherein radial cross-stream mixing in a longitudinal fluid flow results from flow-redirecting tabs having leading, upstream edges adjacent to the wall of said channel and trailing, downstream edges spaced radially inwardly from said wall of said channel;
redirecting said longitudinal fluid flow from an outer fluid-containment boundary surface across an intervening space having an annular cross section towards an inner boundary surface by said flow-redirecting tabs, said flow-redirecting tabs being ramped and arranged in said longitudinal fluid flow between said fluid-containment boundary surface and said inner boundary surface;
causing said fluid substrate to flow over said edges of each said flow-redirecting tabs to deflect said longitudinal fluid flow inwardly from said fluid-containment boundary surface, across said intervening annular space, and towards said inner boundary surface; and deflecting said longitudinal fluid flow over said edges of each of said flow-redirecting tabs inwardly and upwardly along an inclined surface of each of said flow-redirecting tabs thereby generating a pair of tip vortices in said longitudinal fluid flow past each of said flow-redirecting tabs, each vortex of each said pair of trip vortices being opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented along said longitudinal fluid flow and along said annular space between said fluid-containment boundary surface and said inner boundary surface.
static mixing a volume of said fluid substrate in a longitudinally extending channel of said photoreactor, said longitudinally extending channel having an annular cross section wherein radial cross-stream mixing in a longitudinal fluid flow results from flow-redirecting tabs having leading, upstream edges adjacent to the wall of said channel and trailing, downstream edges spaced radially inwardly from said wall of said channel;
redirecting said longitudinal fluid flow from an outer fluid-containment boundary surface across an intervening space having an annular cross section towards an inner boundary surface by said flow-redirecting tabs, said flow-redirecting tabs being ramped and arranged in said longitudinal fluid flow between said fluid-containment boundary surface and said inner boundary surface;
causing said fluid substrate to flow over said edges of each said flow-redirecting tabs to deflect said longitudinal fluid flow inwardly from said fluid-containment boundary surface, across said intervening annular space, and towards said inner boundary surface; and deflecting said longitudinal fluid flow over said edges of each of said flow-redirecting tabs inwardly and upwardly along an inclined surface of each of said flow-redirecting tabs thereby generating a pair of tip vortices in said longitudinal fluid flow past each of said flow-redirecting tabs, each vortex of each said pair of trip vortices being opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented along said longitudinal fluid flow and along said annular space between said fluid-containment boundary surface and said inner boundary surface.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein said inner boundary surface is the outer wall of a photon transmitting tube housed internally of thee reactor and arranged in co-axial alignment relative to the outer fluid-containment boundary surface of the reactor.
6. A flow-through photochemical reactor for photochemically treating a fluid therein, said reactor comprising:
A) a fluid conducting channel;
B) an inner boundary surface substantially centrally located within said channel and comprising means for transmitting photons into said channel; and C) static fluid-dynamic-effector means positioned in said channel for deflecting the flow of a fluid through said channel, thereby substantially increasing the uniformity of said fluid's exposure to said photons being transmitted into said channel, said effector means comprising a plurality of motionless, camped tabs having inclined surfaces and trailing downstream edges directed inwardly into said channel toward said inner boundary surface to permit a longitudinal fluid flow in a space between said downstream edges and said inner boundary surface, said tabs providing cross-stream mixing in said longitudinal fluid flow by deflecting said fluid over said edges of each of said tabs inwardly and upwardly along said inclined surface toward said inner boundary surface thereby generating a pair of tip vortices in said longitudinal fluid flow past each tab, each vortex of each of said pair of tip vortices being mutually opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented along said longitudinal fluid flow and along said space between said edges and said inner boundary surface.
A) a fluid conducting channel;
B) an inner boundary surface substantially centrally located within said channel and comprising means for transmitting photons into said channel; and C) static fluid-dynamic-effector means positioned in said channel for deflecting the flow of a fluid through said channel, thereby substantially increasing the uniformity of said fluid's exposure to said photons being transmitted into said channel, said effector means comprising a plurality of motionless, camped tabs having inclined surfaces and trailing downstream edges directed inwardly into said channel toward said inner boundary surface to permit a longitudinal fluid flow in a space between said downstream edges and said inner boundary surface, said tabs providing cross-stream mixing in said longitudinal fluid flow by deflecting said fluid over said edges of each of said tabs inwardly and upwardly along said inclined surface toward said inner boundary surface thereby generating a pair of tip vortices in said longitudinal fluid flow past each tab, each vortex of each of said pair of tip vortices being mutually opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented along said longitudinal fluid flow and along said space between said edges and said inner boundary surface.
7. The reactor of claim 6, wherein said tabs are transparent.
8. The reactor of claim 6 or 7, wherein the inner boundary surface is the outer wall of a photon transmitting tube.
9. A method for photochemically treating a fluid comprising flowing said fluid through a flow-through photochemical reactor, said reactor comprising:
A) a fluid conducting channel;
B) an inner boundary surface substantially centrally located within said channel and comprising means for emitting photons into said channel; and C) static fluid-dynamic-effector means positioned in said channel for deflecting the flow of a fluid through said channel, thereby substantially increasing the uniformity of said fluid's exposure to said photons being emitted into said channel, said effector means comprising a plurality of motionless, ramped tabs having inclined surfaces and trailing downstream edges directed inwardly into said channel toward said inner boundary surface to permit a longitudinal fluid flow in a space between said downstream edges and said inner boundary surface, said tabs providing cross-stream mixing in said longitudinal fluid flow by deflecting said fluid over said edges of each of said tabs inwardly and upwardly along said inclined surface toward said inner boundary surface thereby generating a pair of tip vortices in said longitudinal fluid flow past each tab each vortex of each of said pair of tip vortices being mutual opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented along paid longitudinal fluid flow and along said space between said edges and inner boundary surface.
A) a fluid conducting channel;
B) an inner boundary surface substantially centrally located within said channel and comprising means for emitting photons into said channel; and C) static fluid-dynamic-effector means positioned in said channel for deflecting the flow of a fluid through said channel, thereby substantially increasing the uniformity of said fluid's exposure to said photons being emitted into said channel, said effector means comprising a plurality of motionless, ramped tabs having inclined surfaces and trailing downstream edges directed inwardly into said channel toward said inner boundary surface to permit a longitudinal fluid flow in a space between said downstream edges and said inner boundary surface, said tabs providing cross-stream mixing in said longitudinal fluid flow by deflecting said fluid over said edges of each of said tabs inwardly and upwardly along said inclined surface toward said inner boundary surface thereby generating a pair of tip vortices in said longitudinal fluid flow past each tab each vortex of each of said pair of tip vortices being mutual opposed in rotation about an axis of rotation oriented along paid longitudinal fluid flow and along said space between said edges and inner boundary surface.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said tabs are transparent.
11. The method of claim 9 or 10, wherein the inner boundary surface is the outer wall of a photon transmitting tube.
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US08/438,234 US5696380A (en) | 1995-05-09 | 1995-05-09 | Flow-through photo-chemical reactor |
PCT/CA1996/000301 WO1996035508A1 (en) | 1995-05-09 | 1996-05-09 | Flow-through photo-chemical reactor |
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-
1995
- 1995-05-09 US US08/438,234 patent/US5696380A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-05-09 AT AT96913407T patent/ATE186851T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-05-09 ES ES96913407T patent/ES2138814T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-05-09 DE DE69605309T patent/DE69605309T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-05-09 WO PCT/CA1996/000301 patent/WO1996035508A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-05-09 CA CA002221001A patent/CA2221001C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-05-09 AU AU56420/96A patent/AU721914C/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-05-09 EP EP96913407A patent/EP0846026B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-05-09 DK DK96913407T patent/DK0846026T3/en active
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1997
- 1997-10-07 US US08/946,647 patent/US5866910A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1999
- 1999-02-01 US US09/240,592 patent/US5994705A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-06 GR GR990403134T patent/GR3032047T3/en unknown
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DK0846026T3 (en) | 2000-04-03 |
AU5642096A (en) | 1996-11-29 |
DE69605309T2 (en) | 2000-05-11 |
US5994705A (en) | 1999-11-30 |
AU721914B2 (en) | 2000-07-20 |
CA2221001A1 (en) | 1996-11-14 |
WO1996035508A1 (en) | 1996-11-14 |
AU721914C (en) | 2001-08-23 |
DE69605309D1 (en) | 1999-12-30 |
GR3032047T3 (en) | 2000-03-31 |
EP0846026A1 (en) | 1998-06-10 |
ATE186851T1 (en) | 1999-12-15 |
ES2138814T3 (en) | 2000-01-16 |
EP0846026B1 (en) | 1999-11-24 |
US5866910A (en) | 1999-02-02 |
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